This document analyzes factors related to profitability in small private banking in Ecuador since dollarization. Through an analysis of panel data using ordinary least squares with fixed and random effects, it was found that term deposits, gross loan portfolio, leverage levels, and financial intermediation are internal factors most influencing small bank profitability. Among macroeconomic factors associated with profitability measures are the inflation index and annual GDP. The study aims to determine what factors have the strongest relationship with economic and financial profitability of small banks.
Forensic audit into the Cree Development Corporation and former leadership of...LubiconCree
A forensic audit into the Cree Development Corporation shows that more than $27.5 million dollars was spent over a six-year period with little to show for the community.
Former “Chief for Life,” Bernard Ominayak and his immediate family members collected approximately $3.3 million in payments between 2006 and 2009. More than $1 million in credit card payments and more than $7 million given to indeterminate payees are still unaccounted for.
For more information visit: http://www.lubiconlakeband.ca
BBVA on Financial Inclusion in ArgentinaChris Skinner
This document analyzes the determinants of financial inclusion in Argentina from a microeconomic perspective. It discusses three dimensions: access, use, and barriers.
Regarding access, the formal financial system in Argentina is supplied through traditional channels like branches and ATMs. Mobile banking is not widely used due to limited smartphone penetration.
In terms of use, factors like education, income, age, gender, and employment status influence whether individuals have financial products.
The document also examines perceived barriers to inclusion, finding that income and age impact perceptions of exclusion.
This document analyzes factors that determine the financial margins on loans granted by commercial and development banks in Mexico. It uses data on over 313,000 loans from 2007. The authors find empirical evidence of differences in the determinants of financial margins between bank types. Results suggest development banks do not pursue profitability as a primary objective like commercial banks. Development banks seem to offer lower rates to increase credit supply in Mexico.
This document analyzes factors that determine the financial margins on credits granted by commercial and development banks in Mexico. It uses data on over 313,000 loans from 2007. The authors find empirical evidence of differences in the determinants of financial margins between bank types. Results suggest development banks do not pursue profitability as strongly as commercial banks. Development banks seem to offer lower rates to raise credit supply, unlike commercial banks which aim for profits.
Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth In Nigeria: An Empirical Analysisiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that empirically examines the relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth in Nigeria from 1981-2012. It begins by providing background on Nigeria's financial system and the gradual process of financial liberalization that began in 1986 and included deregulating interest rates and opening the banking sector to more private competition. The study uses three measures of financial liberalization - an index of financial openness, money supply as a share of GDP, and private sector credit as a share of GDP - to analyze the long-run and short-run relationship with economic growth. The results suggest there is a positive long-run equilibrium relationship between financial liberalization and growth, supporting the view that financial liberalization contributed to financial development and economic
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
This document provides an overview of the empirical methodology used to measure the efficiency of local and foreign banks in Bangladesh. It analyzes 3 foreign banks and 3 local banks using annual report data to calculate 4 ratios: total equity to total assets, liquid assets to total assets, total non-earning assets to total assets, and cost efficiency. The document also reviews past literature on comparing the performance of domestic and foreign banks using various financial metrics and models like CAMEL, Data Envelopment Analysis, and analysis of variance. The empirical methodology section outlines the specific approach taken to build the report and measure bank efficiency using the selected ratios and publicly available annual report data from the sample banks.
Forensic audit into the Cree Development Corporation and former leadership of...LubiconCree
A forensic audit into the Cree Development Corporation shows that more than $27.5 million dollars was spent over a six-year period with little to show for the community.
Former “Chief for Life,” Bernard Ominayak and his immediate family members collected approximately $3.3 million in payments between 2006 and 2009. More than $1 million in credit card payments and more than $7 million given to indeterminate payees are still unaccounted for.
For more information visit: http://www.lubiconlakeband.ca
BBVA on Financial Inclusion in ArgentinaChris Skinner
This document analyzes the determinants of financial inclusion in Argentina from a microeconomic perspective. It discusses three dimensions: access, use, and barriers.
Regarding access, the formal financial system in Argentina is supplied through traditional channels like branches and ATMs. Mobile banking is not widely used due to limited smartphone penetration.
In terms of use, factors like education, income, age, gender, and employment status influence whether individuals have financial products.
The document also examines perceived barriers to inclusion, finding that income and age impact perceptions of exclusion.
This document analyzes factors that determine the financial margins on loans granted by commercial and development banks in Mexico. It uses data on over 313,000 loans from 2007. The authors find empirical evidence of differences in the determinants of financial margins between bank types. Results suggest development banks do not pursue profitability as a primary objective like commercial banks. Development banks seem to offer lower rates to increase credit supply in Mexico.
This document analyzes factors that determine the financial margins on credits granted by commercial and development banks in Mexico. It uses data on over 313,000 loans from 2007. The authors find empirical evidence of differences in the determinants of financial margins between bank types. Results suggest development banks do not pursue profitability as strongly as commercial banks. Development banks seem to offer lower rates to raise credit supply, unlike commercial banks which aim for profits.
Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth In Nigeria: An Empirical Analysisiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that empirically examines the relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth in Nigeria from 1981-2012. It begins by providing background on Nigeria's financial system and the gradual process of financial liberalization that began in 1986 and included deregulating interest rates and opening the banking sector to more private competition. The study uses three measures of financial liberalization - an index of financial openness, money supply as a share of GDP, and private sector credit as a share of GDP - to analyze the long-run and short-run relationship with economic growth. The results suggest there is a positive long-run equilibrium relationship between financial liberalization and growth, supporting the view that financial liberalization contributed to financial development and economic
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
This document provides an overview of the empirical methodology used to measure the efficiency of local and foreign banks in Bangladesh. It analyzes 3 foreign banks and 3 local banks using annual report data to calculate 4 ratios: total equity to total assets, liquid assets to total assets, total non-earning assets to total assets, and cost efficiency. The document also reviews past literature on comparing the performance of domestic and foreign banks using various financial metrics and models like CAMEL, Data Envelopment Analysis, and analysis of variance. The empirical methodology section outlines the specific approach taken to build the report and measure bank efficiency using the selected ratios and publicly available annual report data from the sample banks.
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses the factors contributing to non-performing loans in Kenyan banks. It discusses how non-performing loans negatively impact bank profitability, liquidity, and stability. It outlines the research objectives, which are to identify the key factors leading to bad loans in Kenya, establish the effects of non-performing loans on banks, analyze trends in bad loans before and after the introduction of credit reference bureaus, and determine efforts to reduce risks from non-performing assets. The significance of studying non-performing loans for policymakers, banks, and future research is also mentioned.
The document discusses shadow banking, which refers to non-bank financial institutions like hedge funds, money market funds, and investment banks that are not regulated like traditional banks. While shadow banking provides alternative funding sources and financial innovation, it also poses risks to financial stability due to loose practices and high leverage. The growth of shadow banking is linked to the 2008 financial crisis. Regulators are now seeking to increase oversight of shadow banking to prevent future crises and reduce maturity, liquidity, and leverage mismatches.
This document summarizes a research paper that studies the effects of financial structure and financial development on banking fragility using panel data regression analysis. The study finds that banking stability is enhanced in market-based financial systems, but that financial development can reduce stability. However, the fragility-enhancing effect of financial development can only be seen when accounting for financial structure. Thus, the research concludes that financial structure and development jointly influence banking fragility. The document provides context on the motivation and methodology of the research paper.
Management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outreac...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from the perspectives of outreach and sustainability. The study analyzed data from SACCO members and documentation to examine relationships between growth measures like membership, loan portfolio size, and financial performance indicators. It found a positive correlation between asset utilization and financial performance, as well as between operational efficiency and asset size. However, operational efficiency was negatively correlated with financial performance. Factors like lack of awareness, weak governance, policy issues, and competition negatively impacted outreach and sustainability. The study concluded rural SACCOs can effectively link urban liquidity to rural credit needs if well-managed for
11.management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from 2007 to 2010. The study assessed the growth and performance of 10 SACCOs in terms of outreach to members and financial sustainability. Key findings include:
1) Membership in the SACCOs increased over the study period, with an average growth rate of 25.08% from 2007 to 2010. Total membership across the 10 SACCOs rose from 860 in 2007 to 1,037 in 2010.
2) Total deposits and credits disbursed by the SACCOs also increased substantially over the study period, with average annual
11.management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from 2007 to 2010. The study assessed the growth and performance of 10 SACCOs in terms of outreach to members and financial sustainability. Key findings include:
1) Membership in the SACCOs increased over the study period, with an average growth rate of 25.08% from 2007 to 2010, indicating growing outreach.
2) Total deposits and credits disbursed by the SACCOs also increased substantially over the study period, with growth rates ranging from 41.43% to 185.80% for deposits and 48.58
This summarizes the first publicly available dataset measuring financial inclusion across 148 countries. It finds that 50% of adults worldwide have a bank account, but account penetration varies significantly between high-income and developing countries. Within countries, wealthier adults make greater use of formal financial services. The most common reasons for being unbanked are lack of money and banks being too expensive or far away. Most saving and borrowing in developing countries is done informally.
Dodd-Frank's Impact on Regulatory ReportingHEXANIKA
We previously analyzed how Dodd-Frank and how the new regulations have impacted large banks as well as midsize and small banks. This time, we will look at how the law meant to address one issue (avoid a financial meltdown similar to 2008) might have created other challenges for banks – the most important one that of regulatory reporting:
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
FINANCIAL LITERACY, CASH MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS GROWTH IN KAMPALA CITY COUNC...ectijjournal
The study sought to establish the relationship between financial literacy, cash management and business growth in Kampala city council authority. The study design used was descriptive and correlation in nature. The study revealed a moderately high level of financial literacy, a moderate level of cash management and a moderately high level of business growth among the businesses investigated. Financial literacy confirmed in adequate knowledge on how to expand and capitalize money in addition to warranting a portion of their regular income saved in assets. It was noted that most businesses grow out of paying their debtors promptly, using loaned capital efficiently and perhaps cash planning practices. In the long run, most businesses end up into bankruptcy associated to using borrowed funds for improving standards of living. It is a common practice in Uganda for one to emerge as a promising investor, live a posh life and registered in bankruptcy within less than a decade of his business career. The study recommended that the Private Sector Uganda, Uganda Manufacturers’ Association, Uganda Chamber of Commerce; and other trade organizations should include training business men and women around the country on sound financial management. There is need to further sensitize the public and business owners in particular on the risks associated with borrowed capital. Business owners should further avoid running for credit because it is cheap and available. Business owners should always align their borrowed capital with business objectives lest they divert funds intended for business growth into improving their standards of living by spending lavishly.
This document provides a summary of a study comparing financial innovation, changes, survival and growth in the Indian and international markets. It discusses various financial innovations that have occurred in banking, microfinance, derivatives and insurance sectors in India and the US over the past year. The study aims to establish a relationship between financial innovativeness and market growth through an analysis of 10 companies from India and the US. It examines factors influencing market growth like investors' behavior, economic policies and regulations.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
An analysis of loan portfolio management on organization profitability case o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the determinants of profitability among commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it examined the impact of loan portfolio management, interest expenses, and administrative costs on bank profitability.
The introduction provides background on the important role of banks in financing economic activity and intermediating funds. It also discusses previous research that has identified various internal and external factors that influence bank profitability, including capital ratios, loan loss provisions, interest rates, and expense control.
The document then reviews literature related to the factors being studied - loan portfolio and its relationship to bank liquidity and risk/profit tradeoffs, how interest rates impact bank revenues and yields, and the link between administrative costs and managerial
This document discusses financial inclusion in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It defines financial inclusion as access to affordable and usable financial services. The importance of financial inclusion is discussed, including its role in job creation, poverty alleviation, and boosting incomes. While financial inclusion can help the poor and small businesses, the literature suggests governments in the Middle East are not doing enough to increase uptake of financial services through education campaigns. The document will examine prevalence of banking, loans, and mobile banking in Saudi Arabia in 2017.
Liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between liquidity management and profitability in commercial banks in Nigeria. The study found that liquidity and profitability are significantly related, with each influencing the other. Effective liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both insufficient and excessive liquidity can erode profitability. The study recommends that central banks maintain a flexible interest rate policy to help banks manage liquidity and profitability, and promote alternative payment methods to reduce banks' need to hold excess cash reserves.
11.liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study examining the relationship between liquidity management and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The study aims to determine how effective liquidity management affects profitability and how banks can enhance both liquidity and profitability. The study applies quantitative research methods including analyzing questionnaire responses and financial reports from sampled banks. Findings indicate a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability, meaning profitability is significantly influenced by liquidity levels and vice versa. The study concludes that maintaining efficient liquidity management is important for banks' success while both illiquidity and excess liquidity can erode profitability. Recommendations include encouraging flexible interest rates and alternative liquidity measures to boost profitability.
11.liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study examining the relationship between liquidity management and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The study aims to determine how effective liquidity management impacts profitability in commercial banks and how banks can enhance both their liquidity and profitability positions. The study applies quantitative research methods including analyzing questionnaire responses and financial reports from sampled banks. Findings indicate a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability, meaning profitability is significantly influenced by liquidity levels and vice versa. The study concludes that maintaining efficient liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both illiquidity and excess liquidity can erode profitability. Recommendations include encouraging flexible interest rates and alternative liquidity measures to boost
Inclusive development in financial sector of BangladeshM.K. Rifat
The document provides an overview of Bangladesh's financial system and its evolution since the country gained independence in 1971. It discusses the various components of the financial system including the Bangladesh Bank, commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, insurance companies, microfinance institutions, and the stock exchange. It also outlines the objectives and methodology of studying Bangladesh's financial inclusion and performance of the banking sector. The theoretical analysis section defines key terms like financial system, banks, non-bank financial institutions, and products/services. It concludes by describing Bangladesh's legal/regulatory framework and providing a high-level overview of the country's formal, semi-formal, and informal financial sectors.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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This document summarizes a research paper that assesses the factors contributing to non-performing loans in Kenyan banks. It discusses how non-performing loans negatively impact bank profitability, liquidity, and stability. It outlines the research objectives, which are to identify the key factors leading to bad loans in Kenya, establish the effects of non-performing loans on banks, analyze trends in bad loans before and after the introduction of credit reference bureaus, and determine efforts to reduce risks from non-performing assets. The significance of studying non-performing loans for policymakers, banks, and future research is also mentioned.
The document discusses shadow banking, which refers to non-bank financial institutions like hedge funds, money market funds, and investment banks that are not regulated like traditional banks. While shadow banking provides alternative funding sources and financial innovation, it also poses risks to financial stability due to loose practices and high leverage. The growth of shadow banking is linked to the 2008 financial crisis. Regulators are now seeking to increase oversight of shadow banking to prevent future crises and reduce maturity, liquidity, and leverage mismatches.
This document summarizes a research paper that studies the effects of financial structure and financial development on banking fragility using panel data regression analysis. The study finds that banking stability is enhanced in market-based financial systems, but that financial development can reduce stability. However, the fragility-enhancing effect of financial development can only be seen when accounting for financial structure. Thus, the research concludes that financial structure and development jointly influence banking fragility. The document provides context on the motivation and methodology of the research paper.
Management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outreac...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from the perspectives of outreach and sustainability. The study analyzed data from SACCO members and documentation to examine relationships between growth measures like membership, loan portfolio size, and financial performance indicators. It found a positive correlation between asset utilization and financial performance, as well as between operational efficiency and asset size. However, operational efficiency was negatively correlated with financial performance. Factors like lack of awareness, weak governance, policy issues, and competition negatively impacted outreach and sustainability. The study concluded rural SACCOs can effectively link urban liquidity to rural credit needs if well-managed for
11.management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from 2007 to 2010. The study assessed the growth and performance of 10 SACCOs in terms of outreach to members and financial sustainability. Key findings include:
1) Membership in the SACCOs increased over the study period, with an average growth rate of 25.08% from 2007 to 2010. Total membership across the 10 SACCOs rose from 860 in 2007 to 1,037 in 2010.
2) Total deposits and credits disbursed by the SACCOs also increased substantially over the study period, with average annual
11.management of savings and credit cooperatives from the perspective of outr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the management of savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) in Southern Tigrai, Ethiopia from 2007 to 2010. The study assessed the growth and performance of 10 SACCOs in terms of outreach to members and financial sustainability. Key findings include:
1) Membership in the SACCOs increased over the study period, with an average growth rate of 25.08% from 2007 to 2010, indicating growing outreach.
2) Total deposits and credits disbursed by the SACCOs also increased substantially over the study period, with growth rates ranging from 41.43% to 185.80% for deposits and 48.58
This summarizes the first publicly available dataset measuring financial inclusion across 148 countries. It finds that 50% of adults worldwide have a bank account, but account penetration varies significantly between high-income and developing countries. Within countries, wealthier adults make greater use of formal financial services. The most common reasons for being unbanked are lack of money and banks being too expensive or far away. Most saving and borrowing in developing countries is done informally.
Dodd-Frank's Impact on Regulatory ReportingHEXANIKA
We previously analyzed how Dodd-Frank and how the new regulations have impacted large banks as well as midsize and small banks. This time, we will look at how the law meant to address one issue (avoid a financial meltdown similar to 2008) might have created other challenges for banks – the most important one that of regulatory reporting:
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
FINANCIAL LITERACY, CASH MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS GROWTH IN KAMPALA CITY COUNC...ectijjournal
The study sought to establish the relationship between financial literacy, cash management and business growth in Kampala city council authority. The study design used was descriptive and correlation in nature. The study revealed a moderately high level of financial literacy, a moderate level of cash management and a moderately high level of business growth among the businesses investigated. Financial literacy confirmed in adequate knowledge on how to expand and capitalize money in addition to warranting a portion of their regular income saved in assets. It was noted that most businesses grow out of paying their debtors promptly, using loaned capital efficiently and perhaps cash planning practices. In the long run, most businesses end up into bankruptcy associated to using borrowed funds for improving standards of living. It is a common practice in Uganda for one to emerge as a promising investor, live a posh life and registered in bankruptcy within less than a decade of his business career. The study recommended that the Private Sector Uganda, Uganda Manufacturers’ Association, Uganda Chamber of Commerce; and other trade organizations should include training business men and women around the country on sound financial management. There is need to further sensitize the public and business owners in particular on the risks associated with borrowed capital. Business owners should further avoid running for credit because it is cheap and available. Business owners should always align their borrowed capital with business objectives lest they divert funds intended for business growth into improving their standards of living by spending lavishly.
This document provides a summary of a study comparing financial innovation, changes, survival and growth in the Indian and international markets. It discusses various financial innovations that have occurred in banking, microfinance, derivatives and insurance sectors in India and the US over the past year. The study aims to establish a relationship between financial innovativeness and market growth through an analysis of 10 companies from India and the US. It examines factors influencing market growth like investors' behavior, economic policies and regulations.
This study analyzed the factors affecting loan repayment performances in Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) with
a case study of (Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises) PRIDE Arusha, Tanzania. The
study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques to investigate factors affecting loan repayment
performances. The findings show that clients’ characteristics (age, household size, gender and level of
education), nature of business (business type, business stability and income level) and loan characteristics
(repayment period, repayment mode, and repayment amount) were among the factors that influenced borrowers
in repaying their loans. Lack of business knowledge was another factor mentioned by clients which leads to low
productivity hence failure to have enough fund to repay their loans.
The study further revealed that there was a significant relationship between loan repayment performances with
clients’ businesses challenges, loan diversification to other non-income activities, and other outside factors such
market imperfections, higher interest charges, drought, among others.
An analysis of loan portfolio management on organization profitability case o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the determinants of profitability among commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, it examined the impact of loan portfolio management, interest expenses, and administrative costs on bank profitability.
The introduction provides background on the important role of banks in financing economic activity and intermediating funds. It also discusses previous research that has identified various internal and external factors that influence bank profitability, including capital ratios, loan loss provisions, interest rates, and expense control.
The document then reviews literature related to the factors being studied - loan portfolio and its relationship to bank liquidity and risk/profit tradeoffs, how interest rates impact bank revenues and yields, and the link between administrative costs and managerial
This document discusses financial inclusion in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It defines financial inclusion as access to affordable and usable financial services. The importance of financial inclusion is discussed, including its role in job creation, poverty alleviation, and boosting incomes. While financial inclusion can help the poor and small businesses, the literature suggests governments in the Middle East are not doing enough to increase uptake of financial services through education campaigns. The document will examine prevalence of banking, loans, and mobile banking in Saudi Arabia in 2017.
Liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between liquidity management and profitability in commercial banks in Nigeria. The study found that liquidity and profitability are significantly related, with each influencing the other. Effective liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both insufficient and excessive liquidity can erode profitability. The study recommends that central banks maintain a flexible interest rate policy to help banks manage liquidity and profitability, and promote alternative payment methods to reduce banks' need to hold excess cash reserves.
11.liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study examining the relationship between liquidity management and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The study aims to determine how effective liquidity management affects profitability and how banks can enhance both liquidity and profitability. The study applies quantitative research methods including analyzing questionnaire responses and financial reports from sampled banks. Findings indicate a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability, meaning profitability is significantly influenced by liquidity levels and vice versa. The study concludes that maintaining efficient liquidity management is important for banks' success while both illiquidity and excess liquidity can erode profitability. Recommendations include encouraging flexible interest rates and alternative liquidity measures to boost profitability.
11.liquidity management and commercial banks profitability in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study examining the relationship between liquidity management and commercial banks' profitability in Nigeria. The study aims to determine how effective liquidity management impacts profitability in commercial banks and how banks can enhance both their liquidity and profitability positions. The study applies quantitative research methods including analyzing questionnaire responses and financial reports from sampled banks. Findings indicate a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability, meaning profitability is significantly influenced by liquidity levels and vice versa. The study concludes that maintaining efficient liquidity management is important for banks' success and survival, as both illiquidity and excess liquidity can erode profitability. Recommendations include encouraging flexible interest rates and alternative liquidity measures to boost
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The document provides an overview of Bangladesh's financial system and its evolution since the country gained independence in 1971. It discusses the various components of the financial system including the Bangladesh Bank, commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, insurance companies, microfinance institutions, and the stock exchange. It also outlines the objectives and methodology of studying Bangladesh's financial inclusion and performance of the banking sector. The theoretical analysis section defines key terms like financial system, banks, non-bank financial institutions, and products/services. It concludes by describing Bangladesh's legal/regulatory framework and providing a high-level overview of the country's formal, semi-formal, and informal financial sectors.
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A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
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The Universal Account Number (UAN) by EPFO centralizes multiple PF accounts, simplifying management for Indian employees. It streamlines PF transfers, withdrawals, and KYC updates, providing transparency and reducing employer dependency. Despite challenges like digital literacy and internet access, UAN is vital for financial empowerment and efficient provident fund management in today's digital age.
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"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
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1. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
ANÁLISIS DE INDICADORES DE RENTABILIDAD DE LA PEQUEÑA BANCA
PRIVADA EN EL ECUADOR A PARTIR DE LA DOLARIZACIÓN
Gylson Jara Quevedo1
, Sunny Sánchez Giler2
, Rina Bucaram Leverone3
, Jorge García Regalado4
,
Resumen
Fecha de Recepción: 10 Octubre 2018 - Fecha de Aprobación: 15 Noviembre 2018
El propósito de la presente investigación ha sido analizar información extraída de fuentes
oficiales respecto de cuentas, indicadores financieros de la pequeña banca privada e índices
macroeconómicos del Ecuador desde que se adoptó el Dólar estadounidense como moneda
nacional, a fin de determinar qué factores tienen mayor relación con la rentabilidad económica
y financiera de los pequeños bancos. Mediante un análisis de datos de panel usando Mínimos
Cuadrados Ordinarios con efectos fijos y efectos aleatorios se obtuvo como resultado que los
depósitos a plazo, la cartera bruta, los niveles de apalancamiento e intermediación financiera
son factores internos con mayor influencian en la rentabilidad de pequeños bancos. Entre los
factores macroeconómicos asociados con las medidas de rentabilidad se encuentran el índice
de inflación y el producto interno bruto anual.
Palabras clave: Medidas de rentabilidad, bancos pequeños.
JEL: C33, G01, G21, P43.
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1
Gylson Jara Quevedo, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador, gylxavi@gmail.com.
2
Sunny Sánchez Giler, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador, sunsanchez@uees.edu.ec.
3
Rina Bucaram Leverone, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador, rbucaram@uagraria.edu.ec.
4
Jorge García Regalado, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador. Samborondón, Ecuador, jgarcia@uagraria.edu.ec.
2. ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY INDICATORS OF THE SMALL PRIVATE
BANKING IN ECUADOR FROM DOLLARIZATION
Abstract
The aim of this research has been to analyze the information extracted from official resources
about accounts, financial ratios of small private banking and macroeconomic ratios from
Ecuador since the United States Dollar was adopted as national currency. The purpose is to
determine what factors have major relationship with the economic and financial profitability of
small banks. Through, a Panel Data Analysis Fixed and Random Effects in gretl using Ordinary
least squares, it was obtained that term deposits, the Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP), the
indebtedness and the financial intermediation levels are internal factors with major influence
on small banks profitability. Between the macroeconomic factors associated with the
profitability rates are the Inflation Index and the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Key words: Measures of profitability, small banks.
JEL: C33, G01, G21, P4.
3. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
1. Introducción
La crisis entre los años 1998–2000 evidenció lo desorganizado e inestable que era el
sistema financiero ecuatoriano, esta situación llevó a la liquidación de varias instituciones y la
desaparición de fondos de ahorro de muchos ciudadanos (Romero A., 2004-2005). Para poner
fin a la crisis el 13 de marzo del año 2000 el Congreso Nacional (2000) implantó la Ley Para
La Transformación Económica del Ecuador. Esta ley puso fin al Sucre como moneda nacional
y estableció el Dólar Norteamericano como único esquema monetario en circulación.
Actualmente el sistema financiero ecuatoriano es estable y genera mayor confianza en los
usuarios que acceden a los servicios que ofrecen las instituciones privadas y públicas. Los
bancos son administrados como cualquier otro negocio y tienen como actividad principal la
intermediación financiera, fomentar el ahorro, permitir la circulación del dinero en la economía
y generar ganancias, la rentabilidad de los bancos determina su sostenibilidad en el tiempo y su
permanencia dentro del sistema financiero (Pampillón, De la Cuesta, & Ruza, 2012).
La Superintendencia de Bancos es el principal ente regulador de las entidades bancarias en
Ecuador, esta cataloga como bancos pequeños a entidades con una participación inferior a 12%
del total de los activos del sector (Cruz Rodríguez, 2015). No obstante, la pequeña banca
privada cuenta con reducida información sobre en qué medida factores internos del sector como
lo son determinadas cuentas de sus estados financieros e indicadores propios de sus operaciones
y factores externos como ciertos índices macroeconómicos del país están relacionados con la
rentabilidad económica y financiera de las instituciones bancarias.
Este vacío de conocimiento respecto de los principales factores asociados con la
rentabilidad de la pequeña banca privada dificulta la formulación de estrategias de desarrollo
que redunden en el crecimiento y en la prevención de choques externos que pueden afectar a
este sector del sistema financiero.
Dentro de este contexto, la presente investigación extrae información financiera de fuentes
oficiales respecto de cuentas e indicadores propios de los bancos pequeños y de indicadores
macroeconómicos del país a fin de establecer qué factores están mayormente relacionados con
la Rentabilidad Sobre El Patrimonio (ROE) y la Rentabilidad Sobre Los Activos (ROA) desde
el período en que se adoptó el Dólar como moneda nacional comprendido entre los años 2000-
2017. En adición, se ha realizado una revisión de literatura en cuanto a investigaciones
relacionadas a la temática, a fin de aportar con información teórica y científica de relevancia
para el presente estudio.
2. Revisión Literaria
2.1 Aspectos legales
El Sistema Financiero Ecuatoriano ha sufrido reformas legales en cuanto al ámbito
bancario se refiere, en este sentido, la Ley General de Instituciones Financiero de julio de 1994
(Registro Oficial No. 475, 1994) reconocía como instituciones privadas a los bancos; las
Sociedades Financieras; Asociaciones Mutualistas de Ahorro y Crédito para la Vivienda; y
Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito. Esta ley implicó mayor flexibilidad en la regulación de las
entidades bancarias con la finalidad de que permanezcan en funcionamiento aquellas con
capacidad y eficiencia financiera.
4. Sin embargo, los organismos reguladores no ejercían por completo su autoridad, situación
que generó la creación de nuevas entidades, además del otorgamiento de créditos por parte de
estas sin ningún control sobre las tasas de interés y las operaciones off-shore que realizaban. Lo
que posteriormente ocasionó el quiebre de instituciones por falta de liquidez, insolvencia y en
consecuencia la crisis financiera en años posteriores (Romero A., 2004-2005).
Durante la crisis de 1999 cuyo punto máximo fue la hiperinflación, el congelamiento de
los fondos de las entidades bancarias y el feriado bancario; el Congreso Nacional (2000) como
medida extrema, decreta la Ley Para La Transformación Económica del Ecuador, en la cual se
oficializó la dolarización en el país. Al ser la nueva moneda un esquema monetario con una
regulación más rigurosa en cuanto a sus políticas, su adopción trajo ventajas y desventajas,
recalcando así la estabilidad y el mayor control que ha existido en el ámbito monetario y
financiero hasta la actualidad.
2.2 El sistema financiero
A nivel mundial el sistema financiero se conforma por entidades públicas y privadas,
reguladas por un banco central u organismos de control bancario y financiero (Noboa S., 2008).
En este sentido, Chiriboga (2010) sostiene que el sistema financiero es uno de los sectores más
importantes de la economía, puesto que facilita el acceso a servicios de pago, movilización de
fondos en forma de ahorro y la asignación de créditos, también permite compartir riesgos entre
instituciones que incursionan en diversas actividades.
La Constitución del Ecuador (2008) en su artículo 283 establece que el sistema económico
nacional se compone de instituciones bancarias del sector público, privado y de economía
popular y solidaria. Igualmente, la Superintendencia de Bancos especifica que el sector
financiero privado está conformado por bancos, cooperativas de ahorro y crédito, sociedades
financieras, y mutualistas.
En adición, Andrade (2003) establece que el sistema financiero comprende el conjunto de
organismos, entidades e instituciones legalmente reguladas por normas y principios cuyo fin es
el desarrollo eficiente y organizado de la economía nacional, mediante la canalización de fondos
excedentes de familias o entidades, los mismos que son destinados a sectores deficitarios para
su óptimo crecimiento
Como parte del sistema financiero, la banca privada basa sus operaciones en la gestión de
riquezas de los grupos familiares mediante la prestación de servicios como inversiones,
planificación financiera y fiscal del patrimonio; también gestiona los fondos disponibles en
función del perfil de riesgo de los clientes (Huerga, 2018).
La Superintendencia de Bancos emplea la metodología de percentiles para dividir a las
entidades bancarias por tamaño según la participación de sus activos en el sector, es así que
categoriza como bancos pequeños a las instituciones con una participación menor al 12%, los
que poseen entre el 12% y 36% como bancos medianos y como bancos grandes a los que
participan con más del 36% (Cruz Rodríguez, 2015). En la Figura 1, se muestra que los bancos
pequeños representan el 46% de la banca privada.
5. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
Figura 1: Bancos privados del Ecuador categorizados por tamaño
Elaboración propia
Fuente: Superintendencia de Bancos
Las instituciones bancarias existentes hasta diciembre de 2017 se detallan en la
Tabla 1, cabe mencionar que durante el período del presente estudio han existido
creaciones, fusiones por absorción, adquisiciones y extinción de algunas instituciones.
Tabla 1: Bancos privados del Ecuador, a diciembre del 2017
Elaboración propia
Fuente: Superintendencia de Bancos
2.3 Rentabilidad de la banca
La rentabilidad se define como la capacidad que tienen las instituciones para generar
beneficios en relación con los elementos que emplean en sus operaciones (Soriano C., 2010).
Por consiguiente, las instituciones bancarias captan depósitos sin intereses y realizan préstamos
fijando tasas de interés, generando ganancias por sus actividades como cualquier otro negocio
(Baumol & Blinder, 2009). La Superintendencia de Bancos califica al Rendimiento Sobre
Patrimonio (ROE) y Sobre Activos (ROA) como principales medidas de rentabilidad de los
bancos, por lo que es pertinente analizar los efectos que variables internas y externas de las
operaciones bancarias puedan generar en su evolución.
17%
38%
46%
4 BANCOS
GRANDES
9 BANCOS
MEDIANOS
11 BANCOS
PEQUEÑOS
GRANDES MEDIANOS PEQUEÑOS
Guayaquil
Pacífico
Pichincha
Produbanco
Austro
Bolivariano
Citibank
Diners
General Rumiñahui
Internacional
Loja
Machala
Solidario
Amazonas
Bancodesarrollo
Capital
Comercial
Coopnacional
Delbank
D-Miro
Finca
Litoral
Procredit
Visionfund Ecuador
6. La Rentabilidad Sobre Activos mide la rentabilidad económica relacionando utilidades
antes de intereses e impuestos con los activos. La Rentabilidad Sobre el Patrimonio mide la
rentabilidad financiera de las instituciones y relaciona las utilidades netas con el patrimonio
(García O., Martínez G., & Fernández G., 2018). En el caso del Ecuador Morlás (2015) sostiene
que la rentabilidad de la banca se mantendrá mientras sus administradores estén alineados con
las condiciones del sector, en cuanto al avance tecnológico y el apoyo al desarrollo del comercio
y el crecimiento de pequeñas empresas y emprendimientos.
2.4 Estado del arte
El estudio de la rentabilidad de la banca ha generado diversos resultados nivel mundial,
tanto por el tipo de estudio realizado y por lo que cada autor ha aportado en este ámbito. Es así
como Demirgüç-Kunt y Huizinga (1998) concluyeron que los sistemas bancarios difieren tanto
en tamaño y funcionamiento dependiendo del país, además los bancos comerciales enfrentan
condiciones macro y microeconómicas e incluso se ven afectados por políticas fiscales, leyes
de seguros de depósitos y condiciones del mercado financiero.
Posteriormente, en la investigación realizada para el World Bank, Demirgüç-Kunt &
Huizinga (2000) demuestran que los bancos más grandes tienen mayores ganancias y que en
economías con un sistema financiero desarrollado existe mayor competencia y eficiencia de las
entidades, sin embargo los beneficios que obtienen los bancos son menores.
Staikouras y Wood (2004) concluyeron que la estructuración de cartera, el nivel de
operaciones, los costos de servicios y el número de instituciones en el mercado pueden
influenciar el desempeño de los bancos. Los resultados apuntan a que la rentabilidad bancaria
también se ve afectada por la relación capital-activos, implicando que los bancos con altos
niveles de capital son proporcionalmente más rentables; además la concentración y
participación en el mercado tienen alta relación con la rentabilidad de las entidades.
En China, García-Herrero, Gavilá, y Santabárbara (2009) demostraron que la baja
rentabilidad de los bancos está influenciada por el bajo crecimiento económico y las tasas de
interés altas y volátiles. No obstante, sostienen que los bancos mejor capitalizados obtienen
mayor rentabilidad, esto también sucede con los bancos con mayor número de depósitos y los
que resultan ser catalogados como más eficientes, por lo que el capital bancario, los depósitos
y la eficiencia podrían ser considerados como factores asociados con la rentabilidad, además,
una menor concentración del sistema bancario aumenta la rentabilidad de las instituciones.
En México Nava y Martínez (2010), evidenciaron que la concentración bancaria medida
por el índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman es moderada, debido a la combinación de factores como
la privatización, la crisis bancaria y económica que se ha suscitado; además, la entrada de
capital extranjero en el sector financiero incide en la rentabilidad de los bancos.
Dietrich y Wanzenried (2010) mediante estimaciones GMM (Generalized Method of
Moments) discutido por Hansen (1982) y descrito por Arellano y Bover (1995) analizaron la
rentabilidad de bancos comerciales, considerando un antes y después de la crisis financiera
vivida en Suiza entre 2007 y 2009. Concluyeron que los bancos con alta eficiencia operativa
son más rentables; el crecimiento del volumen de préstamos y los ingresos diversificados que
no dependen de intereses afectan positivamente la rentabilidad bancaria. También demostraron
que los costos de financiamiento y la dependencia de ingresos por intereses disminuyen los
niveles de rentabilidad.
7. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
En España, Trujillo-Ponce (2013) evidenció que los bancos orientan sus actividades hacia
el comercio minorista y que el financiamiento del mercado mayorista tiene menor relevancia
en contraste con otros países europeos. Además, los préstamos y depósitos de la cartera de
clientes constituyen una gran parte de la estructura económica y financiera de los bancos.
Abduh, Omar y Mesic (2013), con muestras de bancos convencionales e islámicos en
Malasia, analizaron factores bancarios como la liquidez, el tipo de banco y los índices de capital
y como factor externo las variaciones del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) en relación con la
Rentabilidad Sobre Activos (ROA). Se concluyó que entre 2005 y 2009 el tipo de banco
(islámico o convencional) y el crecimiento del PIB tuvieron mayor influencia en la rentabilidad
de las instituciones, confirmando que el mejor desempeño económico del país genera mayores
ganancias para los bancos; también demostraron que durante el período de análisis los bancos
islámicos fueron más rentables que los convencionales.
Osuagwu (2014) demostró que las características específicas de los bancos y una alta
concentración de mercado están mayormente asociados con su rentabilidad, aunque la segunda
no tuvo una influencia muy notable, dada la independencia que tienen entre sí las instituciones
bancarias en Nigeria. Las variables macroeconómicas como las tasas de inflación y el tipo de
cambio mantienen una alta colinealidad, sin embargo, la literatura analizada mostró que estas
variables poseen una considerable influencia en el rendimiento de los bancos.
Mediante estimaciones del sistema GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) Saona P.
(2016) analizó la rentabilidad de bancos comerciales de siete países latinoamericanos,
determinando que un alto poder de mercado se concentraba en pocos bancos y que existe una
relación negativa entre el desarrollo financiero y la rentabilidad bancaria.
Sugiarto y Setyo (2017) analizaron la influencia del índice de capital y de préstamos, el
tamaño de los bancos, los niveles de depósitos, y la calidad de activos en relación con la ROE
y ROA de los bancos en Indonesia. Este estudio concluyó que el tamaño, los índices de capital
y los niveles de préstamos tienen alta influencia en la ROE y ROA de las instituciones; en
adición, los depósitos influyen más sobre la ROE.
Chidozie y Ayadi (2017) mediante un análisis con datos de panel concluyeron que el
Crecimiento del PIB no incide en la rentabilidad de los bancos en Nigeria. En este estudio el
índice de concentración de mercado se empleó para medir las variaciones del rendimiento de
los activos, resultando una relación negativa, puesto que la rentabilidad bancaria se vio
disminuida con el aumento de la concentración del mercado; adicionalmente, el precio del barril
de petróleo resultó tener un alto impacto en la rentabilidad bancaria.
Por otro lado, Ashraf, Haider, y Sarwar (2017) evaluaron la incidencia de variables
macroeconómicas y aspectos específicos de bancos comerciales en Asia mediante regresiones
con datos de panel. Concluyeron que el índice de liquidez y el PIB tienen alta significancia en
los índices de rentabilidad de los bancos. No obstante, se evidenció que la inflación tuvo una
influencia negativa, esto implicó que los ingresos per cápita incrementan la rentabilidad de los
bancos y los niveles inflacionarios tienen una relación inversa a esta.
8. Las investigaciones antes mencionadas analizaron la Rentabilidad sobre el Patrimonio y
sobre los Activos de los bancos, logrando determinar la cuantía en que estas medidas están
influenciadas por factores internos y externos a las actividades del sector bancario. Como
factores internos tomaron los indicadores de liquidez, solvencia, márgenes de ganancias,
intereses, el tamaño y tipo de banco. Como factores externos están el Producto Interno Bruto,
las tasas de inflación, desempleo, el tipo de cambio, el precio del barril de petróleo y la
concentración de mercado medida por el Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI).
3. Metodología
3.1 Fuente de datos y Definición de variables
La presente investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, documental, exploratorio, correlacional
y de enfoque no experimental. Se extrajo información financiera oficial de la Asociación de
Bancos del Ecuador (ASOBANCA), la Superintendencia de Bancos y el Banco Central del
Ecuador con respecto de factores internos como cuentas e indicadores propios de los bancos
pequeños y factores externos como los indicadores macroeconómicos del país durante el
período 2000-2017. La Tabla 2 especifica las variables a utilizar en el presente estudio.
Tabla 2: Descripción de las variables
Etiqueta Variables Descripción Relación (+/-)
Variables Dependientes
ROE Rentabilidad del Patrimonio Resultados/Patrimonio Promedio
ROA Rentabilidad de Activos Resultados/Activos Totales Promedio
Variables independientes
Factores internos de la pequeña banca privada:
IN Inversiones Total de Inversiones +
CB Cartera Bruta Total Cartera de Créditos +
DV Depósitos A La Vista Total Depósitos a la Vista +
DP Depósitos A Plazo Total Depósitos a Plazo +
PR Provisiones Total de Provisiones +
INF Intermediación Financiera Cartera bruta/Depósitos totales +
APL Apalancamiento Total Pasivos/Patrimonio +/-
CAP Capacidad Comercial Cartera total/Activo total +/-
LIQ Liquidez
Fondos disponibles/Depósitos a
corto plazo
+/-
ICHH Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman Medida de concentración de mercado -
Factores Externos:
TPIB Producto Interno Bruto Total del PIB anual +/-
INFL Inflación Nivel anual de inflación +
9. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
Elaboración propia
3.1.1 Variables dependientes.
Rentabilidad sobre el patrimonio
Acorde con García et al. (2018) La ROE (Return On Equity) indica la rentabilidad que se
obtiene a partir de la inversión realizada con recursos propios de las instituciones, es decir, con
inversiones del patrimonio de los bancos; su cálculo relaciona las utilidades o pérdidas
generadas sobre el patrimonio de los bancos (ASOBANCA, 2018).
𝑹𝑶𝑬 =
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒐
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒐
Rentabilidad sobre los activos
Según Ehrhardt y Brighman (2011) la ROA (Return On Assets) evidencia la capacidad de
los Activos disponibles de las instituciones para generar ganancias, por lo tanto, mide la
relación de las ganancias obtenidas por los bancos sobre el total de los activos.
𝑹𝑶𝑬 =
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝑬𝒋𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒐
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒔
3.1.2 Variables independientes.
Inversiones (IN).- Engloba las inversiones realizadas por las entidades con la finalidad de
que estas mantengan reservas alternas de liquidez (Superintendencia de Bancos, 2017).
Cartera bruta (CB).- Representa los créditos otorgados por los bancos, está compuesta por
la Cartera por vencer, la Cartera vencida y la Cartera que no devenga intereses
(Superintendencia de Bancos, 2017).
Depósitos a la vista (DV).- Cuenta del pasivo que registra los fondos recibidos por los
clientes de los bancos y son realizables en un período menor a treinta días (Superintendencia
de Bancos, 2017).
Depósitos a plazo (DP).- Esta cuenta del pasivo registra los fondos captados por los bancos
y son exigibles a término de un plazo mayor a treinta días (Superintendencia de Bancos, 2017).
Provisiones (PR).- Registra valores provisionados por los bancos a fin de proteger los
activos, las provisiones se realizan de acuerdo a las necesidades de la entidad y los
requerimientos del organismo regulador (Superintendencia de Bancos, 2017).
Intermediación financiera (INF).- Representa la proporción en que los depósitos son
destinados al otorgamiento de créditos (ASOBANCA, 2018), su cálculo se emplea la siguiente
fórmula:
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒓𝒂 =
𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂 𝒃𝒓𝒖𝒕𝒂
𝑫𝒆𝒑ó𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂 + 𝑫𝒆𝒑ó𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒛𝒐
RISP Riesgo País Nivel anual del Riesgo país +
POIL Precio del Petróleo
Precio nacional del barril de
petróleo de exportación a diciembre
de cada año
+/-
10. Apalancamiento (APL).- Muestra la proporción en que el endeudamiento de los bancos es
financiado con el patrimonio, además permite determinar el nivel de protección de los fondos
de los acreedores en caso de posible insolvencia (Gibson, 2012). Para calcular este índice se
usa la siguiente fórmula:
𝑨𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 =
𝑷𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒔
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒐
Capacidad Comercial (CAP).- Mide la capacidad que tienen las instituciones financieras
para generar ingresos mediante la colocación de créditos, este indicador relaciona los valores
de la cartera total sobre los activos totales (Gómez G., Uribe, & Piñeros, 2009), su cálculo
emplea la siguiente fórmula:
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 =
𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
Liquidez (LIQ).- Indica la capacidad que tienen las entidades para convertir los activos
en efectivo a bajo costo (Brealey, Myers, & Marcus, 2001). Relaciona el total de los fondos
disponibles y el total de depósitos a corto plazo (ASOBANCA, 2017), está definido por:
𝑳𝑰𝑸 =
𝑭𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑫𝒆𝒑ó𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒛𝒐
Producto Interno Bruto (TPIB).- Es la sumatoria del valor de mercado de los bienes y
servicios finales producidos en un país durante un período específico, mide también los gastos
y los ingresos, a fin de establecer una relación entre la productividad y el nivel de vida (Parkin,
Esquivel, & Muñoz, 2007).
Inflación (INFL).- Se define como el porcentaje de variación de los niveles de precios en
la economía de un período a otro, muchos países industrializados presentan bajos niveles de
inflación (Jones, 2009 ).
Riesgo país (RISP).- Representa la capacidad del país para enfrentar problemas financieros
relacionados con el entorno macroeconómico y político (Alvarado V., 2016). Gómez y López
(2002) lo definen como la medida de riesgo de que un país obtenga el nivel de divisas requerido
para solventar deudas contraídas en moneda extranjera, no se considera como riesgo comercial,
pero se añade en la calificación de riesgo de prestatarios del sector público o privado de la
nación.
Precio anual del barril de petróleo (POIL).- Corresponde al valor del precio del barril de
petróleo ecuatoriano de exportación a diciembre de cada año durante período de estudio.
Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (ICHH).- Calcula el nivel de concentración del mercado
mediante la escala especificada en la Tabla 3, establecida por el departamento de Justicia y la
Comisión Federal de Comercio de los Estados Unidos (2018); además sirve como medida de
protección antimonopolio en los mercados.
Tabla 3: Escalas del Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI)
Escalas del Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman
Menor a 0,01 Mercado altamente competitivo
Menor a 0,15 Mercado no concentrado
11. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
Entre 0,15 y 0,25 Concentración moderada
Mayor a 0,25 Mercado altamente concentrado.
Elaboración propia
Fuente: U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Comission
Su cálculo emplea las cuotas o participación de mercado (SM) del total de depósitos de los
bancos que conforman el sector (Baumol & Blinder, 2009), mediante la siguiente fórmula:
𝑯𝑯𝑰 = ∑(𝑴𝑺𝒊)𝟐
𝒏
𝒊=𝟏
Donde MSi corresponde a la participación del mercado de los bancos i, que conforman el
sector con n instituciones.
La Tabla 4 presenta los niveles de concentración de mercado de la pequeña banca privada
utilizando el Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman, durante el período de estudio el conjunto de
bancos presentó niveles medios de concentración, sin embargo, en 2002 la concentración fue
28%, lo que indica alta concentración, al igual que en el 2003 con un nivel del 26%.
En adición, Camino, Morán y Uzcátegui (2017), concluyeron que los bancos privados del
Ecuador presentan niveles moderados de concentración de mercado, además evidenciaron una
competencia oligopolística cuyo poder se concentraría en los bancos grandes.
Tabla 4: Concentración de mercado de la Pequeña banca privada del Ecuador 2000-2017
Año No. de Bancos IH-H Valoración del índice
2000 8 19% Concentración Media
2001 8 24% Concentración Media
2002 8 28% Concentración Alta
2003 8 26% Concentración Alta
2004 11 22% Concentración Media
2005 11 24% Concentración Media
2006 10 23% Concentración Media
2007 10 24% Concentración Media
2008 11 21% Concentración Media
2009 11 21% Concentración Media
2010 11 20% Concentración Media
2011 13 16% Concentración Media
2012 13 16% Concentración Media
2013 11 22% Concentración Media
2014 11 17% Concentración Media
2015 10 18% Concentración Media
2016 11 17% Concentración Media
2017 11 16% Concentración Media
Elaboración propia
Fuente: Superintendencia de Bancos
12. 3.2 Modelo Econométrico
Con la información extraída se ha constituido una base de datos, la misma que tendrá una
estructura de panel para el análisis econométrico. De acuerdo con Pérez (2006), la estructura de
panel se compone de una serie temporal para cada observación de una sección cruzada o
categoría; de esta manera las variables índice serán los años como medida de tiempo y cada
banco como observación utilizando el modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) con
sus respectivas pruebas de validación.
El modelo de análisis para las estimaciones econométricas será el propuesto por
Athanasoglou (2008), citado por Dietrich y Wanzenried (2010), definido de la siguiente
manera:
𝜫𝒊𝒕 = 𝒄 + 𝜹𝜫𝒊,𝒕−𝟏 + ∑ 𝜷𝒋𝑿𝒊𝒕
𝒋
𝑱
𝒋=𝟏
+ ∑ 𝜷𝒍𝑿𝒊𝒕
𝒍
𝑳
𝒍=𝟏
+ 𝜺𝒊𝒕
Donde:
𝛱𝑖𝑡: Corresponde a la rentabilidad de los bancos i en el tiempo t;
𝑐: Representa el término constante;
𝛱𝑖,𝑡−1 : Es la rentabilidad de los bancos i del sector en el tiempo t-1;
𝛿 : Es la velocidad de ajuste de equilibrio, que tomará un valor entre 0 y 1 e implica la
constancia de la rentabilidad que eventualmente volverá a ser normal, tomando el valor de
su nivel promedio;
∑ 𝛽𝑗𝑋𝑖𝑡
𝑗
𝐽
𝑗=1 : Son los factores internos, en este caso dichos factores se componen por las
cuentas y los indicadores propios de los bancos;
∑ 𝛽𝑙𝑋𝑖𝑡
𝑙
𝐿
𝑙=1 : Corresponderá a las variables macroeconómicas como factores externos de
los bancos i en el sector durante el tiempo t; y
𝜀𝑖𝑡: Indica el término de error estocástico.
4. Resultados
Las estimaciones econométricas realizadas se efectuaron mediante el software
econométrico gretl, empleando una estructura de datos de panel indizados por los bancos y los
años del período de estudio desde 2000 a 2017, además se añadieron logaritmos a las series y
se estimaron empleando el modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) y sus pruebas de
validación pertinentes. A continuación la Tabla 5 presenta las estadísticas descriptivas de las
variables en estudio, especificando el nombre de las variables con su respectiva etiqueta, la
media, los valores mínimos y máximos, y el error estándar.
Tabla 5: Principales estadísticas de las variables
Variable Media Mínimo Máximo Desv. Típ.
Roe (ROE) 0,07 -0,59 0,95 0,16
Roa (ROA) 0,01 -0,09 0,46 0,04
Inversiones (IN) 9.300,28 - 105.386,00 18.652,90
Cartera bruta (CB) 57.343,50 22,95 356.869,00 73.821,10
13. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
Depósitos a la vista (DV) 23.818,30 - 172.363,00 33.423,50
Depósitos a plazo (DP) 33.974,30 - 248.365,00 47.320,60
Provisiones (PR) 3.163,84 - 64.777,70 7.346,01
Intermediación financiera (INF) 1,65 - 25,85 2,52
Apalancamiento (APAL) 0,05 0,00 0,24 0,04
Capacidad comercial (CAP) 0,59 0,00 0,93 0,21
Liquidez (LIQ) 0,54 - 4,09 0,44
Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman
(ICHH)
0,20 0,13 0,33 0,05
Inflación (INFL) 0,08 -0,00 0,91 0,18
Riesgo país (RISP) 1.095,83 459,00 4.731,00 960,91
Producto interno bruto (TPIB) 56.249,30 37.726,40 70.955,70 10.942,10
Precio barril de petróleo (POIL) 59,54 14,30 105,30 27,20
Realización propia
Fuente: Superintendencia de Bancos del Ecuador
Los resultados de las estimaciones realizadas mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios
(MCO) muestran el valor p, este mide la significancia estadística de las variables explicativas
en el modelo, el R2 que indica la bondad de ajuste de los modelos y el Criterio de Información
de Akaike (1974), el cual permite la comparación de las estimaciones y la selección del modelo
más óptimo en cuanto a la hipótesis nula. Cabe mencionar que Koehler y Murphree (1988)
consideran que el criterio de Akaike (AIC) ofrece mayor confianza de los modelos, en
comparación con el criterio Bayesiano de Schwarz (1978).
Tabla 6: Estimaciones de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios
Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO)
Modelo 1
Var. Depend.: l_ROE
Modelo 2
Var. Depend.: l_ROA
Variables Coef. Estad. t valor p Coef. Estad. t valor p
Const 30,66 2,72 0,01 (***) 25,19 2,27 0,02 (**)
l_IN -0,08 -0,46 0,64 -0,08 -0,49 0,63
l_CB 1,27 5,79 <0,00001 (***) 1,34 6,74 <0,00001(***)
l_DV -0,10 -1,45 0,15 -0,12 -2,34 0,02 (**)
l_DP -0,49 -3,80 0,00 (***) -0,45 -3,91 0,00 (***)
l_PR 0,09 0,74 0,46 0,00 -0,05 0,96
l_INF -0,52 -2,00 0,05 (**) -0,55 -2,21 0,03 (**)
l_APL 0,70 7,42 <0,00001 (***) 0,05 0,49 0,62
l_CAP -0,51 -1,58 0,12 -0,55 -2,16 0,03 (**)
l_LIQ 0,23 0,69 0,49 0,23 0,80 0,43
l_ICHH -0,27 -0,63 0,53 -0,33 -0,80 0,43
l_INFL -0,12 -0,70 0,48 -0,21 -1,40 0,16
l_RISP -0,36 -2,34 0,02 (**) -0,06 -0,23 0,82
14. Elaboración propia
En la Tabla 6 se presentan los modelos 1 y 2, indicando que las cuentas Cartera bruta y
Depósitos a plazo presentan alta significancia estadística en relación a la ROE y la ROA de la
pequeña banca privada, a su vez, la cuenta Depósitos a la Vista está asociada con el nivel de
significancia del 5% con la ROA, no siendo así con la ROE. El indicador de Intermediación
Financiera presenta significancia estadística del 5% en relación con la ROE y ROA, el nivel de
apalancamiento presentó significancia estadística alta en relación con la ROE, y el índice de
Capacidad Comercial está medianamente relacionado con la ROA, mas no con la ROE.
Respecto de las variables macroeconómicas en el modelo 1 el riesgo país está asociado a
un nivel de confianza del 95% con la ROE, mientras que el total del PIB presenta altos niveles
de relación con la ROE y ROA en el modelo 1 y 2. Sin embargo, bajo las estimaciones de
Mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con logaritmos el valor de los R2
en el modelo 1 es elevado, no
siendo así en el modelo 2.
Tabla 7: Estimaciones de MCO con Efectos Fijos
Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios con Efectos Fijos
Modelo 3:
Var. Depend: l_ROE
Modelo 4:
Var. Depend: l_ROA
Variables Coef. Estad. T valor p Coef. Estad. T valor p
l_IN -0,13 -0,76 0,45 -0,13 -0,75 0,45
l_CB -0,08 -0,15 0,88 -0,29 -0,67 0,50
l_DV -0,01 -0,10 0,92 -0,03 -0,55 0,59
l_DP -0,22 -0,85 0,40 -0,02 -0,10 0,92
l_PR 0,14 0,82 0,42 0,02 0,11 0,91
l_INF -0,23 -0,52 0,61 -0,17 -0,47 0,64
l_APL 1,22 2,40 0,02 (**) 0,52 1,03 0,30
l_CAP 0,51 1,12 0,27 0,65 1,92 0,06 (*)
l_LIQ -0,25 -0,82 0,41 -0,12 -0,49 0,62
l_ICHH -0,33 -0,77 0,44 -0,42 -1,03 0,30
l_INFL -0,22 -1,14 0,25 -0,30 -1,86 0,06 (*)
l_RISP -0,17 -0,76 0,45 0,14 0,50 0,62
l_TPIB -2,87 -1,67 0,10 (*) -2,63 -1,67 0,10 (*)
l_POIL 0,08 0,57 0,57 0,15 1,10 0,27
Modelo 3
R2
=0,624; R2
corregido=0,538
Contraste de diferentes interceptos por grupos -
Hipótesis nula: Los grupos tienen un intercepto común
Estadístico de contraste: F (15, 127) = 1,731
Con valor p = P (F (15, 127) > 1,731) = 0,052
l_TPIB -3,42 -3,20 0,00 (***) -3,52 -3,38 0,00 (***)
l_POIL -0,09 -0,38 0,71 -0,09 -0,36 0,72
R2 0,547 0,358
R2 corregido 0,502 0,294
15. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
Modelo 4
R2
=0,484; R2
=0,364
Contraste de diferentes interceptos por grupos -
Hipótesis nula: Los grupos tienen un intercepto común
Estadístico de contraste: F (15, 125) = 2,035
Con valor p = P (F (15, 125) > 2,035) = 0,018
Elaboración propia
En la Tabla 7 los modelos 3 y 4 presentan las estimaciones de Mínimos Cuadrados
Ordinarios bajo efectos fijos, suponiendo que las variables índices son constantes en tiempo y
espacio y que el término de error incluye las diferencias temporales de las observaciones
(Gujarati N., 2004).
Como resultado, entre los factores internos relacionados con la ROE, el nivel de
apalancamiento presenta mayor significancia estadística con el 5%, respecto de la ROA el
indicador de capacidad comercial presenta significancia del 1%. Entre los factores externos, el
PIB presenta una significancia del 1% en relación con la ROE; y los niveles de inflación y el
total del PIB mostraron bajos niveles de relación con la ROA.
Finalmente, los modelos 5 y 6 en la
Tabla 8 muestran que en relación con la ROE la cartera bruta, los depósitos a la vista y a
plazo presentan alta significancia estadística; a su vez, los índices de intermediación financiera
y de apalancamiento presentan relación media. Por otra parte, la cuenta cartera bruta está
altamente relacionada con la ROA y los depósitos a plazo presentan relación media. Además,
la variable macroeconómica Total del PIB presenta altos niveles de significancia en relación
con la ROE y la ROA de la pequeña banca privada.
Así mismo, en la
Tabla 8 se incluye el test de Hausman (1978), que de acuerdo con Gujarati (2004) compara
las estimaciones de MCO bajo efectos fijos y aleatorios para establecer la eficiencia del modelo
empleado en cuanto a su validez estadística indicando cuál resulta ser de mayor idoneidad para
la realización de las pruebas econométricas.
En la presente investigación esta prueba demuestra que el modelo de MCO bajo efectos
fijos es el más idóneo para explicar la relación de las variables analizadas tanto para el modelo
3 como para el modelo 4, puesto que el valor p en estas pruebas es más cercano a cero en
comparación con el obtenido en los modelos de MCO bajo efectos aleatorios.
Tabla 8: Estimaciones de MCO con Efectos Aleatorios
Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios con Efectos Aleatorios
Modelo 5:
Var. Depend.: l_ROE
Modelo 6:
Var. Depend.: l_ROA
Variable Coef. Estad. T valor p Coef. Estad. T valor p
Const 30,66 4,09 0,00 (***) 25,53 3,47 0,00 (***)
l_IN -0,08 -0,75 0,46 -0,08 -0,83 0,41
l_CB 1,27 4,35 0,00 (***) 1,07 3,36 0,00 (***)
l_DV -0,10 -0,90 0,37 -0,11 -1,03 0,30
l_DP -0,49 -3,70 0,00 (***) -0,37 -2,35 0,02 (**)
16. l_PR 0,09 0,99 0,32 0,00 -0,05 0,96
l_INF -0,52 -1,88 0,06 (*) -0,39 -1,34 0,18
l_APL 0,70 3,72 0,00 (***) 0,17 0,80 0,42
l_CAP -0,51 -1,35 0,18 -0,44 -1,12 0,27
l_LIQ 0,23 0,94 0,35 0,12 0,48 0,63
l_ICHH -0,27 -0,63 0,53 -0,34 -0,87 0,39
l_INFL -0,12 -0,65 0,51 -0,22 -1,31 0,19
l_RISP -0,36 -1,42 0,16 -0,02 -0,09 0,93
l_TPIB -3,42 -4,49 0,00 (***) -3,40 -4,44 0,00 (***)
l_POIL -0,09 -0,37 0,71 -0,04 -0,18 0,86
Modelo 5
Varianza 'dentro' (Within) = 1,378; Varianza 'entre' (between) = 0,104
Criterio de información de Akaike = 521,805
Contraste de Hausman -
Hipótesis nula: Los estimadores de MCG son consistentes
Contraste asintótico: Chi-cuadrado (14) = 10,367; valor p = 0,734
Modelo 6
Varianza 'dentro' (Within) = 1,229; Varianza 'entre' (between) = 0,318
Criterio de información de Akaike = 504,294
Contraste de Hausman -
Hipótesis nula: Los estimadores de MCG son consistentes
Contraste asintótico: Chi-cuadrado (14) = 22,355 con valor p = 0,071
Elaboración propia
5. Discusión
En la presente investigación el índice de inflación muestra una baja relación con la ROA,
esto se alinea con el estudio de Osuagwu (2014), cuyo análisis de literatura evidenció que el
índice de inflación influencia la rentabilidad de los bancos; a su vez, el estudio de Ashraf, et. al
(2017) indicó que la inflación tuvo una relación inversa respecto de la rentabilidad bancaria.
Por otra parte, Chidozie y Ayadi (2017) concluyeron que el Crecimiento del PIB no incide
de manera significativa en la rentabilidad de los bancos. En oposición, los estudios de Abduh
et. al (2013) y Ashraf et. al (2017) demostraron que existe una alta influencia de la evolución
del PIB en las medidas de rentabilidad de los bancos. En este sentido, el presente estudio
evidencia que existe una baja influencia del crecimiento del PIB anual en relación con la ROE
y la ROA de las pequeñas instituciones bancarias ecuatorianas.
Como hallazgo relevante cabe destacar la relación de los niveles de apalancamiento con el
Rendimiento Sobre Patrimonio de los bancos pequeños. Así como también se evidenció la
relación de la Capacidad Comercial con el Rendimiento Sobre los Activos.
Adicionalmente, el análisis de los niveles concentración bancaria mostraron que en el
Ecuador la pequeña banca privada ha tenido niveles medios de concentración de mercado y que
esta no influye en su rentabilidad, lo cual se opone al estudio de Nava y Martínez (2010) y el
17. COMPENDIUM, ISSN Online 1390-9894, Volumen 5, Nº 12, Diciembre, 2018, pp 54-76
de Chidozie y Ayadi (2017) que indican que la rentabilidad bancaria se ve influenciada por
niveles de concentración en el sector.
6. Conclusiones
Con base en los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo se evidencia que existe una baja
influencia de factores internos y externos en las medidas de rentabilidad de la pequeña banca
privada del Ecuador, permitiendo concluir que los niveles de apalancamiento de los pequeños
bancos privados tienen una baja relación con la ROE de los mismos, además, los niveles de
apalancamiento no deben exceder la capacidad de solvencia de las entidades, como también
deben asegurar de manera óptima la protección de los fondos de los clientes.
Por otro lado se evidenció la baja incidencia de la capacidad comercial en la evolución de
la rentabilidad sobre activos de la pequeña banca privada, la cual no debe obstaculizar la
diversificación en la colocación de créditos en diferentes sectores a fin de contribuir al
desarrollo económico del país y generar ingresos para los bancos, sin embargo, estas
inversiones deben estar sujetas a estudios de riesgo, identificación de los sectores a los que
contribuye y el seguimiento de los valores que otorgan las entidades bancarias.
En cuanto a la inflación, esta tiene una baja incidencia en relación con la ROA de las
entidades analizadas, no obstante, se deben formular estrategias en cuanto a la protección de
los fondos, para prevenir que los niveles inflacionarios repercutan de manera negativa en las
medidas de rentabilidad de la pequeña banca privada.
Por otro lado, PIB presenta menores efectos en la ROE y ROA de la pequeña banca privada,
mas debe considerarse cuál es el efecto de este sector financiero en el desarrollo del PIB
nacional y cuáles son los aspectos en los que contribuye para su crecimiento.
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