THIS DOCUMENT IS MADE BY UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA STUDENTS APPRECIATING INFORMATION THEY RESEARCH ON ABOUT DIABETES MELITTUS. IT WAS A PRESENTATION ON THE SPORT SCIENCE MODULE, SPECIAL POPULATIONS

1. 1. FRANCE NGOMA- 202004980
2. LAWRENCE TAREA- 202108061
3. TSEO MPHOSWA- 202107917
BSS 212- MR SEIKANO

2.  An overview of Diabetes Mellitus’ pathology
 Effects of specifically-designed exercise for patients with
Diabetes Mellitus
 Indications & contra- indications of exercise activites on
Diabetes Mellitus patients
 Recommended exercise prescriptions for Diabetes Mellitus
 Laboratory training on the exercise testing protocols for
Diabetes Mellitus population
 Post- exercise monitoring and counselling for individuals with
Diabetes Mellitus

3. Diabetes mellitus is a condition where glucose can’t be properly
moved from the blood into the cells.
It is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood
sugar levels over a prolonged period
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased hunger.
If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.
• Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic
hyperosmolar coma, or death.
• Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic
kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.

4.  Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing
enough insulin or the cells of the body not
responding properly to the insulin produced.
 There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
 Type 1 DM
 Type 2 DM
 Gestational Diabetes

5. TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS [OVERVIEW
CONT’D]
Type 1
• Results from the pancreas's
failure to produce enough
insulin
• This form was previously
referred to as "insulin-
dependent diabetes
mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile
diabetes".
• The cause is unknown.
Type 2
• Begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.
• This form was previously referred to as "non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".
• The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise
Gestational Diabetes
• Is the third main form
and occurs in pregnant
women without a
previous history of
diabetes

7. EFFECTS OF SPECIFICALLY-DESIGNED EXERCISE
Specifically-designed exercise may assist in preventing diabetes related health
complications e.g heart attack, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.
Both insulin and exercise independently facilitate glucose transport across the
mitochondrial membrane by promoting GLUT transporter proteins from intracellular
vesicles.
Specifically-designed exercise can reverse many of the defects in metabolism of both fat
and glucose that occur in people with Type 2 diabetes, this will improve the HbA1C.

8. INDICATIONS & CONTRA-INDICATIONS OF EXERCISE
ACTIVITIES ON DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS
INDICATION: Reasons for exercise that leads
to the recommendation of a treatment, test,
or procedure.
• development of aerobic and resistance
exercise programs which have been shown
to decrease the incidence of NIDDM
• Exercise in patients with diabetes mellitus
promotes cardiovascular benefits by
reducing cardiovascular risk and mortality,
assists with weight management
• Patients with diabetes earn an
in glycemic control.
CONTRAINDICATION: When exercise should
be prohibited or restricted .
• When metabolic control is extremely
• New hemorrhaging in the ocular fundus
caused by proliferative retinopathy
• Previously, exercise has been restricted for
patients with diabetic kidney diseases [15].
• Patient who have difficulty with
thermoregulation should avoid exercise in
extreme environments

9. RECOMMENDED EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS FOR DIABETIC
PATIENTS
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients should engage in 150 min aerobic activity per week, spread over at
least 3 days/week, with no more than two consecutive days without activity.
Especially for elderly diabetes patients who tend to have muscle atrophy (sarcopenia), mild-intensity
resistance training, such as half squats and calf raise should be performed in addition to aerobic
Flexibility training and balance training are recommended 2–3 times/week for older adults with
• Yoga and tai chi may be included based on individual preferences
A combination of aerobic and strengthening exercises should be recommended. But precautionary
measures for exercise involving the feet are essential for many patients with diabetes.

10. LABORATORY TRAINING ON THE EXERCISE TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR
DIABETES MELLITUS POPULATION
Exercise testing and laboratory training are important components in the evaluation and medical
management of diabetic patients.
Exercise testing should be performed under the supervision of a qualified medical professional
trained in exercise testing
Knowledge of patients by laboratory trainers is essential.
Patients should be given a detailed description of the testing procedure
Components of the initial clinical evaluation of DM have to be covered

11. POST- EXERCISE MONITORING AND COUNSELLING FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH
DIABETES MELLITUS
 Check your blood sugar as soon as you finish exercising
 Athletes with blood glucose greater than 11 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) and urine
ketones or blood glucose greater than 16.5 mmol/L (300 mg/dL), regardless of
ketone status, should postpone training and need to replenish insulin.
 Post-exercise hyperglycemia will occur especially after high intensity short burst
activity, but insulin should still be decreased by 25-50%
 Consuming carbohydrates within 30 minutes of an exhausting, glycogen-
depleting workout allows for more efficient muscle glycogen recovery. It also
helps prevent post-hypoglycemia. .
 Exercise that increases blood pressure may worsen retinopathy.
 Written schedules may help patients to remember the details of a routine until
they are committed to memory.
 It is also important to carefully manage situations that can complicate blood sugar
control, such as sick days and vacations.