Processes as Causal Glue in a Framework for Ontology Based Responsibility Attribution

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The document discusses a framework for using ontologies and causal processes to attribute responsibility in legal cases. It presents the Functional Ontology of Law and LRI-Core ontology as a basis. Causality is detected by classifying state changes in a case description as physical, mental, or social processes. Processes provide evidence of causal relationships between events. The framework was implemented in an application called DIRECT that recognizes processes to discover responsibility and causality in legal cases. Future work includes handling more complex cases involving roles, actions, and advanced reasoning strategies.

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Processes as Causal Glue in a Framework for Ontology-Based Responsibility Attribution Rinke Hoekstra Joost Breuker

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Functional Ontology of Law Case Epistemology

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Recognizing Processes Event Situation Situation State 1 State 2 Case Description Ontology Process Object Object pre post mapping mapping Transition part

Actions & Intentionality Situation Situation Case Description Ontology Action Object Object pre post mapping mapping Transition part Agent performs Intention

Attributing Responsibility Situation Situation Case Description Ontology Action Object Object pre post mapping mapping Transition part performs Agent F Intention

Equilibria, Attempts & Negligence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

DIRECT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Background A significant criminal event may occur at any place and at any time. The size of the jurisdiction does not dictate the scope and scale of the incident. It is perfectly possible, even predictable, that investigative needs will be beyond the resources and/or sophistication of a local law enforcement agency. In such cases, one option is to expand the resources available through multiagency collaboration and cooperation (e.g., a task force). However, regardless of who or how many investigative resources are brought to bear on an incident, the parent agency remains responsible for the successful outcome of the criminal investigation. Project Setting Acting as a subject matter expert on criminal investigation, you have been asked to assist in the creation of a simulation exercise of a multijurisdictional criminal investigation. Some of the preliminary work has already been completed. Your specific task is to compile the post investigation review document (rubric) to be used by exercise assessors in their evaluation of the quality of the criminal investigation. This is what you know: A series of 11 random explosions have occurred in an area that traverses two states, and a total of seven counties (five counties in one state and two counties in the other state), embracing a total of nine cities and incorporated towns. The explosions resulted in five deaths, 32 injuries, and significant property damage. In each case, the explosion was detonated remotely. The lead investigative agency is the Virtual, Maryland, Police Department, because the first three explosions occurred within its jurisdiction. VPD has about 100 sworn personnel, including 17 all-purpose detective investigators. It has a certified forensic laboratory for rudimentary analysis, staffed by credentialed civilians. Ultimately, two suspects were identified and apprehended, one adult male and one teenage (minor) male. Statements were made by each, resulting in investigative searches and seizures of forensic evidence. Both subjects eventually confessed to their respective and collective parts in the crimes. Assessors in the simulation exercise will be debriefing the role players as to their actions; their understanding of the legal basis, purpose, and advantages and disadvantages of their investigative strategies; and the conduct of the investigation. The assessors have already come up with a series of questions for the participants. You have been asked to provide the "model" answer against which the responses of the participants will be graded. Following are the questions to be posed by the simulation exercise assessors to the investigators: Investigative Task Force Assuming that legal authority was not an issue, should this investigation be conducted by VPD personnel or a multijurisdictional task force? At what point should the potential of establishing an investigative task force be considered? What are the advantages and disadvantages of an investigative task force? Who, ...

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Observations are fed into the Sensor Web through a growing number of environmental sensors, including technical and human observers. While a wealth of observations is now accessible, there is still a gap between low-level observations and the high-level descriptive information they reflect. For example, we may ask what the measurements mean when a weather buoy provides a temperature time series. The challenge is not to gather a vast number of observations, but rather to make sense of them in environmental monitoring and decision making. In order to infer meaningful information about occurrences from observations, a description of how one gets from the former to information about the latter must be expressed. This thesis develops an ontology to formally capture the relationships between geographic occurrences and the properties observed by in situ sensors. Building upon the existing positions on experiential and historical perspectives, stimulus-centric sensing, event-process algebra and thematic roles, the ontology elucidates the key concepts associated with geographic occurrences that are particularly significant from a sensing point of view. A use case for reasoning about blizzards and their temporal parts from real time series supplied by the Environment Canada illustrates the ontological approach. This thesis evaluates its findings on the basis of a comparison with an alternative approach in the Sensor Web, a verification of the use case results using an official event report published by the weather agency and an analytical assessment approached from the system development perspective. The theoretical contribution of the thesis lies in the development of a formal model, which constitutes common building blocks for constructing application ontologies that account for inferences of geographic events from observations. With regards to its practical contribution, the thesis has demonstrated how ontological vocabularies are exploited with reasoning mechanisms to infer information about events, and to formulate symbolic spatio-temporal queries.

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Now that you have examined two theories of crime and how they might explain any particular crime, it is time to examine how criminal justice responses to crime may be shaped by these theories. For this part of your course project, complete the following: Discuss your first theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory. Discuss your second theory and how criminal justice responses may be formed based on the assumptions of this theory. Examine any actual criminal justice responses that have been implemented based on the assumptions of these theories. This assignment should be at least two 2-3 pages in length (adding to the final paper). Use at least 3-5 scholarly sources that discuss a criminal justice response. These sources must be properly cited using APA format. Students should seek out peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles from LIRN to complete this assignment or explore the National Criminal Justice Reference Service for examples of how the criminal justice system has responded. Abstract and conclusion Abstract This paper will be on two criminology theories; the positivist and the classical theory. These two theories will be discussed and how the criminal justice system responded towards the assumptions. It explains how certain crimes are looked at and also dealt with. The commitment of various criminal activities attracts action from the criminal justice system. However, on many different occasions, the criminal justice system has been criticized for handling those who commit crime with great leniency and mercy. The only way that crime can be reduced and those who intend to commit crimes in future stopped is through institution of various reforms in the criminal justice system. Through two of the criminal theories, the criminal justice system can be reformed and help and guide on making adjustments in the theory (Siegel, 2012). The two theories are the positivist theory of criminology and the classical theory of criminology. The two could help enhance the responses of the criminal justice system in the following ways. This theory of criminology holds on to the fact and aspect that the intelligence of an individual is a central factor and issue in committing various criminal activities. A low level of intelligence in individuals is believed to be at the center of engagement in various crimes. On the basis of this theory, the criminal justice system t can benefit in the following ways in enhancing to cases where individuals engage in criminal activities such as child abuse due to low levels of intelligence. The criminal justice system should ensure that individuals who commit crimes that they are very well aware of and capable of preventing themselves from engaging in have a mental check up before they convict them and institute heavy penalties. There should be no mercy to an individual who commits a crime and the best way to penalize such individuals by the criminal justice.

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