ABSTRACT: The advent of digital social networks has considerably contributed to the emergence of new social
actors: “influencers”. The latter develop and fuel, in fact, a virtual sociability, which considerably ruins the classic
ethico-legal values, which govern and regulate human relations with respect to the dignity and fundamental rights
of a human being. However, from the moment when this digitized and planetary form of communication of
consciences imposes itself on contemporary societies as one of the benefits of globalized technoscientific
sophistication, it seems imperative to support its integration with an ethical and pedagogy. A jurisdiction that is
proportionate, cautious and capable of effectively countering the slippages of the actors concerned.
KEYWORDS: Communication consciences, Digital social networks, Ethical-legal pedagogy, Influencers,
Virtual sociability,
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media on identity construction. The article explores how social media platforms allow people to showcase their experiences and reflect various dimensions of their social lives. It analyzes how individuals feel the need to create virtual identities and experiment with identity expression online. The document also discusses how social networks and virtual communities emerging on these platforms take on social and cultural qualities.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy and the internet, including how electronic technologies can impact private spaces and democratic rights, how online communities like Second Life and social media can promote activism and discussion, and debates around public versus private spheres in digital spaces. It also examines issues of surveillance, control of online spaces, and the potential for the internet to reinvigorate public discourse.
Optimizing interconnectivity inhabiting virtual cities of common practiceJonathan Buffa
This document discusses the design of online social environments and virtual communities. It argues that online spaces should be designed as social technologies that facilitate human interaction, rather than just as tools for sharing information. The author proposes using the city as a metaphor to think about designing virtual spaces, and discusses how identity formation works differently online compared to in-person due to the lack of physical cues. The document outlines the author's thesis, which develops approaches for creating online spaces that better support social interaction and the communication of identity through visualization tools and information architectures.
This document describes a web interface created to analyze hate speech against refugees and migrants in Greece, Italy, and Spain. The interface allows users to search an existing database of hate speech content scraped from social media and websites. It also allows users to annotate records, contribute new content, and get hate speech and sentiment analysis of texts using machine learning models. An evaluation of the interface was conducted using a questionnaire to get user opinions on usability and functionality. The goals were to determine if the interface was easy for users to understand and use, and to assess the potential impact on journalism and future web services.
Apple 8 Social Media and Political Actionkesterbrewin
The document discusses how social media can impact political action and democracy. It argues that while social media can enhance freedom of speech and mobilization, it can also depoliticize political communication and dampen real-world action. When online participation provides satisfaction that reduces willingness to interact in the real world, and when messages are valued just for circulation rather than response or action, social media can displace real political engagement. However, social media could also empower people when combined with in-person organizing focused on local communities.
The document discusses various statistics related to smartphone and internet usage. Some key points include: smartphone ownership in the US rose from 35% to 46% from 2011 to 2012; 74% of smartphone owners use location-based apps; the median teen sends 60 texts per day; and 21% of Americans have read an e-book in the past year. It also discusses trends in social media, banking, and health information online. The document raises questions about how people understand and navigate the unprecedented changes in media and how to reasonably understand the world with many media options.
The document discusses challenges in using the internet to construct a solidary community and ways to address them. Some key problems identified are: members becoming too reliant on the virtual environment and comfortable within it, replacing real experiences with virtual ones that lack physical sensations, and using the internet to escape real problems rather than solve them. To address these challenges, the document suggests facilitating offline meetings and events to encourage real-world interaction, and using the online community to support real-world action and problem-solving rather than as an escape.
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media on identity construction. The article explores how social media platforms allow people to showcase their experiences and reflect various dimensions of their social lives. It analyzes how individuals feel the need to create virtual identities and experiment with identity expression online. The document also discusses how social networks and virtual communities emerging on these platforms take on social and cultural qualities.
The document discusses several topics related to democracy and the internet, including how electronic technologies can impact private spaces and democratic rights, how online communities like Second Life and social media can promote activism and discussion, and debates around public versus private spheres in digital spaces. It also examines issues of surveillance, control of online spaces, and the potential for the internet to reinvigorate public discourse.
Optimizing interconnectivity inhabiting virtual cities of common practiceJonathan Buffa
This document discusses the design of online social environments and virtual communities. It argues that online spaces should be designed as social technologies that facilitate human interaction, rather than just as tools for sharing information. The author proposes using the city as a metaphor to think about designing virtual spaces, and discusses how identity formation works differently online compared to in-person due to the lack of physical cues. The document outlines the author's thesis, which develops approaches for creating online spaces that better support social interaction and the communication of identity through visualization tools and information architectures.
This document describes a web interface created to analyze hate speech against refugees and migrants in Greece, Italy, and Spain. The interface allows users to search an existing database of hate speech content scraped from social media and websites. It also allows users to annotate records, contribute new content, and get hate speech and sentiment analysis of texts using machine learning models. An evaluation of the interface was conducted using a questionnaire to get user opinions on usability and functionality. The goals were to determine if the interface was easy for users to understand and use, and to assess the potential impact on journalism and future web services.
Apple 8 Social Media and Political Actionkesterbrewin
The document discusses how social media can impact political action and democracy. It argues that while social media can enhance freedom of speech and mobilization, it can also depoliticize political communication and dampen real-world action. When online participation provides satisfaction that reduces willingness to interact in the real world, and when messages are valued just for circulation rather than response or action, social media can displace real political engagement. However, social media could also empower people when combined with in-person organizing focused on local communities.
The document discusses various statistics related to smartphone and internet usage. Some key points include: smartphone ownership in the US rose from 35% to 46% from 2011 to 2012; 74% of smartphone owners use location-based apps; the median teen sends 60 texts per day; and 21% of Americans have read an e-book in the past year. It also discusses trends in social media, banking, and health information online. The document raises questions about how people understand and navigate the unprecedented changes in media and how to reasonably understand the world with many media options.
The document discusses challenges in using the internet to construct a solidary community and ways to address them. Some key problems identified are: members becoming too reliant on the virtual environment and comfortable within it, replacing real experiences with virtual ones that lack physical sensations, and using the internet to escape real problems rather than solve them. To address these challenges, the document suggests facilitating offline meetings and events to encourage real-world interaction, and using the online community to support real-world action and problem-solving rather than as an escape.
Digital Governance in Nigeria: Going Beyond the Hype - The Ekiti State Digital Media Case Study & Lessons for the Public Sector by ‘Kayode Fayemi, PhD.
This document discusses theories related to computer-mediated communication (CMC). It defines CMC as human communication via computers using text, images, audio, and video. Early social networking sites from the 1980s and 1990s are mentioned, as well as how CMC allows for identity fabrication but also truth. Theories discussed include diffusion of innovation theory, uses and gratifications theory, and concepts of online culture and power. Characteristics of social networking sites and their relationship to communication theory are also summarized.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) refers to human communication through computers. Early CMC developed in the 1980s-1990s through simple websites and email. This led to the rise of social media platforms that allowed for user profiles and sharing of personal information. Theories like diffusion of innovation and uses and gratifications help explain how new communication technologies and trends spread online and how people use social media for information, entertainment, and social connection. While social media allows for connection, it also enables impression management and new forms of cultural influence through memes and online power dynamics.
This document provides a review of related literature on social networks and social media. It discusses both foreign and local literature on how social networks allow individuals to connect and share interests online. The document also examines how governments and organizations are using social media as a public relations tool to engage with stakeholders.
Science and Technology as promoter of Communal Harmony in Society.pdfssuser5f3797
This document discusses how science and technology can promote communal harmony in society. It argues that technological advancements like the internet and social media can both help and hinder communal harmony by spreading information but also misinformation. While technologies have connected people across religious and social divides, they have also been used to spread rumors that inflame tensions. Overall, the document asserts that science and technology provide tools to address the root causes of discord like poverty and inequality, but communal harmony ultimately depends on societies upholding ethical values of inclusion, equality and compassion.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study examining people's experiential relationships with social media through qualitative accounts from 231 Facebook users. The study finds that relationships are characterized by ambivalence rather than utopian hopes or dystopian fears. Ambivalence stems from the desire for technology to meaningfully augment life while fearing it may replace real experiences. The document reviews utopian views that technology enhances life and dystopian views that it controls and isolates people, but argues experiential accounts show a more nuanced ambivalence.
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL LIVES OF PE...IAEME Publication
The project “Influence of Social Networking Sites on personal and professional lives of people” mainly focuses on the impact of these sites on the people and the disturbance it causes to their lives in both personal and professional. The social networking sites are gaining a lot of popularity these days with almost all of the educated youth using one or the other such site. In this age of globalization, the world has become too small a place thanks to the electronic media and portals. These have played a crucial role in bridging boundaries and crossing the seas and enabling them to communicate on a common platform.
Navigating the Digital Landscape: The Impact of Social Media on Modern Societyabdulwaheedsq3434
In the contemporary digital age, social media platforms have become integral components of daily life, profoundly influencing how individuals communicate, consume information, and engage with the world around them.
This document provides an introduction to an edited collection of papers on the topic of new media and online communities. The introduction summarizes some of the key themes discussed in the papers, including identity and its interaction with digital technologies and online platforms, debates around the "newness" of new media, and the relationship between new media and concepts like national identity, diaspora, and political power. The introduction also outlines the 10 parts that structure the 26 papers in the collection, which cover topics such as cyberculture concepts, fan cultures online, online learning, changing identities, controversial cyberlife issues, and theories of digital memory.
This document summarizes a study that explored the use of Twitter among Korean boy band fan club members in Thailand. The study used a survey of 68 fans to examine how their Twitter usage and behaviors may change based on the number of followers they have. The study found that having more followers can create pressure to post certain types of content and restrict expressing opinions. It also found that Twitter is used for social interactions, information sharing, and expressing opinions, which aligns with Uses and Gratification theory about motivations for using different media.
The document discusses community media and its role in development contexts. It defines community media as using participation communication to give marginalized groups a platform to voice concerns and solutions. While communities were traditionally geographic, new forms have emerged online. Community media employs various channels like radio to achieve local participation and address needs. Technologies can enhance participation but must consider local access, values, and not replace traditional community structures.
1. The document examines media representations of social networks in two Spanish newspapers.
2. It analyzes journalistic articles to understand how social networks are portrayed and discusses the differences between social networks as part of Web 2.0 versus traditional media as part of Web 1.0.
3. The analysis finds that the newspapers' coverage focuses on certain issues related to social networks, relies primarily on specific sources, and portrays social network users in consistent roles.
1. The public sphere is the space where citizens can gather, exchange opinions on public issues, discuss, deliberate, and form public opinion.
2. The internet has allowed for a more inclusive public sphere compared to traditional mass media like television and newspapers by having lower barriers to participation.
3. Key aspects of the online public sphere enabled by the internet include greater access, interaction between discussants, and the ability to judge ideas on their merit rather than the speaker.
Bjmc i, met, unit-iii, media as a commodityRai University
The document discusses how the media and internet have become commercialized, undermining the critical functions of the public sphere. It argues that media and political discourse are now aimed at influencing consumers and voters rather than rational debate. Politicians and issues are marketed like commodities. Advertising promotes consumerism and a consumer identity has become the model for political decision making. While the internet initially provided a space for dissenting voices, it too is becoming commercialized through advertising, paid content, and large companies seeking to influence debate and profit from user data and guidance services. The co-operative origins of the internet are clashing with its growing commercialization.
Paolo Cirio created the artwork "Meaning" to illustrate his theory of Internet Semiotics through three flowcharts and an essay. His theory analyzes how meaning is formed on the Internet through the production, reception, and alteration of information circulating on social networks. It examines this process on personal, contextual and collective levels. On a personal level, meaning formation splits between private self-identity and public opinion. Context, such as time and location of information online, also shapes meaning. Collectively, meanings can converge or diverge, potentially unifying groups or generating conflict through asymmetric power structures. The theory integrates semiotic principles to understand modern social meaning construction through networked communication.
This document discusses how social media has become an important part of daily life and enabled new opportunities for communication and connection. It examines social media through the lens of social network theory, looking at how platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest allow for the formation of social networks and relationships. The document argues that social media played a key role in political uprisings like the Arab Spring by allowing people to organize protests and share information. It also suggests that women may have a slight advantage in social media environments because of their natural skills in relationship building and community formation. Overall, the document frames social media as a powerful tool that has changed how people interact and mobilize while also providing new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs.
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
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Digital Governance in Nigeria: Going Beyond the Hype - The Ekiti State Digital Media Case Study & Lessons for the Public Sector by ‘Kayode Fayemi, PhD.
This document discusses theories related to computer-mediated communication (CMC). It defines CMC as human communication via computers using text, images, audio, and video. Early social networking sites from the 1980s and 1990s are mentioned, as well as how CMC allows for identity fabrication but also truth. Theories discussed include diffusion of innovation theory, uses and gratifications theory, and concepts of online culture and power. Characteristics of social networking sites and their relationship to communication theory are also summarized.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) refers to human communication through computers. Early CMC developed in the 1980s-1990s through simple websites and email. This led to the rise of social media platforms that allowed for user profiles and sharing of personal information. Theories like diffusion of innovation and uses and gratifications help explain how new communication technologies and trends spread online and how people use social media for information, entertainment, and social connection. While social media allows for connection, it also enables impression management and new forms of cultural influence through memes and online power dynamics.
This document provides a review of related literature on social networks and social media. It discusses both foreign and local literature on how social networks allow individuals to connect and share interests online. The document also examines how governments and organizations are using social media as a public relations tool to engage with stakeholders.
Science and Technology as promoter of Communal Harmony in Society.pdfssuser5f3797
This document discusses how science and technology can promote communal harmony in society. It argues that technological advancements like the internet and social media can both help and hinder communal harmony by spreading information but also misinformation. While technologies have connected people across religious and social divides, they have also been used to spread rumors that inflame tensions. Overall, the document asserts that science and technology provide tools to address the root causes of discord like poverty and inequality, but communal harmony ultimately depends on societies upholding ethical values of inclusion, equality and compassion.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document summarizes a study examining people's experiential relationships with social media through qualitative accounts from 231 Facebook users. The study finds that relationships are characterized by ambivalence rather than utopian hopes or dystopian fears. Ambivalence stems from the desire for technology to meaningfully augment life while fearing it may replace real experiences. The document reviews utopian views that technology enhances life and dystopian views that it controls and isolates people, but argues experiential accounts show a more nuanced ambivalence.
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL LIVES OF PE...IAEME Publication
The project “Influence of Social Networking Sites on personal and professional lives of people” mainly focuses on the impact of these sites on the people and the disturbance it causes to their lives in both personal and professional. The social networking sites are gaining a lot of popularity these days with almost all of the educated youth using one or the other such site. In this age of globalization, the world has become too small a place thanks to the electronic media and portals. These have played a crucial role in bridging boundaries and crossing the seas and enabling them to communicate on a common platform.
Navigating the Digital Landscape: The Impact of Social Media on Modern Societyabdulwaheedsq3434
In the contemporary digital age, social media platforms have become integral components of daily life, profoundly influencing how individuals communicate, consume information, and engage with the world around them.
This document provides an introduction to an edited collection of papers on the topic of new media and online communities. The introduction summarizes some of the key themes discussed in the papers, including identity and its interaction with digital technologies and online platforms, debates around the "newness" of new media, and the relationship between new media and concepts like national identity, diaspora, and political power. The introduction also outlines the 10 parts that structure the 26 papers in the collection, which cover topics such as cyberculture concepts, fan cultures online, online learning, changing identities, controversial cyberlife issues, and theories of digital memory.
This document summarizes a study that explored the use of Twitter among Korean boy band fan club members in Thailand. The study used a survey of 68 fans to examine how their Twitter usage and behaviors may change based on the number of followers they have. The study found that having more followers can create pressure to post certain types of content and restrict expressing opinions. It also found that Twitter is used for social interactions, information sharing, and expressing opinions, which aligns with Uses and Gratification theory about motivations for using different media.
The document discusses community media and its role in development contexts. It defines community media as using participation communication to give marginalized groups a platform to voice concerns and solutions. While communities were traditionally geographic, new forms have emerged online. Community media employs various channels like radio to achieve local participation and address needs. Technologies can enhance participation but must consider local access, values, and not replace traditional community structures.
1. The document examines media representations of social networks in two Spanish newspapers.
2. It analyzes journalistic articles to understand how social networks are portrayed and discusses the differences between social networks as part of Web 2.0 versus traditional media as part of Web 1.0.
3. The analysis finds that the newspapers' coverage focuses on certain issues related to social networks, relies primarily on specific sources, and portrays social network users in consistent roles.
1. The public sphere is the space where citizens can gather, exchange opinions on public issues, discuss, deliberate, and form public opinion.
2. The internet has allowed for a more inclusive public sphere compared to traditional mass media like television and newspapers by having lower barriers to participation.
3. Key aspects of the online public sphere enabled by the internet include greater access, interaction between discussants, and the ability to judge ideas on their merit rather than the speaker.
Bjmc i, met, unit-iii, media as a commodityRai University
The document discusses how the media and internet have become commercialized, undermining the critical functions of the public sphere. It argues that media and political discourse are now aimed at influencing consumers and voters rather than rational debate. Politicians and issues are marketed like commodities. Advertising promotes consumerism and a consumer identity has become the model for political decision making. While the internet initially provided a space for dissenting voices, it too is becoming commercialized through advertising, paid content, and large companies seeking to influence debate and profit from user data and guidance services. The co-operative origins of the internet are clashing with its growing commercialization.
Paolo Cirio created the artwork "Meaning" to illustrate his theory of Internet Semiotics through three flowcharts and an essay. His theory analyzes how meaning is formed on the Internet through the production, reception, and alteration of information circulating on social networks. It examines this process on personal, contextual and collective levels. On a personal level, meaning formation splits between private self-identity and public opinion. Context, such as time and location of information online, also shapes meaning. Collectively, meanings can converge or diverge, potentially unifying groups or generating conflict through asymmetric power structures. The theory integrates semiotic principles to understand modern social meaning construction through networked communication.
This document discusses how social media has become an important part of daily life and enabled new opportunities for communication and connection. It examines social media through the lens of social network theory, looking at how platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest allow for the formation of social networks and relationships. The document argues that social media played a key role in political uprisings like the Arab Spring by allowing people to organize protests and share information. It also suggests that women may have a slight advantage in social media environments because of their natural skills in relationship building and community formation. Overall, the document frames social media as a powerful tool that has changed how people interact and mobilize while also providing new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs.
Similar to Digital social networks and influencers: the crucible of the decay of ethical-legal values (20)
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
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monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
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Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
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THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
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through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
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On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
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disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
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Digital social networks and influencers: the crucible of the decay of ethical-legal values
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 33
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN: 2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-10, pp-33-38
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Digital social networks and influencers: the crucible of the decay
of ethical-legal values
Joseph TEGUEZEM1
, Derrick ASSONSANG SONFACK2
1
(Department of Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Professor-University of Dschang, Cameroon)
2
(Department of philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Doctorate Student-University of Dschang, Cameroon)
ABSTRACT: The advent of digital social networks has considerably contributed to the emergence of new social
actors: “influencers”. The latter develop and fuel, in fact, a virtual sociability, which considerably ruins the classic
ethico-legal values, which govern and regulate human relations with respect to the dignity and fundamental rights
of a human being. However, from the moment when this digitized and planetary form of communication of
consciences imposes itself on contemporary societies as one of the benefits of globalized technoscientific
sophistication, it seems imperative to support its integration with an ethical and pedagogy. A jurisdiction that is
proportionate, cautious and capable of effectively countering the slippages of the actors concerned.
KEYWORDS: Communication consciences, Digital social networks, Ethical-legal pedagogy, Influencers,
Virtual sociability,
I. INTRODUCTION
Digital social networks are lines or channels of communication that operate over the Internet. They allow
a group of interconnected people to exchange or disseminate various information, on the private, social and
professional lives of subscribers and non-subscribers, or quite simply on a subject of public order under debate.
Operationally, digital platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram, Telephone, etc.,
facilitate the sharing of information, sometimes accompanied by photos and/or videos. These platforms contribute
to the creation of blogs, forums and information sites whose authors come from all age groups and all socio-
professional categories. Among these authors whose freedom of thought with great media support is unlimited,
some have proclaimed themselves “influencers”, because they believe that they have the intelligence and scientific
expertise necessary to impact or guide the behavior and choices of their audience. Basically, it is a well thought
out and planned digital business that boosts the reputation of actors and substantially increases the volume of their
wallets. However, when the search for notoriety and money becomes an obsession for an influencer, the risk is
great that this function becomes the crucible of the decay of ethico-legal values within the society, which shelters
it. The sophistry that accompanies so-called influential speeches is often concocted on the fringes of any moral
and legal regulations, which nevertheless serve as a compass for social action, and the pursuit of ideals defined
by the competent political authority. How then can we regulate, on both a moral and legal level, the activities of
our influencers, both nationally and internationally, so that these new professions with prebend overtones do not
become the death of human dignity and the axiological pillar of human societies? In other words, on what ethical-
legal regulations should we base the regulation of the activities of influencers who have almost taken the animation
of digital social networks hostage, to avoid the collapse of respect for man and the pylon on which are the social
values of a communication of integrity, patriotic, human and progressive?
II.THE REASON FOR DIGITAL SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE AGE OF
GLOBALIZATION
For the benefit of secular globalization, traditional communication networks have been enriched with
new digital lines, to improve the capacity of people and societies to exchange or quickly disseminate information
on a planetary scale. Anything that allows the Internet user to exercise the talent of his freedom as freely as
possible, since he does not necessarily need to submit to a pre-established communication code, except the
requirement of his own will, to animate “our common agora , our new public sphere welcoming both private and
public discourse” Milad Doueihi , (2011: 103).
Accessibility of communication and the ability of any user to speak implies both the decentralization and
democratization of communication and its tools. Anything that contributes to the deconstruction of the large-scale
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communication monopoly, which was until then, the exclusive heritage of certain political leaders or a certain
category of well-off people. The new mode of digitalized communication, which is already well anchored in social
networks, is therefore considerable as the overthrow of communicational hegemonies established in space and
time. “Digital walkers” can now sing in unison the anthem of liberated communication.
Under the aegis of globalization and digital technology, the contemporary world has become the theater
of unparalleled communication. Scientists, technocrats, computer scientists and politicians will have understood
that it is annoying to live in under-communication or in the confiscation of the latter by a privileged few. The
teleology of such communicative openness is to give man the capacity to break the chains which stifle his opinions
and to make them known and appreciated by the general public who need them to be informed, to cross-reference
existential experiences and transgressing the islands of communication that have become very prevalent in the
world. The combined effects of the telephone and the Internet have made communication possible throughout the
world in all its written, auditory and visual versions; to quickly acquire knowledge and various consumer goods.
The power of the communicator now lies in the sophistication of the digital devices that accompany it.
Because he/she benefits from a reduction in the distance between his/her listeners and himself/herself,
the player in digital social networks can easily participate, for example, in seminars, symposia, conferences and
doctoral defenses which take place in a geographical area very far from his/hers. Digital communication has
become the new paradigm for exchanges between people and societies. Under the impetus of impressive digital
social networks, influencers, without distinction of gender and notwithstanding the ethical and legal slippages
which await them and expose them to multiple accusations and sanctions, display their communication notoriety
and sell their expertise in areas that they claim to be in control. Like the philosopher Protagoras' "man, the measure
of all things", the influencer has become not only the measure of all communications, but also the standard of all
advice, even if the content of his speeches often lends itself to violent criticism.
Beyond the public or private information that this particular category of current 21st century
communicator disseminates regularly and graciously on social networks, it ensures the prebends of its activity by
signing enormous consulting or advertising contracts with interested partners who are, for example, States or
companies of all stripes who request its services for greater visibility, efficiency and reputation. As such, the
influencer is generally perceived as the holder of knowledge and expertise that everyone needs to praise either a
personal or professional life paradigm, or a specific political-cultural ideology.
According to Solange Ghernaouti-Hétie and Arnaud Dufour (2012: 73), the ingenuity of influencers is
proven because they “design the ideas and content of advertising campaigns” which companies sincerely express
the need for. In fields such as fashion, beauty, music and tourism, they are considered true locomotives of
consumers and economic and cultural progress. These influencers who we call either “digital man[s]” Nicholas
Negroponte (1995) or “digital walker[s]” Milad Doueihi (2011: 87), or “little thumbnail [s]” Michel Serres (2014:
321), have, according to those who request them, a very impactful force of persuasion whose repercussions are
unfathomable and influence desires of the consumer. The speeches and advertising they make on digital platforms
impact the psychology of those who follow them without restraint, of their potential customers and force the latter
to change their behavior or to order their actions and their desires to theirs.
In short, the reason for being digital social networks is very appreciable, because on the communication
level, they not only promote the democratization of communication, but also promote the extension of exchanges
on a planetary scale, thus responding to the deconstruction of borders between States enshrined in the globalization
agenda. In addition, the multiple services that these networks allow influencers to provide to men in particular
and to businesses in general are undeniable. Where the problem lies is that many of these networks have become
cemeteries where certain influencers bury ethical values without qualms, in the name of hatred, verbal violence,
money and legal frameworks, which nevertheless guarantee both respect for human dignity and the unitary core
of society. Hence the relevance of these words from Aziza Bennani (2004: 23): “the world today has favored
development in its more material dimension, often sacrificing many values to the altar of the god of material
progress moral and spiritual. The world is becoming demoralized and de-spiritualized, one might add, under the
leadership of a dizzying and unlimited materialization of a caricatured communicational action specific to certain
influencers.
III. SOCIAL NETWORKS UNDER THE AEGIS OF INFLUENCERS OR THE BASIS
OF THE DECREPITUDE OF ETHICAL AND LEGAL VALUES
The advent of social networks, with a very sophisticated appearance on the national and international
communication scene, has given voice to a new generation of communicators called influencers whose activities,
beyond the added value they can bring in the field of information, constitute veritable cemeteries of ethico-legal
values. In the roles played by influencers, there is a presumption of skills and superiority that the influenced grant
them, which therefore gives them confidence and gives them the impression that they will finally find the solution
to the various problems that bother them. Hence, the alienation of their freedom and the incapacity they find
themselves to think for themselves or to make autonomous choices. They now live and think according to a digital
guide whose competence and superiority are assumed and considered as vectors of relief and progress. This
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communicative alienation is all the more possible because instead of talking about themselves, the influencers
self-flagellates and prefers to pay the influencer to do it for them. Some will undoubtedly agree with this
influenced person, mechanically referring to the words of Jean-Paul Sartre (1990: 266) according to which “Others
are the essential mediator between me and myself”. However, this is to forget that this assertion by the French
philosopher is relative, to the extent that, in a social context where my relationships with others are conflictual,
the latter becomes for me a formidable executioner whose speeches and actions cannot in any case be favorable
to my person, my existence and my development. It simply becomes for me a Gehenna, that is to say a hell in the
sense in which the same Sartre affirms, not without relevance that “hell is other people” Jean Paul Sartre (1947:
167).
Suffice to say that the roles of our influencers are ambivalent, because they are at the crossroads of good
and evil, and only opt for good or evil, based on the materialist and pushy arithmetic that makes money the
principle and purpose of human action, whatever the moral quality of the means implemented. In a world where
economic policy functions as a soulless materiality, influencers are for the most part careerists who make money
an absolute value in the name of which they can shamelessly sacrifice all the "secondary" values that try to
dissuade them otherwise. Many influencers are lacking, one could say, the moral conscience of which Jean-
Jacques Rousseau rightly invoked in these terms: “Divine instinct, immortal and celestial voice; assured guide of
an ignorant and limited, but intelligent and free being; infallible judge of good and evil who makes man like God,
[and makes] the excellence of his nature and the morality of his actions” Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1958: 196).
Even beyond the lack of moral conscience that they demonstrate, these influencers ignore the sacrosanct
principle of respect for others which characterizes the “ethics of communication” in the “public space” theorized
by Jürgen Habermas. These derogatory failings are perceptible in the content of certain publications which offend
the respectability of human dignity, fundamental human rights and good morals in a public space which is,
however considered by Habermas as an open agora to the great masters of speech such as university teachers,
journalists and many other sworn intellectuals who come to encounter, in respect of dialogic ethics, the word on
the major and sensitive problems of society. The introduction of influencers into this high place, once reserved
for the cream of human intelligence, has considerably popularized and desecrated it, to the exact extent that access
has lost its qualitative filter and any pseudo-intellectual in took the opportunity to enter and speak freely.
Everything that Umberto Eco denounced, only to regret it, during an interview with him by the daily Il Messaggero
(2015): “Social networks,” he rightly asserted, “have given the right to speak to legions of imbeciles who
previously only spoke at bars and caused no harm to the community. They were silenced immediately. Today,
they have the same right to speak as a Nobel Prize winner.”
In public spaces described as social networks, health and moral unsanitariness, respect and violation of
legal rules now coexist. The paradox is that unsanitary conditions dominate healthiness and that violations
subjugate respect, as if society were in an anomic situation, due to the lack of the existence of commonly shared
ethical and legal standards that allow public authorities to regulate influencer activity. What is certain is that every
self-respecting society has a minimum of standards. The real problem lies in the effective observance of these
standards by social actors, even influencers. Non-submission to these rules forces our influencers to use any
unorthodox means or discourse to earn money, which they consider an end in itself, in the Kantian sense of this
expression.
However, this is a paradox that is not small: the depravity of morals, the promotion of easy money and the
sale of the dream to a sheep audience devoid of prudential wisdom pompously constitute the editorial of their
ambush. Among the victims who naively adore them in their comments, there are thousands of young people and
adults whose mental misery is proven and demand, on the part of the competent political authorities, the taking of
measures proportionate to the seriousness of the illness under which they are suffering, bend unconsciously.
Influencers are cunning enough to seduce and direct their customers, according to a well-known expression by
Milad Doueihi (2011: 32) towards the “virtual urbanism” that they occupy. Their lethal weapon consists of the
dissemination of photos and videos of a pornographic nature, since they are driven by “the desire to make secret
parts of oneself public in order to make them known and validated” (Anne Dalsuet, 2013: 75). As a result, these
photos and videos capture the attention of subscribers who gradually become slaves to them, failing to transform
into passionate consumers of sex, or even licensed sellers of the latter under the metaphorical label of “chili
pepper”. “Technology has become porn”, we should recall, to prove the author of this certainly laconic, but very
relevant assertion right: Gilles Lipovetsky (1983: 241).
According to Anne Berthus (2010: 89) in fact, pornographic “seduction” constitutes one of the surest baits
for recruiting followers whose reactions help influencers earn more money from their known and unknown
sponsors. This pornographic seduction is generally accompanied by the exposure of the lifestyle, the expensive
and attractive travel stories of the influencers who want, thereby, to insinuate that the sale of “chili pepper” is very
advantageous and guarantees the happiness of those or those who indulge in it. However, sometimes these are
simply cleverly crafted fairy tales, to bewitch the gullible and ruthlessly capture them in mystical and diabolical
networks, which seriously infest our post-modern societies.
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From this perspective, we believe that social networks, under the aegis of influencers, are not only the basis
of the decrepitude of ethical and legal values, but also the labyrinth where these values struggle to find their
meaning, even with regard to pluralism ethical and legal which dominates the post-modern social space. The all-
out constitution of islands of values and ethical or legal standards, which collide in the world, is likely to suggest
that human societies have let go of their guard on respect for the ethical and legal protocol, which must regulate
activities, the choice of norms and values to be celebrated today. The proliferation of esoteric circles, in which
many influencers are integrated, is not innocent in the face of the dizzying rise of unnatural values and norms,
which are igniting our current societies. Hence the need to redouble vigilance by strengthening the ethical-legal
regulations in this area, to ensure rigorous compliance with these regulations, so that respect for man and the pylon
on which the social values of the company rest are preserved. A communication of integrity, patriotic, humane
and progressive.
IV. ETHICAL-LEGAL REGULATION AND REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES
OF INFLUENCERS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS
Regulating the activities of influencers on social networks means ensuring their proper functioning based
on rigorous regulations which define, upstream, a set of rules or ethical-legal prescriptions which accompany
them. It ultimately means setting up an ethical-legal pedagogy for the use of social networks. There is no doubt
that the pluralism of cultures and the prevalence of multiform values which structure post-modern societies make
it impossible for States to reach perfect agreement on the choice of regulations which should underpin such
pedagogy and therefore facilitate regulation or monitoring the functioning of influencers.
In a serious society, the implementation of a communication policy that aims to be honest, patriotic,
humane and progressive remains worrying. Because it is such a policy, which allows the State to safeguard respect
for human dignity and the ethical and legal values, which underlie the common ideals, pursued. These values
themselves are only known, and only effectively take shape, when they are explicitly recorded in an ethical-legal
code duly drawn up by the country concerned. This supposes, in our humble opinion, that there is not a watertight
opposition between moral laws and legal laws within a society; since the humanization of positive law involves
the exploitation of moral principles and that, the protection of these principles requires the intervention of positive
law.
In this normative perspective on both an ethical and legal level, it should be remembered that at the
international level, efforts are constantly being made. We think, for example, of the Budapest Convention (2001)
on cybercrime in all its structural variations. We can also cite the African Union (AU) Convention (2014) on cyber
security and the protection of personal data, which places emphasis on the protection of personal data and the
fight against cybercrime in all its common forms.
At the national level, and specifically in Cameroon, there are legal texts such as Law No. 2010/012 of
December 21, 2010 relating to cyber security and cybercrime, which regulates cyber activities and punishes moral
slippage harmful observable in cyberspace. The case of Cameroon is, however, not a continental or global
exception: each country, which monitors the quality of its communication, has a minimum of institutional
framework created for this purpose; beyond the signed agreements, including the implementation and monitoring
are the responsibility of international institutions. However, whether on the international or national level, the
choice of regulation and regulation faces serious problems.
Each people has in fact a specific culture which expresses its deep truth beyond what it is through the
conventions which it can sign with other peoples. As such, this culture is based on a set of cultural values different
from those of others; it coincides with what is profound and autonomous in each people. This autonomy allows it
to choose values and ideals to pursue which do not always correspond to those of other countries, which also
enjoy cultural independence. This is the reason why ways of thinking and acting vary from one people to another.
This variation is all the more relevant as the regulations and aspirations of each country are more or less different
from those of others. In the meantime, it becomes difficult to fully agree on the different laws to be integrated into
regulations of an international nature, which will make it possible to regulate the activities of influencers, without
calling into question the specific cultural traits of each member country.
Clearly, the conventions are never the expression of a “We” which expresses the perfect agreement of the
signatory countries. Most often, the unity of the agreements is only a caricature of the unity of the dictatorship of
the wills of the strongest who occupy strategic and preponderant functions within the conventional chain.
Consequently, members who are in the minority because they do not have real political or financial strength to
energetically contradict the decisions of the most powerful, have difficulty implementing the decisions and laws
to the letter, and locally voted upon when signing the agreement, because their mechanical implementation would
contradict some parts of their own regulations and culture.
In the same order of difficulties, the regulation of influencer activities varies from one country to another.
Because not all countries have the technical, technological, IT and satellite means necessary to identify and track
influencers in their different urban spaces. The phenomenon of pseudonyms and false identities, which
characterizes the profiles displayed on social networks, is perceptible among many influencers, and requires a lot
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of investment to decode their true identity. Thus, monitoring their operation, so as to bring their activities into line
with the regulations in force, is a problematic challenge. This is also one of the reasons why the mode of regulating
the activities of influencers tends to be reduced, in poor countries, to the implementation of an ethical-legal
pedagogy relating to the use of social networks. But if this pedagogy is theoretically strong, the fact remains that
its practical application is mediocre, judging by the insubordination of certain influencers and their laudators, who
have become by the force of New Information and Communication Technologies and the celebrity of the
“technological bluff” Jacques Ellul (1988), full citizens of social networks.
The ethical-legal pedagogy relating to the use of social networks that we are considering will consist of
making users of said networks aware of the dangers to which they are exposed via conferences, symposia or school
and university programs which update the virtues and the importance of ethics and civic behavior. Let us
remember that since the Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, ethics has played a determining
role in the conduct of personal and collective affairs. It is this, which allows the individual, as well as human
societies, to register their actions and the choice of their different values in the register of good morals. Ethics
remains, in collaboration with positive law, we believe, the compass of human action. Without it, the unitary and
axiological core of society would be constantly deconstructed. Thus, it is by distinguishing right from wrong,
what is permitted from what is forbidden, that we can transform social networks into a place favorable to healthy
communication and good information. Ethical-legal pedagogy must therefore be strong and impactful enough to
achieve its objectives; it must considerably equip influencers and Internet users with the legal laws and ethical
virtues, which systematically protect them from the slippages, which are quite legion in our societies. At a time
when the Machiavellian exploitation of social networks is very worrying both nationally and internationally,
ethical and legal education must be imposed at all levels where moral and legal injuries are identified.
We must say, in fact, that the chaotic situation towards which certain users of social networks are directing
humanity is not inevitable: it is quite simply desired and maintained by moral delinquents who replace the love of
men with love of money. When Thomas Hobbes said that "man is a wolf to man", he did not think he was saying
it so well, because man's greatest enemy is still man himself who decides freely to violate one's moral conscience,
which very opportunely reminds us of this precious advice from Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1966: 366): “Man, no
longer look for the author of evil: this author is yourself. There is no other evil than that which you do or that
which you suffer, both come from you.”
In this dual Hobbesian and Rousseauist perspective, we believe that there are reasons to hope, to escape
from evil, to morally and legally clean up the activities of our influencers in particular, and the use of social
networks by all citizens in general. Ethical-legal pedagogy should be able to make influencers and followers aware
of their wrongdoing, to become true heralds of good information, respect for dignity and human rights in social
networks. Good communication is always potentially the basis for a more peaceful living together that promises
a bright future for all. Consequently, the State, in its capacity as the supreme authority in a society, must be strong
enough to support the application and respect by all of the indicated pedagogy. Because impunity constitutes a
real stumbling block to its success. It is this impunity, which justifies in many cases, the ostentatious perpetuation
of immoral acts or illicit practices on social networks. There is no honor or respect for a State that is lax and
indifferent to such acts: “there is no point, in fact,” Aristotle rightly affirmed, “to have the best laws, even if
ratified by the entire body of citizens, if the latter are not subject to habits and education entering into the spirit of
the constitution” Aristotle (1970: 203-204).
We cannot do without the great philosophers like Aristotle for whom the exercise of all human activities
and the production of all the arts presuppose prior education and habits. It is therefore an ethical-legal pedagogy
carefully measured in its content which will be able, we believe, to theoretically supervise the activity of "
influential networkers " and prescribe the red lines that they should not cross, many of the latter being themselves
recruited from the trash of knowledge, real centers of incivism and communicational vandalism. However, the
good influencer is not ignorant or vandal. He is an intelligent, cultured man who respects ethics and social rules
and communication ethics. He is a good man who honestly earns his daily bread. He is a man who constantly puts
into practice the requirements of an ethical-legal pedagogy relating to the use of social networks, and works
rationally on the minds of his interlocutors to purify it and introduce the right information. Nothing is stronger
than good information, which promotes the progress of man and society. Only the possession of the right
information can guide man on the royal road to happiness. If social networks have become nowadays the
cemeteries of moral virtues and respect for positive law, it is because of this bad breed of morally and legally
uneducated influencers and enjoyers of material prebends whose ephemeral nature is entirely recognized.
To do this, the pedagogy that we strongly suggest must not be limited to influencers or users of social
networks; it must extend to the whole of society and without distinction of age or profession. It must therefore not
be one-off or temporary, but permanent within society. It is a global education, which concerns the human being
and lasts throughout his life. No matter the different steps she can take, the main thing is to keep her flame burning.
Everyone knows that ignorance and incivism are the worst enemies of society. The eradication of the latter is a
categorical imperative in a society, which aspires to progress and the stability of state institutions. The emergence
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of a new generation of influencers and “digital walkers” must be incubated by a proportionate ethical-legal
pedagogy, because their moral and legal conversion will not be done by decree, but by regular ethical and legal
education and accompanied by appropriate sanctions, to correct the behavior of outlaws. Since it is, in truth, what
the philosopher Hubert Mono Djana calls, not without relevance, a “transformational” ethics (2006: 123).
V. CONCLUSION
The regulation and regulation of the activities of influencers who drive social networks today are based,
beyond international conventions whose contents and application do not always meet the cultural and axiological
requirements of the countries concerned, on the implementation, at the local level, of an ethical-legal pedagogy
which will revolutionize mentalities and convert them into true heralds of civic communication respectful of
human dignity and human rights. It is at this price that technically and technologically less well-off countries will
be able to regulate and sanction the activities of influencers at their level in order to avoid the collapse of the pylon
on which the social values of a communication of integrity, patriotic, human rest. , respectful and progressive. It
is also at this price that each country will safeguard its ethical-legal and humanist personality in a world
“dominated by the noisy reign of utilitarianism and mercantilism” Jacques Fame Ndongo (2006: 11).
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