2. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is pragmatics?
Give example of pragmatics phenomenon!
How pragmatics help you in understanding language phenomenon around you?
What is pragmatics Competence?
How to upgrade you pragmatics competence
4. 2.DEIXIS and DISTANCE
DEIXIS: “pointing via langauge”
To accomplish this pointing we use deictic
expressions or indexicals.
i.e: “What’s that?” (used to indicate sth. in the
immediate context.)
5. 2.DEIXIS and DISTANCE
Deictic expressions depend on the
speaker and hearer sharing the same
spatial context, in face-to face spoken
interaction.
6. Deixis is reference by means of an
expression whose interpretation is
relative to the (usually) extra
linguistic context of the utterance
7. Extra Linguistic Context of The Utterance
who is speaking
the time or place of speaking
the gestures of the speaker
the current location in the discourse
8. Types of deixis
Person deixis: used to point people. (me, you)
Spatial deixis: used to point location (here, there).
Temporal dexis: used to point location in time (now, then).
i.e: “I’ll put this here, ok?”
9. PERSON DEIXIS
There are 3 categories:
SPEAKER (I)
ADDRESSEE (YOU)
OTHERS (HE- SHE-IT- THEY)
SOCIAL DEIXIS: forms used to indicate relative social status. In many languages
deictic categories become markers of relative social status.
HONORIFICS: expressions that mark that the addressee is of higher status.
10. Examples of SOCIAL DEIXIS
In Spanish the “Tú”- “Usted” distinction.
The choice of one form will communicate something, not directly said, about the
speaker’s view of his relation with the addressee.
The higher, older and more powerful speaker will tend to use the “tú” and
viceversa.
Nowadays, the age distinction remains more powerful than the economic
distinction in many countries.
11. Using the 3rd person form
Communicates distance and non-
familiarity. Also, it has an ironic or
humorous purpose.
i.e: Would his highness like some
coffee?
Also used to make accusations:
“Somebody didn’t clean up after
himself” (less direct than “You didn’t
clean”
12. SPATIAL DEIXIS
Forms used to point to LOCATION
i.e: “Here” and “There” “Come” and “Go”
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE
When speakers mark how close or
distant something is perceived to be.
i.e: “That man over there” implies
psychological distance.
DEICTIC PROJECTION: when speakers
act as if they are somewhere else.
i.e: “I´m not here now.” (telephone
answering machine)
Recording is a performance for a future
audience in which I project my
presence to be in the required
location.
13. TEMPORAL DEIXIS
Forms used to point to location in time.
i.e: “now” - “then”
In contrast to now, the distal expression then applies to both past and future time
relative to the speaker’s present time.
i.e: “I was in Scotland then”
“I’ll see you then”
14. DEIXIS AND GRAMMAR
The distinctions for person, spatial, and temporal deixis can be seen at work in
English grammar structures such as DIRECT and INDIRECT (reported)SPEECH.
i.e: Are you planning to be here this evening? –
I asked her.
15. REPORTED FORM
I asked her if she was planing to be there that evening
There’ s a shift from the “near speaker” meaning of direct speech to the “away from
speaker” meaning of reported speech, with the use of DISTAL DEICTIC forms.
16. Near speaker proximal terms ( this, here, now)
Away from speaker distal terms (that, there, then)
