The document discusses the development of infrastructure in Zimbabwe from 1980-2008. It notes that infrastructure investment and economic growth were high from 1980-2000, but much of the infrastructure was destroyed by Cyclone Eline in 2000. Reconstruction efforts coincided with land invasions and sanctions, making development difficult. The struggling economy that followed led to further infrastructure deterioration as maintenance funding decreased. Public-private partnerships are proposed as a solution to address infrastructure funding challenges and encourage investment.
The oil & gas upstream market in Italy - A quick outlook of opportunities and...Annamaria Pinzuti
In March 2013, the Italian government approved the National Energy Strategy (NES), a paper which sets out the main goals and the top priorities to be pursued in the coming years to support the growth of the Italian economic system and the energy market. According to NES, Italy has significant oil and gas reserves (i.e.: the largest in Europe after the Nordic countries) and development of the hydrocarbon industry is one of Italian goal/top priorities. This presentation includes a quick outlook and summary of the main content of the NES with respect to the upstream oil&gas market .
Sasaenia Paul Oluwabunmi (submitted to the World Bank ffd MOOC)sasaeniapaul
A concise review of Uganda's Energy Sector. The presentation critically assessed the current energy installations in Uganda, major sector challenges and policy considerations. The presentation concluded with a series of proposed solutions to these identified challenges.
What do you believe are the greatest challenges facing the sector or industry you would like to specialize in at IE? What role do you hope to be able to play in this sector or industry in the medium term
The oil & gas upstream market in Italy - A quick outlook of opportunities and...Annamaria Pinzuti
In March 2013, the Italian government approved the National Energy Strategy (NES), a paper which sets out the main goals and the top priorities to be pursued in the coming years to support the growth of the Italian economic system and the energy market. According to NES, Italy has significant oil and gas reserves (i.e.: the largest in Europe after the Nordic countries) and development of the hydrocarbon industry is one of Italian goal/top priorities. This presentation includes a quick outlook and summary of the main content of the NES with respect to the upstream oil&gas market .
Sasaenia Paul Oluwabunmi (submitted to the World Bank ffd MOOC)sasaeniapaul
A concise review of Uganda's Energy Sector. The presentation critically assessed the current energy installations in Uganda, major sector challenges and policy considerations. The presentation concluded with a series of proposed solutions to these identified challenges.
What do you believe are the greatest challenges facing the sector or industry you would like to specialize in at IE? What role do you hope to be able to play in this sector or industry in the medium term
Presentation on Zambia's 2014 economic performance and selected indicatorsJerry Sakala
PRESENTATION ON 2014 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND SELECTED INDICATORS AFFECTING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT by Hon. Robert K. K. Sichinga
Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry
DOMESTIC RESOURCE MOBILIZATION FOR ZIMASSETInnocent Bayai
Funding for development has been more outward looking ie ODA but this source has not been enough to spur economic growth in Zimbabwe. New paradigm in the funding of a new sustainable development policy (ZIMASSET) is the gist of this presentation.
Zimbabwe Rising Conference London 2010 - Hon. Minister Tapiwa Mashakada: Doin...countryfactor
Doing Business in Zimbabwe - A critical assessment of the investment climate, opportunities, incentives and challenges for investors.Zimbabwe Rising Conference 2010- Hon. Minister Tapiwa Mashakada: Doing Business in Zimbabwe - A critical assessment of the investment climate, opportunities, incentives and challenges for investors.
Infrastructure Development in South Africa, Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
Budgeted public sector infrastructure spending of roughly R845 billion is planned for from 2012/13 to 2014/15 of which R300 billion is targeted to the energy sector and R262 billion in transport.
While funding would appear to be sufficient to support South Africa’s infrastructure investment requirements, there are some challenges to address. We examine some of the key issues ahead in our Overview.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Presentation on Zambia's 2014 economic performance and selected indicatorsJerry Sakala
PRESENTATION ON 2014 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND SELECTED INDICATORS AFFECTING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT by Hon. Robert K. K. Sichinga
Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry
DOMESTIC RESOURCE MOBILIZATION FOR ZIMASSETInnocent Bayai
Funding for development has been more outward looking ie ODA but this source has not been enough to spur economic growth in Zimbabwe. New paradigm in the funding of a new sustainable development policy (ZIMASSET) is the gist of this presentation.
Zimbabwe Rising Conference London 2010 - Hon. Minister Tapiwa Mashakada: Doin...countryfactor
Doing Business in Zimbabwe - A critical assessment of the investment climate, opportunities, incentives and challenges for investors.Zimbabwe Rising Conference 2010- Hon. Minister Tapiwa Mashakada: Doing Business in Zimbabwe - A critical assessment of the investment climate, opportunities, incentives and challenges for investors.
Infrastructure Development in South Africa, Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
Budgeted public sector infrastructure spending of roughly R845 billion is planned for from 2012/13 to 2014/15 of which R300 billion is targeted to the energy sector and R262 billion in transport.
While funding would appear to be sufficient to support South Africa’s infrastructure investment requirements, there are some challenges to address. We examine some of the key issues ahead in our Overview.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
1. The Development of the Zimbabwean
Infrastructure as a Development Tool
BY
NORBERT MUNGWINI
2. Background
• The Zimbabwean infrastructure investment
was increasing from 1980 -2000; the same
years were associated with the high economic
growth (World Bank, 2009). Unfortunately,
most of the infrastructure was destroyed by
the natural disaster (Cyclone Eline) in February
2000 especially the roads, bridges, dams,
telephones lines, power lines, schools
hospitals and other infrastructure.
4. Background
• The reconstruction of the destroyed
infrastructure coincides with the land invasion
which results in the pull out of many foreign
donors and also the introduction of the
sanctions (targeted sanctions) which made the
reconstruction difficult to be fully
implemented.
5. Background
• After the land invasion and the sanctions, the
economy started to struggle, the development
of the economy declines, the currency
(Zimbabwean Dollar) started to lose its power
against other currencies. The unemployment
increased which toughed the life of Zimbabwe
this result in the brain drain where people
were going to the neighbouring countries and
others were going as far as the overseas.
6. BACKGROUND
• Due to poverty, the infrastructure which was
using copper was been vandalised and they
were exported to the neighbouring countries,
the mostly affected was the rail transport
which lost all the copper electric cables from
Gweru to Harare which was being used to
power the electricity train, the copper cables
which was used for the communication by the
personnel.
8. BACKGROUND
• The tough economic conditions which started
in 2000-2008 mostly affected the
infrastructure since the old ones were not
been maintained and minimal new ones were
been constructed, this ended up with some
policy makers advocated for the introduction
of the toll gates on the main roads so that
they can get the revenue to maintain the
roads.
10. PROBLEM
• This results in country lagging behind in terms
of the infrastructure as compared to its
neighbours. Since the introduction of the toll
gates in the Zimbabwe’s main highways in
2008 there were not much improvements in
the roads except for one main road which was
resurfaced (Plumtree- Mutare highway).
12. PROBLEM
• Dilapidated infrastructure
• Lack of investment in adequate infrastructure
• Lack of confidence by the private sector in the
participation of the infrastructure
development
• Reduction of the government revenue
• Shortages of the infrastructure funding
13. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• Though the government and private sector
have different objectives but when it comes to
the infrastructure development all of them
results in a provision of tangible benefits to
the society which results in the economic
development.
14. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• The government involves in the infrastructure
development in order to improve the welfare
of the society through provision of essential
goods, employment creation, economic
growth and others.
15. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• Private sector is much concerned about the
return on their investment which is due to
policies by the government and also the
prevailing economic conditions. The main
problem of the infrastructure development is
about funding just like being faced by the
economic blue print (Zim Asset) which was
crafted by the ruling ZANU PF.
16. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• The problem is on the government and the
private sector, the government is facing a
problem on the revenue collection since there
are many tax loopholes in the system which
results in staff defrauding the government,
other companies or individuals are being
treated differently which makes the whole
collection exercise complicated.
17. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• The other challenge facing the government
revenue is on the reduction of the revenue
base caused by the closure of many
companies due to the economic challenges
facing the economy. This also results in the
bulk of the revenues being channelled to the
civil servants salaries and living nothing on the
infrastructure development.
18. NEED FOR PARTICIPATION
• The private sector is only facing a problem of
trusting the current government since before
the dollarization some companies and
individuals lost their foreign currency when
the reserve bank forced banks to surrender all
their forex which they had and also the farm
invasion.
19. SOLUTION
• There should be a close participation between
the government and the private sector in
order to meet the objective of infrastructure
development.
20. SOLUTION
• The government should allow the private
sector to play a role in the infrastructure
development through crafting favourable
investment policies which ensures the return
to their investment and also property rights
are been assured for. The private sector
should be allowed to invest in the sustainable
project were they get the favourable return.
21. SOLUTION
• Government should also improve in the
revenue collection this can be done by
improving the administration of the taxes,
educating the clients on the importance of
payment or use of their money, reducing the
leakages in the system caused by the staff and
other clients and also rewarding and training
its employees on the importance of the ethical
values.
22. SOLUTION
• The other factor is to lax the indigenisation
policy which needs a foreign investor to have
49% ownership and 51% owned by the locals.
This policy is not favourable since the locals
are not affording to partner with the
foreigners since they should contribute 51%
the whole policy is not favouring the direct
investment and it’s not being implemented
equally.