This document discusses modeling products and categories in Scala using case classes. It describes the attributes of products (name, category, optional description) and categories (name, optional parent category). It shows how to define regular classes in Java and Scala to represent these, but notes that Scala case classes provide additional benefits out of the box, such as a companion object with factory methods, automatic fields from class parameters, nicer toString output, and attribute-based equality. It cautions that case classes have bytecode overhead and generated code that could clutter interfaces.