Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurodevelopmental conditions affecting social, behavioral, cognitive, and communicative abilities. It includes various disorders such as Asperger's Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD-NOS), Autistic Disorder, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, each with unique characteristics. Symptoms can range from sensory processing challenges and obsessive behaviors to significant communication and social interaction difficulties.

2. What is ASD?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental
conditions.
It affects the social, behavioural, and communicative abilities of the
individual.
It also impacts the cognitive abilities, focus, learning abilities, and motor
skills of the individual.

3. What are the disorders under ASD?
Asperger’s syndrome is on the MILDER END of the spectrum. The individual finds
social interaction challenging.
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) is on the MIDDLE of the spectrum. It
is characterised by difficulty in communication as well as social interactions.
Autistic disorder is a MIX of Asperger’s syndrome and PDD-NOS. The individual’s
social skills and communication skills are significantly affected.
Childhood disintegrative disorder is the MOST SEVERE and rarest type. Children
between the ages of 2 and 4 years will suddenly LOSE their social, language, and
mental skills.

4. Signs and symptoms of ASD
Behavioural challenges
- Unusual reactions to the way things sound, smell, taste, look, or feel
(sensory processing difficulties)
- Commonly found to be ‘obsessed’ by a particular part of object
- Repeats words or phrases over and over (called echolalia)
- Upset with minor changes to routine
- Plays with toys the same way every time
- Obsessive interests
- Lines up toys or other objects and gets upset when order is changed

5. Social interaction and communication challenges
- Does not share interests with others by 15 months of age (for example, shows
you an object that they like)
- Does not show facial expressions like happy, sad, angry, and surprised by 9
months of age
- Uses few or no gestures by 12 months of age (for example, does not wave
goodbye)
- Avoids or does not keep eye contact
- Does not respond to name by 9 months of age
- Does not pretend to be something else, like a teacher or superhero, during
play by 48 months of age
- Uses few or no gestures by 12 months of age (for example, does not wave
goodbye)
- Does not point to show you something interesting by 18 months of age
- Does not notice when others are hurt or upset by 24 months of age

6. Other symptoms
- Unusual mood or emotional reactions
- Anxiety, stress, or excessive worry
- Delayed language skills
- Delayed movement skills
- Delayed cognitive or learning skills
- Gastrointestinal issues (for example, constipation)
- Hyperactive, impulsive, and/or inattentive behavior
- Epilepsy or seizure disorder
- Unusual eating and sleeping habits
- Lack of fear or more fear than expected