The document summarizes the discovery and exploration of Hang Son Doong cave in Vietnam. It is the largest cave in the world, measuring 6.5 kilometers long, 150 meters wide, and 200 meters high. In 2009, British explorers rediscovered the cave with the help of a local man. Due to its remote location deep in the jungle and subterranean rivers inside, access to the cave is currently limited to scientists.
World's Largest Cave Discovered In Vietnam
Son Doong cave (in Vietnamese: Hang Sơn Đoòng, meaning Mountain River Cave)
is a cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Bo Trach District, Quang Binh
Province , Vietnam . The cave is located near the Laos-Vietnam border. It has a
large fast-flowing underground river inside.
The cave was found by a local man named Hồ-Khanh in 1991. The local jungle
men were afraid of the cave for the whistling sound it makes from the
underground river. However, not until 2009 was it made known to the public when
a group of British scientists from the British Cave Research Association, led
by Howard and Deb Limbert, conducted a survey in Phong Nha-Ke Bang from April
10-14, 2009. Their progress was stopped by a large calcite wall. According to
Limbert, this cave is five times larger than the Phong Nha cave, previously
considered the biggest cave in Vietnam .
The biggest chamber of Son Doong is over five kilometers in length, 200 meters
high and 150 meters wide. With these dimensions, Son Doong overtakes Deer Cave
in Malaysia to take the title of the world's largest cave.
Wikipedia
Son Doong cave (Vietnamese: Hang Son Doong) is world's largest cave, located in Quang Binh province, Vietnam. It is found by a local man named Ho Khanh in 1991 and was recently discovered in 2009 by British cavers, led by Howard Limbert. The name "Son Doong" cave means "mountain river cave", It was created 2-5 million years ago by river water eroding away the limestone underneath the mountain. Learn more here: http://www.sondoongcave.org.
World's Largest Cave Discovered In Vietnam
Son Doong cave (in Vietnamese: Hang Sơn Đoòng, meaning Mountain River Cave)
is a cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Bo Trach District, Quang Binh
Province , Vietnam . The cave is located near the Laos-Vietnam border. It has a
large fast-flowing underground river inside.
The cave was found by a local man named Hồ-Khanh in 1991. The local jungle
men were afraid of the cave for the whistling sound it makes from the
underground river. However, not until 2009 was it made known to the public when
a group of British scientists from the British Cave Research Association, led
by Howard and Deb Limbert, conducted a survey in Phong Nha-Ke Bang from April
10-14, 2009. Their progress was stopped by a large calcite wall. According to
Limbert, this cave is five times larger than the Phong Nha cave, previously
considered the biggest cave in Vietnam .
The biggest chamber of Son Doong is over five kilometers in length, 200 meters
high and 150 meters wide. With these dimensions, Son Doong overtakes Deer Cave
in Malaysia to take the title of the world's largest cave.
Wikipedia
Son Doong cave (Vietnamese: Hang Son Doong) is world's largest cave, located in Quang Binh province, Vietnam. It is found by a local man named Ho Khanh in 1991 and was recently discovered in 2009 by British cavers, led by Howard Limbert. The name "Son Doong" cave means "mountain river cave", It was created 2-5 million years ago by river water eroding away the limestone underneath the mountain. Learn more here: http://www.sondoongcave.org.
Ancient artifacts and buildings - mysteries of the past - part 2Kinga Brady
An ongoing collection of artefacts, building of our long-lost past - there are two parts. This is a personal collection of our ancient history - crazy questions that follow question the official theories
50 +1 Strange Wonders on Earth - PowerPointYaryalitsa
51 natural wonders of the world but strange at the same time, presented in a colourful PowerPoint with a small description for each.
PowerPoint needs to be downloaded to view animation on the first and last slide.
Other PowerPoints by me at the following URL on slideshare:
Top Ten Australian Landforms
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/powerpoint-top-10-australian-landforms
Weird Landscapes – one finds on Earth
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/weird-landscapes-one-finds-on-earth
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
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M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. In April 2009, in the Phong Nha-ke Bang National Park en De
Quang Binh province in Vietnam, an enormous cave was
discovered. It measures 6.5 kilometers long, widths of 150
meters, and is 200 meters high in places. Forming part of twenty
new caverns identified by a British exploration group, it is the
largest known cave in the world. The subterranean river in the
cavern stopped explorers from going further; the extent of the
cavern can only be estimated using a flashlight. The cave will be
the subject of further exploration. A local had discovered the
cave in 1991, but he couldn’t remember just where it was. Around
March and April of 2009, he assisted the explorers in crossing 10
kilometers of forest to get to the mouth of the cave. Given the
difficulty in getting to the mouth of the cave, only scientists will
have access to the discovery for the time being.
HANG SON DOONG
8. Scientists from the British Cave Research Association, led by Howard and Deb Limbert,
conducted an expedition to PHONG NHA-KE BANG from April 10-14, 2009.
9. It takes six hours trudging through the jungle to arrive at the mouth of the cave.
10.
11.
12. After descending a large chamber, it is necessary to cross two subterranean rivers to get to
the main passageway of Doong Hang Fils. To give you an idea of the immense size of the
space, look at the person with a light-hat standing on the round hill in the lower center.
13. Located in the Phong
Nha-KeBang, near the
Loation border, the
cavern forms part of a
web of 150 caves in the
Anamita Mountains.
Many of the caverns still
have not been explored.
14.
15.
16.
17. One of the rooms of the cavern could accommodate a New York skyscraper. There is a
jungle IN the cavern. There are even clouds.
18. National Graphic sent sent a team to chart the cave in 2010. The magnificent photographs
of Carsten Peter were published in the January 2011 issue of the magazine.
21. The cavern contains dry
ponds near the Garden of
Eden in Hang Fils Doong.
They contain an
exceptional collection of
spherical rocks, formed
drop by drop over
centuries, in the form of
calcium crystals
surrounded by grains of
sand that grow with time.
22. The principal room of Fils Doong is 5 kilometers long, is 200 meters high, and 150 meters wide.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. The cave had never been explored, even by the locals partly because the entrance was
rather small in comparison to other Vietnamese caves (10 meters high by 30 meters wide),
but also because the large subterranean river emits an errie sound.
29. Sunken roof – mini-jungle 300 meters below the surface.
30. A huge sun ray falls into the cave like a waterfal. In the foreground is a giant stalagmite.
31. When part of the jungle roof of the cave gave way long ago, it created a chasm with its own
ecosystem below.
A new species of insect was found in this area. It has no pigment and is blind.
The plants have adopted to the change in climate.