1) Ramadan fasting among diabetics can provide medical benefits such as reduced body weight and BMI, improved glycemic control, and decreased blood pressure, but also carries risks.
2) The risk of hypoglycemia increases for type 1 diabetics and those with poor glycemic control, while the risk of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis increases for type 2 diabetics.
3) Patients at very high risk of complications from fasting include those with history of severe diabetes issues, poor long-term control, pregnancy, or advanced kidney disease. Those at high or moderate risk include patients with complications or using certain medications.
1) The document provides guidelines for healthcare professionals on managing diabetes patients who wish to fast during Ramadan. Fasting is an important religious practice in Islam that occurs during the month of Ramadan.
2) For diabetes patients, fasting can increase the risk of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration and other issues. The guidelines help clinicians evaluate a patient's risk level, provide advice on medication adjustments, blood glucose monitoring and other self-management techniques to minimize health risks from fasting.
3) Key recommendations include individualizing care plans based on a patient's diabetes type, medications, medical history and social circumstances. Patients at very high risk of health complications should not fast, while others may fast
This document provides recommendations for managing diabetes during Ramadan, including:
1. Conducting a pre-Ramadan medical assessment and counseling on risks of fasting like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
2. Modifying nutrition by avoiding large meals at sunset and focusing on complex carbs before sunrise and simple carbs at sunset.
3. Adjusting physical activity to avoid hypoglycemia and considering evening prayers as daily exercise.
4. Guidelines for breaking the fast if blood glucose is low or high.
Prof. megahed abo el magd presentationFarragBahbah
This document provides guidelines for diabetes management during Ramadan fasting. It discusses recommendations for patient education, glucose monitoring, and treatment adjustments weeks before Ramadan to minimize risks like hypoglycemia during the fast. Patients on sulfonylureas and insulin are at highest risk of hypoglycemia and may require treatment changes. The document also outlines risks of fasting for different types of diabetes, provides guidance on risk stratification of patients into categories, and discusses approaches to minimize hazards and risks.
Fasting during Ramadan poses risks for people with diabetes, especially those with type 1 diabetes who should be advised not to fast. For those who insist, risks include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Management requires individualizing plans based on risk factors, educating patients, adjusting medications like insulin and timing/doses, frequent glucose monitoring, proper nutrition and hydration, and medical supervision. The goal is reducing risks while allowing observance of religious practices.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan. It discusses the growing prevalence of diabetes in Muslim-majority countries and regions. Fasting during Ramadan can impact blood sugar levels and increase risks for diabetics like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The document outlines the physiological changes that occur during the Ramadan fast and lifestyle adjustments. It also provides a risk stratification system for diabetics fasting based on risk factors. The guidelines recommend a pre-Ramadan assessment, education on diabetes management during fasting, and post-Ramadan follow-up. Both medical and religious perspectives on fasting for diabetics are considered to develop balanced recommendations.
The IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines provide recommendations for healthcare professionals to help patients with diabetes safely participate in Ramadan fasting. Ramadan fasting is compulsory for healthy adult Muslims but exemptions exist for those with medical conditions like diabetes. The number of Muslims with diabetes is increasing worldwide as diabetes rises globally. Many patients still wish to fast during Ramadan against medical advice, so guidelines are needed to minimize health risks. The guidelines aim to educate healthcare workers without extensive experience in this area to properly advise their diabetic patients observing Ramadan.
Practical Management of Type 2 Diabetes during the Holy month of RamadanProf. Md. Fariduddin
This document provides guidance for managing type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. It discusses how fasting is allowed but not recommended for all diabetics due to health risks. A pre-Ramadan assessment of a patient's condition and ability to fast safely is important. General advice includes consulting doctors, practicing fasting in advance, and individualizing plans. Diet and exercise adjustments as well as modifying medication timing are discussed. Blood sugar monitoring while fasting is also recommended to detect hypo- or hyperglycemia so the fast can be ended if needed. The overall goal is to help diabetics fast safely through education, planning and medical guidance.
1) Management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting requires careful assessment of risk levels and medication adjustments. Patients are categorized as very high, high, or moderate/low risk.
2) Very high risk patients should not fast, while high risk patients are advised against fasting. Moderate/low risk patients may fast with guidance.
3) For patients who fast, diet, medications, exercise and glucose monitoring should be modified. Oral medications doses may be adjusted and taken at Iftar and Suhoor. Insulin doses also require changes to minimize risks.
1) The document provides guidelines for healthcare professionals on managing diabetes patients who wish to fast during Ramadan. Fasting is an important religious practice in Islam that occurs during the month of Ramadan.
2) For diabetes patients, fasting can increase the risk of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration and other issues. The guidelines help clinicians evaluate a patient's risk level, provide advice on medication adjustments, blood glucose monitoring and other self-management techniques to minimize health risks from fasting.
3) Key recommendations include individualizing care plans based on a patient's diabetes type, medications, medical history and social circumstances. Patients at very high risk of health complications should not fast, while others may fast
This document provides recommendations for managing diabetes during Ramadan, including:
1. Conducting a pre-Ramadan medical assessment and counseling on risks of fasting like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
2. Modifying nutrition by avoiding large meals at sunset and focusing on complex carbs before sunrise and simple carbs at sunset.
3. Adjusting physical activity to avoid hypoglycemia and considering evening prayers as daily exercise.
4. Guidelines for breaking the fast if blood glucose is low or high.
Prof. megahed abo el magd presentationFarragBahbah
This document provides guidelines for diabetes management during Ramadan fasting. It discusses recommendations for patient education, glucose monitoring, and treatment adjustments weeks before Ramadan to minimize risks like hypoglycemia during the fast. Patients on sulfonylureas and insulin are at highest risk of hypoglycemia and may require treatment changes. The document also outlines risks of fasting for different types of diabetes, provides guidance on risk stratification of patients into categories, and discusses approaches to minimize hazards and risks.
Fasting during Ramadan poses risks for people with diabetes, especially those with type 1 diabetes who should be advised not to fast. For those who insist, risks include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Management requires individualizing plans based on risk factors, educating patients, adjusting medications like insulin and timing/doses, frequent glucose monitoring, proper nutrition and hydration, and medical supervision. The goal is reducing risks while allowing observance of religious practices.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan. It discusses the growing prevalence of diabetes in Muslim-majority countries and regions. Fasting during Ramadan can impact blood sugar levels and increase risks for diabetics like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The document outlines the physiological changes that occur during the Ramadan fast and lifestyle adjustments. It also provides a risk stratification system for diabetics fasting based on risk factors. The guidelines recommend a pre-Ramadan assessment, education on diabetes management during fasting, and post-Ramadan follow-up. Both medical and religious perspectives on fasting for diabetics are considered to develop balanced recommendations.
The IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines provide recommendations for healthcare professionals to help patients with diabetes safely participate in Ramadan fasting. Ramadan fasting is compulsory for healthy adult Muslims but exemptions exist for those with medical conditions like diabetes. The number of Muslims with diabetes is increasing worldwide as diabetes rises globally. Many patients still wish to fast during Ramadan against medical advice, so guidelines are needed to minimize health risks. The guidelines aim to educate healthcare workers without extensive experience in this area to properly advise their diabetic patients observing Ramadan.
Practical Management of Type 2 Diabetes during the Holy month of RamadanProf. Md. Fariduddin
This document provides guidance for managing type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. It discusses how fasting is allowed but not recommended for all diabetics due to health risks. A pre-Ramadan assessment of a patient's condition and ability to fast safely is important. General advice includes consulting doctors, practicing fasting in advance, and individualizing plans. Diet and exercise adjustments as well as modifying medication timing are discussed. Blood sugar monitoring while fasting is also recommended to detect hypo- or hyperglycemia so the fast can be ended if needed. The overall goal is to help diabetics fast safely through education, planning and medical guidance.
1) Management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting requires careful assessment of risk levels and medication adjustments. Patients are categorized as very high, high, or moderate/low risk.
2) Very high risk patients should not fast, while high risk patients are advised against fasting. Moderate/low risk patients may fast with guidance.
3) For patients who fast, diet, medications, exercise and glucose monitoring should be modified. Oral medications doses may be adjusted and taken at Iftar and Suhoor. Insulin doses also require changes to minimize risks.
- GLP-1 receptor agonists are recommended as first-line treatment after metformin for type 2 diabetes due to their ability to reduce weight and cardiovascular risk factors like lipids and blood pressure while improving glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia. Early initiation of GLP-1 agonists may help preserve beta-cell function by reducing glucotoxicity and increasing beta-cell mass. Exenatide was the first incretin mimetic and works similarly to natural GLP-1 but is resistant to degradation, allowing twice-daily dosing. Newer long-acting GLP-1 agonists only require once weekly or daily dosing. Nausea is a common side effect but usually mild and intermittent
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and the role of insulin in the body. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases caused by defects in insulin production or insulin action that results in high blood glucose. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by signaling the liver, muscles and fat cells to absorb glucose from the blood. The document outlines the different types of diabetes including Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes and prediabetes. It discusses the signs and symptoms of diabetes and diagnostic tests used to diagnose the condition.
Advances and Management of Diabetes MellitusPratiksha Doke
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological and/or metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence and incidence. High blood glucose levels are symptomatic of diabetes mellitus as a consequence of inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion or poor insulin-directed mobilization of glucose by target cells. Diabetes mellitus is aggravated by and associated with metabolic complications that can subsequently lead to premature death. This presentation explores diabetes mellitus in terms of its types, causes and management interventions for improved lifestyle for patient.
The document summarizes key findings from the DAWN2 study on the psychosocial impact of diabetes. It finds that:
- Living with diabetes negatively impacts quality of life and emotional well-being. Nearly half of people with diabetes experience significant diabetes-related distress.
- Family members of people with diabetes also experience burden and worry. Many family members want to help but do not know how.
- Participation in diabetes education is associated with better psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes. However, over half have never participated in education programs.
- There are gaps in psychosocial support from healthcare systems and many providers want more training to better support patients. Discrimination due to diabetes is also common.
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that worsens as kidney function declines. It results from inadequate production of erythropoietin and impaired iron absorption and transport. Anemia in CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose and monitor anemia, including hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and others. Treatment involves iron supplementation through oral or intravenous routes, as well as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, with the goal of reducing transfusions and symptoms while improving quality of life.
Hypertension and Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression Hypertension and Diabe...MedicineAndHealthUSA
Hypertension and diabetic kidney disease progression are linked, and reducing proteinuria is key to slowing kidney disease. The document discusses how conditions like hypertension and diabetes that cause kidney damage have increased in the US population. Landmark trials found that lowering blood pressure and proteinuria reduced kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risks. Initial therapy for kidney or diabetes patients should be an ACE inhibitor or ARB to target blood pressure under 130/80 mmHg.
Guideline for diabetic patients during RamadanNimrah Ajmal
This document provides guidelines for healthcare professionals on managing diabetes patients who wish to fast during Ramadan. It discusses key risks like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. It emphasizes individualizing care based on a patient's diabetes type, medications, complications, previous fasting experience, and social circumstances. The guidelines recommend assessing patients before Ramadan to create a personalized management plan, which may include medication adjustments, blood glucose monitoring, dietary and hydration advice, and guidance on when to break the fast. Educating patients on self-management is important to help them fast safely during Ramadan.
Management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting is complex and requires careful consideration of risks. Fasting is not recommended for those at very high risk of complications like hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis. For others, adjustments can be made including reducing insulin doses, spreading intake, and frequent monitoring. Education on recognizing symptoms, medical supervision, and individualizing care are important to allow fasting safely for those who wish to observe Ramadan traditions.
Diabetes management in Ramadan presents medical challenges as many Muslim patients with diabetes insist on fasting during Ramadan. The document discusses:
1) Major risks of fasting including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and dehydration.
2) Categories of diabetes risk for fasting - very high, high, moderate, low.
3) Recommendations for diabetes management during Ramadan including adjusting medications, monitoring blood sugar, nutrition, exercise and breaking the fast if complications occur.
4) Studies showing education programs can help improve diabetes control and reduce risks when fasting during Ramadan.
The Role of Incretins in Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes mellitusRazatSaini2
This ppt presentation shows the role of incretins in Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes. One of the key mechanisms underlying the development of T2DM is the dysfunction of the incretin system, which regulates glucose homeostasis through the secretion of gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. GLP-1 levels are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic strategies that augment the GLP-1 pathway include GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide and liraglutide, as well as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. These incretin-based therapies lower blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia and promote weight loss, offering an important treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document discusses guidelines for fasting during Ramadan for Muslims with diabetes. It divides patients into groups based on risk: very high risk, high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. The Fiqh Islamic Academy recommends that patients in the very high risk and high risk groups should not fast, as fasting may harm their health, based on expert medical opinion. Patients in the moderate risk and low risk groups are permitted to fast, as the medical data does not indicate fasting would likely cause harmful complications to their health. The Academy emphasizes fasting is not required if it will cause harm to one's health or life.
This document outlines guidelines from the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance on managing diabetes during Ramadan. It covers when to break the fast, risk categories for fasting, guidelines for type 1 diabetes, elderly, pregnancy, and pharmacological management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes including different insulin and medication options. It also discusses potential health issues that may arise during Ramadan.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body cannot effectively control blood sugar levels. It develops over many years as the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin. Prediabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is through lifestyle changes like regular physical activity and modest weight loss. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce risk of developing diabetes and its serious health complications.
This document discusses diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It provides information on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, standard of care, and pharmacological interventions to reduce cardiorenal risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Regarding standard of care, it outlines glycemic and blood pressure targets, the use of RAAS inhibitors and statins, and glucose-lowering medications. It then discusses how SGLT2 inhibitors have shown benefits in reducing cardiovascular, renal, and heart failure outcomes as well as slowing kidney disease progression in patients with DKD and type 2 diabetes.
The document discusses the role of genes in the HLA region and insulin gene in determining risk of type 1 diabetes, prevention of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and future expectations such as pancreas transplants, islet cell transplants to the liver, and use of seaweed-derived housing to protect transplanted islet cells from immune system rejection. It also examines causes of type 2 diabetes including metabolic syndrome and findings from the Diabetes Prevention Program on preventing progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes and metformin.
1. There is a vicious cycle between diabetes and liver disease, as diabetes can cause liver damage and liver disease increases the risk of diabetes.
2. Hepatogenous diabetes differs from type 2 diabetes in that it has a lower risk of cardiovascular complications and less often a family history of diabetes.
3. Metformin is the preferred agent for managing diabetes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or advanced liver disease, while insulin is recommended for decompensated cirrhosis.
Challenges in Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
This document discusses challenges in diagnosing and managing diabetic kidney disease. It emphasizes that renal problems in diabetic patients are not always due to diabetic nephropathy and may be caused by other conditions. A thorough evaluation is needed to determine the underlying cause, including considering patient history, type of diabetes, presence of retinopathy, characteristics of proteinuria and hematuria, rate of renal impairment, hypertension, and potential contributing factors. A renal biopsy may be warranted if the presentation is atypical or suggests an alternative diagnosis.
The document discusses types and treatments of diabetes mellitus. It describes the two main types as type 1, characterized by a lack of insulin production, and type 2, related to insulin resistance and deficiency. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease treated with insulin injections while type 2 can be managed through lifestyle changes and medications. Complications of diabetes include damage to blood vessels and organs. The number of people with diabetes is growing worldwide.
Management Of Diabetic in Ramadan 4K Dr. A Muhammad (Endocrinologist) .pptxA Muhammad
Fasting during Ramadan presents risks for patients with diabetes, including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and dehydration. Patients at very high risk, such as those with poor glycemic control or a history of ketoacidosis, should not fast. For other patients, risks can be mitigated through education, adjusting medications, monitoring blood glucose and diet, and being aware of warning symptoms. Proper management including these strategies can allow many diabetic patients to fast safely during Ramadan.
- GLP-1 receptor agonists are recommended as first-line treatment after metformin for type 2 diabetes due to their ability to reduce weight and cardiovascular risk factors like lipids and blood pressure while improving glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia. Early initiation of GLP-1 agonists may help preserve beta-cell function by reducing glucotoxicity and increasing beta-cell mass. Exenatide was the first incretin mimetic and works similarly to natural GLP-1 but is resistant to degradation, allowing twice-daily dosing. Newer long-acting GLP-1 agonists only require once weekly or daily dosing. Nausea is a common side effect but usually mild and intermittent
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and the role of insulin in the body. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases caused by defects in insulin production or insulin action that results in high blood glucose. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by signaling the liver, muscles and fat cells to absorb glucose from the blood. The document outlines the different types of diabetes including Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes and prediabetes. It discusses the signs and symptoms of diabetes and diagnostic tests used to diagnose the condition.
Advances and Management of Diabetes MellitusPratiksha Doke
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological and/or metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence and incidence. High blood glucose levels are symptomatic of diabetes mellitus as a consequence of inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion or poor insulin-directed mobilization of glucose by target cells. Diabetes mellitus is aggravated by and associated with metabolic complications that can subsequently lead to premature death. This presentation explores diabetes mellitus in terms of its types, causes and management interventions for improved lifestyle for patient.
The document summarizes key findings from the DAWN2 study on the psychosocial impact of diabetes. It finds that:
- Living with diabetes negatively impacts quality of life and emotional well-being. Nearly half of people with diabetes experience significant diabetes-related distress.
- Family members of people with diabetes also experience burden and worry. Many family members want to help but do not know how.
- Participation in diabetes education is associated with better psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes. However, over half have never participated in education programs.
- There are gaps in psychosocial support from healthcare systems and many providers want more training to better support patients. Discrimination due to diabetes is also common.
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that worsens as kidney function declines. It results from inadequate production of erythropoietin and impaired iron absorption and transport. Anemia in CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose and monitor anemia, including hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and others. Treatment involves iron supplementation through oral or intravenous routes, as well as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, with the goal of reducing transfusions and symptoms while improving quality of life.
Hypertension and Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression Hypertension and Diabe...MedicineAndHealthUSA
Hypertension and diabetic kidney disease progression are linked, and reducing proteinuria is key to slowing kidney disease. The document discusses how conditions like hypertension and diabetes that cause kidney damage have increased in the US population. Landmark trials found that lowering blood pressure and proteinuria reduced kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risks. Initial therapy for kidney or diabetes patients should be an ACE inhibitor or ARB to target blood pressure under 130/80 mmHg.
Guideline for diabetic patients during RamadanNimrah Ajmal
This document provides guidelines for healthcare professionals on managing diabetes patients who wish to fast during Ramadan. It discusses key risks like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. It emphasizes individualizing care based on a patient's diabetes type, medications, complications, previous fasting experience, and social circumstances. The guidelines recommend assessing patients before Ramadan to create a personalized management plan, which may include medication adjustments, blood glucose monitoring, dietary and hydration advice, and guidance on when to break the fast. Educating patients on self-management is important to help them fast safely during Ramadan.
Management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting is complex and requires careful consideration of risks. Fasting is not recommended for those at very high risk of complications like hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis. For others, adjustments can be made including reducing insulin doses, spreading intake, and frequent monitoring. Education on recognizing symptoms, medical supervision, and individualizing care are important to allow fasting safely for those who wish to observe Ramadan traditions.
Diabetes management in Ramadan presents medical challenges as many Muslim patients with diabetes insist on fasting during Ramadan. The document discusses:
1) Major risks of fasting including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and dehydration.
2) Categories of diabetes risk for fasting - very high, high, moderate, low.
3) Recommendations for diabetes management during Ramadan including adjusting medications, monitoring blood sugar, nutrition, exercise and breaking the fast if complications occur.
4) Studies showing education programs can help improve diabetes control and reduce risks when fasting during Ramadan.
The Role of Incretins in Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes mellitusRazatSaini2
This ppt presentation shows the role of incretins in Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes. One of the key mechanisms underlying the development of T2DM is the dysfunction of the incretin system, which regulates glucose homeostasis through the secretion of gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. GLP-1 levels are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic strategies that augment the GLP-1 pathway include GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide and liraglutide, as well as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. These incretin-based therapies lower blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia and promote weight loss, offering an important treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes.
This document discusses guidelines for fasting during Ramadan for Muslims with diabetes. It divides patients into groups based on risk: very high risk, high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. The Fiqh Islamic Academy recommends that patients in the very high risk and high risk groups should not fast, as fasting may harm their health, based on expert medical opinion. Patients in the moderate risk and low risk groups are permitted to fast, as the medical data does not indicate fasting would likely cause harmful complications to their health. The Academy emphasizes fasting is not required if it will cause harm to one's health or life.
This document outlines guidelines from the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance on managing diabetes during Ramadan. It covers when to break the fast, risk categories for fasting, guidelines for type 1 diabetes, elderly, pregnancy, and pharmacological management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes including different insulin and medication options. It also discusses potential health issues that may arise during Ramadan.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body cannot effectively control blood sugar levels. It develops over many years as the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin. Prediabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. The best way to prevent type 2 diabetes is through lifestyle changes like regular physical activity and modest weight loss. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce risk of developing diabetes and its serious health complications.
This document discusses diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It provides information on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, standard of care, and pharmacological interventions to reduce cardiorenal risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Regarding standard of care, it outlines glycemic and blood pressure targets, the use of RAAS inhibitors and statins, and glucose-lowering medications. It then discusses how SGLT2 inhibitors have shown benefits in reducing cardiovascular, renal, and heart failure outcomes as well as slowing kidney disease progression in patients with DKD and type 2 diabetes.
The document discusses the role of genes in the HLA region and insulin gene in determining risk of type 1 diabetes, prevention of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and future expectations such as pancreas transplants, islet cell transplants to the liver, and use of seaweed-derived housing to protect transplanted islet cells from immune system rejection. It also examines causes of type 2 diabetes including metabolic syndrome and findings from the Diabetes Prevention Program on preventing progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes and metformin.
1. There is a vicious cycle between diabetes and liver disease, as diabetes can cause liver damage and liver disease increases the risk of diabetes.
2. Hepatogenous diabetes differs from type 2 diabetes in that it has a lower risk of cardiovascular complications and less often a family history of diabetes.
3. Metformin is the preferred agent for managing diabetes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or advanced liver disease, while insulin is recommended for decompensated cirrhosis.
Challenges in Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
This document discusses challenges in diagnosing and managing diabetic kidney disease. It emphasizes that renal problems in diabetic patients are not always due to diabetic nephropathy and may be caused by other conditions. A thorough evaluation is needed to determine the underlying cause, including considering patient history, type of diabetes, presence of retinopathy, characteristics of proteinuria and hematuria, rate of renal impairment, hypertension, and potential contributing factors. A renal biopsy may be warranted if the presentation is atypical or suggests an alternative diagnosis.
The document discusses types and treatments of diabetes mellitus. It describes the two main types as type 1, characterized by a lack of insulin production, and type 2, related to insulin resistance and deficiency. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease treated with insulin injections while type 2 can be managed through lifestyle changes and medications. Complications of diabetes include damage to blood vessels and organs. The number of people with diabetes is growing worldwide.
Management Of Diabetic in Ramadan 4K Dr. A Muhammad (Endocrinologist) .pptxA Muhammad
Fasting during Ramadan presents risks for patients with diabetes, including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and dehydration. Patients at very high risk, such as those with poor glycemic control or a history of ketoacidosis, should not fast. For other patients, risks can be mitigated through education, adjusting medications, monitoring blood glucose and diet, and being aware of warning symptoms. Proper management including these strategies can allow many diabetic patients to fast safely during Ramadan.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan. It discusses pre-Ramadan assessment and risk stratification of patients into three categories based on their risk level. Very high and high risk patients should not fast, but may insist on fasting with medical advice. Moderate/low risk patients can fast with guidance. It emphasizes the importance of pre-Ramadan education covering topics like diet, medication adjustment, glucose monitoring and when to break fast. Diet during Ramadan should consist of balanced, smaller meals containing the usual daily calories and macronutrients distributed between iftar, dinner and suhoor.
The document discusses diabetes management during Ramadan fasting. It notes that fasting can cause physiological changes and alterations in circadian rhythms that impact glucose homeostasis. For Muslims with diabetes, this poses risks like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia from changes in medication timing, sleep patterns, and meal schedules. The document provides guidelines for risk assessment and stratification of patients, dietary and activity modifications, and medication adjustments to help patients with diabetes safely observe Ramadan fasting.
- Fasting during Ramadan presents risks for those with diabetes like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia due to changes in eating, sleeping, and medication patterns.
- Diabetic patients should be categorized into very high, high, or moderate/low risk groups based on their health conditions and diabetes control to determine if fasting is safe.
- Those at very high or high risk of complications from fasting, such as those with severe diabetes or other health issues, should not fast during Ramadan. Others may fast with proper education, medical guidance, and glucose monitoring.
C11 review of diabetes management and guidelines during ramadan 2010Diabetes for all
This document provides a review of diabetes management and guidelines for Muslims with diabetes during Ramadan. It begins with background on the demographics of Muslims worldwide and the prevalence of diabetes in Muslim populations. It then discusses the physiology of fasting for healthy individuals and those with diabetes. The document reviews studies on the effects of fasting during Ramadan, including on weight, glycemic control and other health markers. It provides recommendations for pre-Ramadan assessment and counseling, nutrition, physical activity, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. The largest study on this topic, the EPIDIAR study, is summarized.
Dr.adel elnaggar 5 6-2015 pre ramadan management with novomixDr. Adel El Naggar
1. The document discusses managing diabetes during Ramadan, which can be challenging due to fasting from food, liquids, and medication between sunrise and sunset. Proper treatment adjustments are needed to avoid hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
2. A large epidemiological study found that the majority (78.7%) of Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes fasted for at least 15 days during Ramadan, with an increased risk of hypoglycemic events.
3. Management recommendations include individualizing treatment plans, frequent glucose monitoring, adjusting oral medications and insulin doses based on meal size and timing, and being prepared in advance through education and trial fasting periods. NovoMix 30 insulin allows flexible dosing to
This document provides recommendations for managing diabetes during Ramadan, the Islamic holy month when fasting is required from dawn to sunset. It estimates that 40-50 million people with diabetes worldwide fast during Ramadan. Fasting poses risks like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia for those with diabetes due to disruptions in insulin secretion and glucose levels. The document avoids terms like "indications" and "contraindications" for fasting, which is a religious decision, and instead provides suggestions for safer management of diabetes during the fast.
This Presentation Prepared from IDF-DAR,BMJ,ADA & Other guidelines.It will cover to solve problems faced by the physicians during management of DM in the Holy Month of Ramadan specially monitoring of blood glucose,Drug doses,dietary and exercise advice etc.
Review on developing nutritional intervention approaches as therapy for diabe...ManojKumbhare2
Review on developing nutritional intervention approaches as therapy for diabetes mellitus
1. Introduction 2. Literature review3. Metabolic vulnerabilities of diabetes4. General pathways nutrient metabolism5. Tissue specific metabolism6. Systemic effects of dietary therapies7. Other dietary intervention
This document provides an updated 2010 summary and recommendations for managing diabetes during Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. It addresses several new issues since the previous 2005 publication, including voluntary weekly fasting practiced by many Muslims throughout the year, and the effects of prolonged fasting over 18 hours per day that may occur in summer months. Over 50 million people worldwide with diabetes are estimated to fast during Ramadan. The document reviews additional literature on the effects of structured education programs to support safe fasting. It also discusses newer medications like incretin therapies that carry a lower risk of hypoglycemia. The pathophysiology of fasting and its implications for diabetes management are described.
Ueda2015 fasting diabetics is it a real challenge-dr.lobna el-toonyueda2015
This document discusses managing diabetes during Ramadan for fasting patients. It states that while the Quran exempts sick people from fasting, many Muslims with diabetes still wish to fast. It then outlines risks like hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis and stresses the importance of pre-Ramadan assessment of risk level and patient education. Guidelines are provided on adjusting nutrition, exercise and pharmaceutical treatment to safely fast with diabetes. The key is preventing hypoglycemia through measures like splitting doses of medications between suhoor and iftar.
The document discusses diabetes and fasting during Ramadan. It notes that fasting is obligatory for healthy Muslims but those with serious illnesses like diabetes may be exempt. Fasting can disrupt blood sugar levels in diabetics and increase risks of complications. The document provides guidance on assessing risk levels for diabetics considering fasting, including stratifying them into very high, high, and moderate/low risk categories based on their health conditions and diabetes management. It stresses the importance of medical advice before and during the fast to help diabetics fast safely or decide if fasting would be unsafe for their health.
This study evaluated the impact of an individualized diabetes education program on clinical outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes fasting during Ramadan. 774 patients from clinics in Egypt, Iran, Jordan and Saudi Arabia were included. 515 patients received individualized education on meal planning, activity, glucose monitoring and managing complications, while 259 received usual care. Those receiving education were more likely to modify diabetes treatment plans, monitor blood glucose twice daily, and have improved knowledge of hypoglycemia. They also saw greater reductions in BMI and A1C during Ramadan compared to usual care. While mild and moderate hypoglycemic events increased with education, severe events decreased, suggesting the program helped achieve a safer fast.
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
This document provides recommendations for managing diabetes during Ramadan based on updated evidence. It discusses the importance of patient education and glucose monitoring to minimize risks like hypoglycemia during the fasting period. Certain medications carry higher risks, like most sulfonylureas and older agents. Metformin, thiazolidinediones, and DPP-4 inhibitors appear to be safer options with low risk of hypoglycemia and can be used without dose adjustment. Prospective studies are still needed to establish safety and efficacy of different treatment approaches during Ramadan fasting.
Management of glycemic variability- Role of DPP4i (1).pptxDilip Moghe
Glycemic variability refers to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. It is an important indicator of diabetes management in addition to HbA1c. Fingerstick blood glucose monitoring may miss high and low blood glucose readings, and HbA1c does not reflect short-term glycemic changes or postprandial hyperglycemia. Glycemic variability leads to complications through excessive glycation, oxidative stress, and glucose fluctuations. Both chronic hyperglycemia and frequent acute glycemic variability can be harmful, with evidence that fluctuations may be more damaging. Metrics beyond HbA1c like average glucose, standard deviation, and time in range measurements from continuous glucose monitoring are needed to assess glycemic variability.
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) plays a key role in diabetes management and prevention. MNT involves nutritional assessments, diagnoses, and monitoring provided by a registered dietitian. It focuses on helping patients achieve normal blood sugar, lipid, and blood pressure levels and prevent complications. MNT is more individualized than diabetes self-management training and relies on multiple sessions and feedback over time. MNT has been shown to improve glycemic control and is an important part of primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention and treatment.
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Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
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English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
4. d i a b e t e s r e s e a r c h a n d c l i n i c a l p r a c t i c e 1 2 6 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 3 0 3 –3 1 6
5. Back Ground
References:
1. Al-Arouj M, Assaad-Khalil S, Buse J, et al. Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(8): 1895-902.
2. Karamat MA, Syed A, Hanif W. Review of diabetes management and guidelines during Ramadan. J R Soc Med. 2010; 103(4): 139-147.
3. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, et al. A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the
epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(10): 2306-2311.
4. Loke SC, Rahim KF, Kanesvaran R, et al. A prospective cohort study on the effect of various risk factors on hypoglycaemia in diabetics who fast during Ramadan. Med J
Malaysia. 2010; 65(1): 3-6.
11. o Reduction of
Body Mass Index
(BMI)
o With or without any
changes in TC & TG
levels
o Improvement of
HbA1c level
o Decrease in
daytime average
SBP/DBP in
hypertensive
patients
o Elimination of toxins
o Reducing insulin-like
growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
which allows the
regeneration of stem cells
in the bone marrow
o Reduction in high
sensitive C-reactive
protein (hs-CRP)
o Reduction in
plasminogen activator
inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1
Decrease in body
weight1 Increase in high-density
lipoprotein (HDL)2
Improvement in glycaemic
control3
Decrease in blood
pressure4,5
Improvement in
immunity6
Reduced cardiovascular
disease markers7
References:
1. Mafauzy M, Mohammed WB, Anum MY, et al. A study of the fasting diabetic patients during the month of Ramadan. Med J Malaysia. 1990; 45(1): 14-17.
2. Benaji B, Mounib N, Roky R, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: review of the literature. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006; 73(2): 117-125.
3. Chamakhi S, Ftouhi B, Rahmoune NB, et al. Influence of the fast of Ramadan on the balance glycaemic to diabetics. Medicographia. 1991; 13: 27-29.
4. Perk G, Ghanem J, Aamar S, et al. The effect of the fast of Ramadan on ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2001; 15(10): 723-725.
5. Akturk IF, Biyik I, Kocas C, et al. PP-014 The effect of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure levels of hypertensive patients with combination therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2012; 155(Suppl 1): S103.
6. Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, et al. Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell. 2014; 14(6): 810-823.
7. Ibrahim O, Kamaruddin N, Wahab N, et al. Ramadan Fasting And Cardiac Biomarkers In Patients With Multiple Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. The Internet Journal of Cardiovascular Research. 2010; 7(2).
Medical Benefit
12. Changes in Average SBP and f
Hypertensive Patients
0
Abbreviation: BP: Blood pressure; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure
Reference:
1. Akturk IF, Biyik I, Kocas C, et al. PP-014 The effect of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure levels of hypertensive patients with
combination therapy. Int J Cardiol. 2012; 155(Suppl 1): S103.
Average 24-h Average awake Average asleep
Ramadan fasting in Islamic populations of the world may cause significant reductions
on daytime and twenty four hour average systolic and diastolic blood pressures in
hypertensive patients with combination therapy.
Blood Pressure
13. 0
Reference:
1. Mafauzy M, Mohammed WB, Anum MY, et al. A study of the fasting diabetic patients during the month of Ramadan. Med J
Malaysia. 1990; 45(1): 14-17.
0.7 kg decrease
of mean body
weight
It was observed that the body weight decreased from 60.5 ± 12.6 kg
before Ramadan to 59.8 ± 12.3 kg with a mean decrease in of 0.7 ± 1.3
kg, p=0.01.
Body Weight
14. 0
The significant fall in the serum fructosamine level implied that the overall glycaemic control
was significantly better during the fasting month than before.
2.3 mmol/l
decrease of mean
body weight
Before Ramadan During Ramadan
Reference:
1. Mafauzy M, Mohammed WB, Anum MY, et al. A study of the fasting diabetic patients during the month of Ramadan. Med J
Malaysia. 1990; 45(1): 14-17.
Glycemic Control
15. Changes In Total Cholesterol and
Triglycerides Levels
0
The total cholesterol and
triglycerides was maintained
until post-Ramadan. For
diabetic patients apo A-1/HDL
ratios level increased after
Ramadan and this parameter
as determined from this study,
would suggest a reduced CHD
risk with Ramadan fasting.
Pre-Ramadan
Post-Ramadan
HDL (mM) Apo A-1/HDL
ratio
Total cholesterol
(mM)
Triglycerides
(mM)
Reference:
1. Akanji AO, Mojiminiyi OA, Abdella N. Beneficial changes in serum apo A-1 and its ratio to apo B and HDL in stable
hyperlipidaemic subjects after Ramadan fasting in Kuwait. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54: 508-513.
CHD: Coronary heart
disease
HDL: High density
lipoprotein
18. Risk
References:
1. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, et al A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the
epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(10): 2306-2311.
2. Loke SC, Rahim KF, Kanesvaran R, et al. A prospective cohort study on the effect of various risk factors on hypoglycaemia in diabetics who fast during Ramadan. Med J
Malaysia. 2010; 65(1): 3-6.
3. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Practical guide to Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2010.
19.
20.
21. Risk Of Hypoglycaemia During Ramadan
0
Type 1
diabetes
Type 1
diabetes
Type 2
diabetes
Type 2
diabetes
Overall
population
Patient who fasted ≥15 days
P = 0.0174 P < 0.0001
P = 0.9896 P = 0.0034
Before Ramadan During Ramadan
Reference:
1. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, et al A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries:
results of the epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(10): 2306-2311..
22. Risk of Hyperglycaemia/Ketoacidosis
during Ramadan
0
Type 1
diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2
diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Overall population
Patient who fasted ≥15 days
P = 0.1635 P < 0.0001
P = 0.6701
P = 0.0015
Before Ramadan During Ramadan
Among the overall
population, the number of
severe hyperglycaemic
episodes with or without
ketoacidosis per month
showed a significant
difference between
Ramadan and the preceding
year only for patients with
Type 2 diabetes.
Among patients who fasted
for at least 15 days, the
frequency of severe
hyperglycaemia complications
was slightly lower than in the
overall population. Type 2
diabetes reported higher
severe complications per
month than Type 1 diabetes.
Reference:
1. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, et al A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the
epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(10): 2306-2311..
23. PATIENT WHO AT RISK TO
DEVELOP COMPLICATIONS
DURING RAMADHAN
24.
25.
26.
27. VERY HIGH RISK
• History of severe diabetes complication within 3 months prior to
fasting:
• Severe Hypoglycemia
• Ketoacidosis
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Coma
• Recurrent Hypoglycemia
• Hypoglycemia Unawareness
• Acute Illness
• Sustained Poor glycemic control ( HbA1c > 9% )
• Pregnancy
• Advance Renal Failure / Chronic Dialysis
Reference:
1. Al-Arouj M, Assaad-Khalil S, Buse J, et al. Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update
2010. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(8): 1895-902.
Patient At Risk
28. Patient At Risk
HIGH RISK
Moderate Hyperglycemia (Hba1c 7.5% - 9%)
Moderate Renal Failure
Advance Macrovascular Complication
Living Alone And Treated With Insulin And Sulponylureas
Patient With Co-Morbid Condition That Present Additioonal Risk Factor
Old Patient With Ill Health
Treatment With Drug That May Affect Mentation
29. Patient At Risk
MODERATE RISK
Well Controlled Diabetes Treated With Short Acting Insulin
Secretagogues
LOW RISK
Well Controlled Diabetes Treated With Life Style , Metformin, Arcabose,
TZD & Incretin Based Therapy In Otherwise Healthy Patients
30. Fasting In Special Population
Pregnancy
• Strongly advised against fasting during Ramadan1
• The management of pregnant patients during Ramadan is based on
an appropriate diet and intensive insulin therapy1
Children & Adolescent
Children and adolescents with good glycaemic control who do
regular self-monitoring can fast safely during Ramadan2
References:
1. Al-Arouj M, Assaad-Khalil S, Buse J, et al. Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2010.
Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(8): 1895-902.
2. Azad K, Mohsin F, Zargar AH, et al. Fasting guidelines for diabetic children and adolescents. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;
16(4): 516-518.
31. Fasting In Special Population
Dialysis Patient
• Most stable patients on haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis can fast,
provided that they strictly adhere to their medications and dialysis therapy in
addition to the dietary restrictions1,2
• These patients should be followed-up closely to detect any
complications and to ensure that adequate fluid and electrolyte balance are
maintained1,2
Elderly Patient
• Elderly patients are exempted from fasting. Many may wish to observe the
fast3
• Those with diabetes having any degree of cognitive dysfunction,
dehydration, or an increased risk of thrombosis are advised against fasting3
32. Glycaemic Control Among Pregnant Diabetic
Women On Insulin Fasting During Ramadan
0
Level of HbA1c Level of
Fructosamine
Reference:
1. Ismail MNA, Raji HO, Wahab NA et al. glycaemic Control among Pregnant Diabetic Women on Insulin who fasted during Ramadan. IJMA; 2011; 36(4): 254-259.
There was no statistically significant
difference between the T2DM and GDM
groups in terms of glycaemic control at one
week before Ramadan. However, serum level
of HbA1c tended to be higher in the GDM
group and serum fructosamine levels tended
to be lower in T2DM group. Compared to pre-
Ramadan measurements, serum
fructosamine levels in both groups (T2DM
and GDM) were lower after Ramadan.
T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus;
GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus
Therefore, the findings of this study indicate
that pregnant diabetic women on insulin were
able to fast during Ramadan and their
glycaemic control was improved during the
fasting period.
Onset Ramadan Middle Ramadan After Ramadan
33. Fasting During Ramadan In Children And
Adolescents With Diabetes
0
*Children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who completed Ramadan fasting
Glycaemic control Weight Insulin dose
Pre-Ramadan Post-
Ramadan
Reference:
1. Zabeen B, Tayyeb S, Benarjee B, Baki A, Nahar J, Mohsin F, Nahar N, Azad K. Fasting during Ramadan in adolescents with diabetes. Indian
J Endocr Metab 2014;18:44-7.
Comparing pre-Ramadan to post-Ramadan:
•Glycemic control/A1c showed slight
improvements
•No weight changes
•Insulin dose was increased in those who
completed the Ramadan fasting
Conclusion
•It is safe for diabetic children over the age of 11 years to
fast
•A well-structured program of education for both children
and their families is needed
•Close follow-up during the month of Ramadan is needed
34. Long-term Ramadan Fasting on Glucose Regulation in
Elderly with T2DM
0
Reference:
1. Karatopak C, Yolbas S, Cakirca M, Cinar A, Zorlu M, Kiskac M et al. The effects of long term fasting in Ramadan on glucose regulation in
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Eur Rev Med Phamaco Sci. 2013; 17: 2512-2516.
Pre-Ramadan Post-Ramadan
• No disruption of glucose
control when fasting during
Ramadan
• No weight changes
• No significant increase in
adverse events like
hypoglycaemia,
hyperglycaemia, and diabetic
coma.
p = 0.37 p = 0.047
p = 0.15 p = 0.73
HbA1c Fasting plasma glucose
Postprandial plasma glucose Weight
39. Pre Ramadhan Medical Review
• All patients with diabetes wishing to fast should
have a pre-Ramadan assessment ideally 6–8
weeks before the start of Ramadan.
44. Dietary Advice
0
Reference:
1. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Practical Guide to Diabetes Management in Ramadan 2015.
Good “buka puasa” meal Food that should be limited during
“buka puasa”
A B
45.
46. Adjustment Of Diet Protocol For
Ramadhan Fasting
Reference:
1. Persatuan Dietitian Malaysia. Medical Nutrition Therapy Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2013. Second Edition.
47. Physical Activity
0
References:
1. Bravis V, Hui E, Salih S, et al. Ramadan Education and Awareness in Diabetes (READ) programme for Muslims with Type 2 diabetes who fast during
Ramadan. Diabet Med. 2010; 27(3): 327-331.
2. Karamat MA, Syed A, Hanif W. Review of diabetes management and guidelines during Ramadan. J R Soc Med. 2010; 103(4): 139-147.
3. Ibrahim MA. Managing diabetes during Ramadan. Diabetes voice. 2007; 52(2): 19-22.
49. Timing And Frequency Of SMBG
Based On Treatment
Therapy Timing & Frequency Of SMBG
Oral Anti Diabetes (OADs) Monitor when symptomatic1
Insulin Diabetic patients who are in the moderate
to high risk categories are advised to
monitor their blood glucose 5 times per
day2
• Pre-Dawn meal
• 2-hour to 4 hour post pre-dawn
meal (sahur)
• Mid-day
• Pre-Iftar
• 2-hour to 4 hour post sunset meal
(iftar)/Bedtime
References:
1. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Practical Guide to Diabetes Management in Ramadan 2015.
2. Hui E, Bravis V, Hassanein M, et al. Management of people with diabetes wanting to fast during Ramadan. BMJ. 2010; 340:c3053.
50.
51. Timing of SMBG Could Reflect
Adequacy Of Insulin Dose
Time Of Glucose
Monitoring
Timing Insulin Type
Mid Day Pre Sahur Pre Mixed / Bolus /
Basal Insulin
Pre Iftar Pre Sahur Pre Mixed / Basal Insulin
2 Hour Post Iftar Or
Bed Time
Pre Iftar Pre Mixed / Basal Insulin
Pre Sahur Pre Iftar /
Pre Bed
Pre Mixed / Basal Insulin
2 Hour Post Sahur Pre Sahur Pre Mixed / Bolus Insulin
53. Management Of Hypoglycaemia During Ramadan
Patients need to end their fast if they experience symptoms
of hypoglycaemia or have low blood glucose values*
Take simple carbohydrates
0
Reference:
1. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Practical Guide to Diabetes Management in Ramadan 2015.
*Refer to Section 7: Self-monitoring of blood glucose during Ramadan: Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Practical Guide to Diabetes Management in Ramadan 2015.
1. Blood glucose < 3.3 mmol/l at anytime during the fast.
2. Blood glucose < 3.9 mmol/l in the first few hours of fasting
(especially if the patient is taking sulfonylureas, meglitinides, or
insulin).
3. Experience symptoms of hypoglycaemia (patients without SMBG).
4. Symptoms suggestive of severe dehydration such as syncope and
confusion.
56. Oral Anti Diabetic Therapy During
Ramadhan
• Oral anti-diabetic (OAD) therapies should be individualised during
fasting1
• OAD therapies that act by increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity may
be preferred due to a low risk of hypoglycaemia2
• Insulin secretagogues have higher risk of hypoglycaemia than the
insulin sensitizers3
• Newer sulphonylureas can be safely used during Ramadan4
• Incretin based therapies such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and
GLP-1 receptor analogues have low risk of hypoglycaemia and do not
require dose adjustments5
57. Adjustment Of Oral Diabetic Therapy During Ramadhan
Oral Anti Diabetic Drug Iftar Sahur
α-glucosidase inhibitors No changes No changes
Biguanides
(Metformin)
BD dose No changes No changes
TDS dose 2/3 of dose 1/3 of dose
Extended Release Full dose None
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors No changes No changes
Meglitinides No changes No changes
Sulphonylurea Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide
No changes Reduce / Omit
Switch dosing to
sunset meal
Gliclazide MR
Sodium glucose co-transporter
2 inhibitors
No changes Switch dosing to
sunset meal
Thiazolidinediones No changes None
59. Basal Insulin
Basal Insulin Only
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Not Applicable Taken at bedtime or any time after iftar
meals.
May require dose 15% - 30% if there
is risk of daytime hypoglycaemia.
● Insulin glargine can be given once daily any time after iftar.
● Insulin levemir and NPH insulin can be given either once daily at bedtime or
divided into twice daily during pre-dawn meal (sahur) and iftar.1
References:
1. Al-Arouj M, Assaad-Khalil S, Buse J, et al. Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update. 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(8): 1895-
902.
2. Ministry of Health Malaysia. Practical guide to Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2010.
3. Pathan MF, Sahay RK, Zargar AH, South Asian Consensus Guideline: Use of insulin in diabetes during Ramadan. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16(4): 499-
502.
4. Hui E, Devendra D. Diabetes and fasting during Ramadan. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010; 26(8): 606-610.
60. Pre Mixed Insulin
Pre Mixed Regime Type 1 DM Type 2 DM
Pre Mixed Insulin Once
Daily
Not Applicable Inject insulin dose at Iftar
meals
Pre Mixed Insulin Twice
Daily
• Reverses dose –
Morning dose given at
Iftar and evening dose
at sahur.
• Insulin dose at sahur
reduced by 20% - 50%
to prevent daytime
hypoglycemia.
• Reverses dose –
Morning dose given at
Iftar and evening dose
given at sahur.
• Insulin doses at sahur
reduced by 20% - 50%
to prevent daytime
hypoglycemia.
OR
• Change to short / rapid
acting insulin*
• * Late hypoglycemia may
occur
61. Basal Bolus Insulin
Insulin Regime T1 DM T2 DM
Basal Taken at bedtime or any time after iftar meals.
May require dose reduction 15% - 30% if there is
daytime hypoglycaemia.
Bolus
Sahur • Usual pre Ramadhan BF or Lunch dose.
• May require dose reduction 25% - 50% to
avoid day time hypoglycemia.
Iftar • Usual pre Ramadhan dinner dose.
• May require dose increment .
Lunch Omit
● Total insulin requirement for Type 1 diabetics who are on basal bolus
insulin regimen while fasting during Ramadan may require dose
reduction 15‒30% of their pre-Ramadan dose requirements.