Define the environment in the context of business
Learn the difference between the general environment and the industry
Explain how PESTEL analysis is useful to organizations
Explain how five forces analysis is useful to organizations
Understand what strategic groups are
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives
3-1
Environment: Set of external conditions and forces that have the potential to influence the organization
General environment (macroenvironment): Overall trends and events in a society such as - social trends, technological trends, demographics, and economic conditions
Industry (competitive environment): Consists of multiple organizations that collectively compete with one another by providing similar goods, services, or both
Environment
3-2
The environment provides resources that an organization needs in order to create goods and services
The environment is a source of opportunities and threats for an organization
Opportunities: Events and trends that create chances to improve an organization’s performance level
Threats: Events and trends that may undermine an organization’s performance
The environment shapes the various strategic decisions that executives make as they attempt to lead their organizations to success
Why Does the Environment Matter?
3-3
A tool that executives can rely upon, to organize factors within the general environment and identify how these factors influence industries and the firms within them
The Elements of the General Environment: PESTEL Analysis
3-4
4
PESTEL Analysis
5
Five forces analysis: Technique for understanding an industry, by examining the interactions among:
Competitors in an industry
Potential new entrants to the industry
Substitutes for the industry’s offerings
Suppliers to the industry
Industry’s buyers
Purpose of the analysis is to identify how much profit potential exists in an industry
Five Forces Analysis
3-6
Porter’s Five Forces
3-7
7
Competitors
Intense Rivalry
9
Industry Concentration
10
Potential Entrants
Economics of scale
Capital requirements
Access to distribution channels
Government policy
Differentiation
Switching costs
Expected retaliation
Cost advantages independent of size
Barriers to Entry
12
Suppliers
Suppliers
14
Buyers
Buyers
16
Substitutes
Substitutes
18
It assumes that competition is a zero sum game - the amount of profit potential in an industry is fixed
Collaboration is a possibility that five forces analysis tends to downplay
Doesn’t explain variation in performance within an industry
Limitations of Five Forces Analysis
3-19
19
Strategic groups: Consist of a set of industry competitors, that have similar characteristics to each other but differ in important ways from the members of other groups
Narrows the focus by centering on subsets of the competitors, whose strategies are similar to each other
The analysis of the strategic groups in an industry can offer important insights to executives
Cl ...
Essay On Conflict Management. Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING C...Sara Roberts
Informative Essay on Conflict management - PHDessay.com. Conflict Management Essay Sample. Conflict Management Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... 003 Resolving Conflicts Essay Example 64302 Crisis Armed Conflict 1 .... Essay On Conflict Management. essay sample Conflict Resolution Essays. Conflict Management and Problem Solving Essay Free Essay Sample on .... Own Approach to Handling Conflict Essay Example Topics and Well .... Essay on Conflict Management. Conflict Essay Plan. Managing conflict in the workplace essay. Free Essay: Managing Conflict .... Rare Resolving Conflicts Essay Thatsnotus. Understanding conflict management in the workplace Essay. Conflict and Conflict Management Essay Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Sample essay managing conflicts. Managing Conflict Essay MGC3450 - Managing Conflict Thinkswap. Free Essay on Negotiation and Conflict Management SpeedyPaper.com. Conflict Resolution - University Business and Administrative studies .... Conflict Management Styles Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Conflict Management Styles - Essay 1.docx - Conflict Management Styles .... Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING CONFLICT Source .... Resolving conflicts essay. The Importance of Resolving Conflict in .... Essay On Conflict - Conflict in Academe. Conflict management in work teams essay sample WriteMyEssay. Conflict Management in Assisted Living Facilities Free Essay Example. Conflict Management Term Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Conflict Management Research Paper Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Conflict Resolution Essay: Conflict Origins and Ways Out Essay On Conflict Management Essay On Conflict Management. Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING CONFLICT Source ...
In July 2014, experts from public, private and research sectors met at the Rockefeller Foundation's "Planetary Health" summit to explore ways to better value ecosystems today to ensure their healthy existence tomorrow.
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Business Economics - D...Divyansh Agrawal
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Wealth Definition, Welfare Definition, Criticism, Scope of Economics, Economics a science or an artScience teaches us to know and an art teaches us to do. Science and art are complementary to each other, A Positive or a Normative Science, Business Economics,Methodology of Economics, Nature of Business Economics, Scope of Business Economics, Divyansh Agrawal, Divyansh Agrawal Shivpuri, PIMR, Prestige Institute of Management, Indore
Essay On Conflict Management. Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING C...Sara Roberts
Informative Essay on Conflict management - PHDessay.com. Conflict Management Essay Sample. Conflict Management Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... 003 Resolving Conflicts Essay Example 64302 Crisis Armed Conflict 1 .... Essay On Conflict Management. essay sample Conflict Resolution Essays. Conflict Management and Problem Solving Essay Free Essay Sample on .... Own Approach to Handling Conflict Essay Example Topics and Well .... Essay on Conflict Management. Conflict Essay Plan. Managing conflict in the workplace essay. Free Essay: Managing Conflict .... Rare Resolving Conflicts Essay Thatsnotus. Understanding conflict management in the workplace Essay. Conflict and Conflict Management Essay Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Sample essay managing conflicts. Managing Conflict Essay MGC3450 - Managing Conflict Thinkswap. Free Essay on Negotiation and Conflict Management SpeedyPaper.com. Conflict Resolution - University Business and Administrative studies .... Conflict Management Styles Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Conflict Management Styles - Essay 1.docx - Conflict Management Styles .... Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING CONFLICT Source .... Resolving conflicts essay. The Importance of Resolving Conflict in .... Essay On Conflict - Conflict in Academe. Conflict management in work teams essay sample WriteMyEssay. Conflict Management in Assisted Living Facilities Free Essay Example. Conflict Management Term Paper Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Conflict Management Research Paper Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Conflict Resolution Essay: Conflict Origins and Ways Out Essay On Conflict Management Essay On Conflict Management. Conflictresolutionstyles - STYLES OF MANAGING CONFLICT Source ...
In July 2014, experts from public, private and research sectors met at the Rockefeller Foundation's "Planetary Health" summit to explore ways to better value ecosystems today to ensure their healthy existence tomorrow.
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Business Economics - D...Divyansh Agrawal
Definition Nature Scope and Significance of Economics, Wealth Definition, Welfare Definition, Criticism, Scope of Economics, Economics a science or an artScience teaches us to know and an art teaches us to do. Science and art are complementary to each other, A Positive or a Normative Science, Business Economics,Methodology of Economics, Nature of Business Economics, Scope of Business Economics, Divyansh Agrawal, Divyansh Agrawal Shivpuri, PIMR, Prestige Institute of Management, Indore
Eco friendly: The emerging life sciences ecosystem Heather Fraser
Pharma and life sciences collaborations will be taken to a whole new level as emerging ecosystems shake up traditional practices. The emphasis on operations for mutual self-interest and broader benefit will spur openness to innovate and the free flow of ideas and resources.
Population ecology theory postulates and lessons for strategic managementJack Onyisi Abebe
The diversity of organizations in society depends on the both the number of organizational forms and the distribution of organizations over forms".
This is a dynamic process, with new forms being created, some orgs changing into other forms, and some forms going away. Organizations are created and disbanded or merged. organization that cannot change strategy and structure as quickly as their environments can change.
Soc 114 Source Analysis #___2___Respond to each of the following.docxpbilly1
Soc 114 Source Analysis #___2___
Respond to each of the following using complete sentences.
1. Provide your source citation in MLA format in the text box below. (2 points)
General Format:
Author. Title. Title of container (self-contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).
Example (Online Source):
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
Complete Source Citation:
Croteau, David and William Hoynes. Media/Society. SAGE Publications, 2013.
Fourie, Pieter Jacobus. Media Studies: Media History, Media and Society. Juta and Company Ltd, 2007.
2. Summary: identify several useful points that could best contribute to your research and group project (80-100 words). You may use bullet points or a list in this section. (2 points)
Significant Points –
In this piece of work, we shall be discussing the significance of mainstream news media of any society and how it can be observed in the light of a sociological theory which clarifies the context in which the mainstream news media acts in any particular society. Moreover, there is also a need to observe the way in which the mainstream media has evolved with time and also keep an eye out for the intensity of expression of sentiment in different media forms. Media can be considered a part of daily communication throughout any society which takes place mainly by the newspaper, social networking handles, cell phones, etc. and it would not be wrong to say that media has proved to be a door for revolution and evolution during many times of darkness throughout the human history (Croteau and Hoynes).
3. Your theoreticalanalysis (100-150 words): Use the main concepts of just ONE sociological theory (functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, or social exchange) to explain what is happening and why it’s happening in this example. Connect at least three key concepts of the theory to specific examples in your source item. This section is a place to think deeply about the material and the messages or ideas it conveys about people, circumstances, or society. (10 points)
Name of Theory – Functionalism
Analysis –
The theory which is under analysis here is ‘Functionalism’ and therefore, we will be scrutinizing it and comprehending its significance in the sociological fabric. In such a context, Functionalism can be described as a phenomenon which outlines the importance of several societal components such as different institutions which carry out specific underlying tasks. Functionalism entails how the work of these institutions, departments and other components of the society allows for the smooth functioning of the daily chores and there.
Essay On Trifles By Susan Glaspell. Comparing Susan Glaspells Trifles and A J...Tamara Jackson
Analysis of "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell Free Essay Example. Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Narrative Essay: Trifles susan glaspell essay. Critical essays on trifles by susan glaspell - gcisdk12.web.fc2.com. Trifles by Susan Glaspell - Students Teaching English Paper Strategies. Trifles by Susan Glaspell.rev - PDF Archive. Trifles Susan Glaspell Notes - Trifles Susan Glaspell ESSAY 1 I. Answer .... Psychoanalytical perspective Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay. Trifles & A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell - Questions for ....
ESSAY #4In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of bei.docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #4
In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of being poor, use the sociological perspective to explain poverty
without
“blaming the victim.” In other words, what conditions in society create poverty? You should use the Newman book extensively to help you with this question.
Your response should be about 500 words.
Essay 4 Rubric
Essay 4 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper uses a sociological approach to explaining the causes of poverty. Paper pulls often from the Newman material. No 'victim blaming' in the paper.
27.0
得分
Paper is not sociological. Paper does not identify social structural causes of poverty. Paper contains elements of 'victim blaming,' or individual explanations for poverty.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Essay # 3 Instructions Representations of War and Genocide .docxLinaCovington707
Essay # 3 Instructions
Representations of War and Genocide
:
In 1000-1200 words, discuss the novel, Edwidge Danticat’s
Farming of the Bones
, represent genocide and massacre. Focus on why in history, The Parsley massacre is not called a genocide, rather a massacre.
Even though the parsley massacre was clearly an act of genocide, history calls it a massacre. Before discussing the novel, explain in your words the definitions of “massacre” and “genocide”?
This is the time you should refer to the documentary and discuss why does the author mention genocides in history as far back as the Armenian genocide but do not mention the Parsley massacre. What are the factors that might contribute to its absence in history? This is the first part of your essay.
The second part is to discuss testimonies of survivors of the genocide.
In many ways,
The Farming of Bones
is also a meditation on survival. Each character in the novel—Amabelle, Sebastien, Father Romain, Man Denise, Man Rapadou, just to name a few—have different methods of survival. Can you discuss these? Are there any characters in particular that have survived with a better quality of life than others? What does it mean to survive?
How does the novel differ from the documentaries in terms of survival testimony? Why do you think the author chose to write a historical fiction novel versus a non-fiction novel like I am Malala or Persepolis?
Length: 1000-1200 words
Style: Times New Roman, Double-space, Size 12
please use the PowerPoint
.
Essay 1 What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capito.docxLinaCovington707
Essay 1: What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capitol Hill in the 21st century?
Essay 2: Identify the most pressing public policy issue affecting your community. If you were a Member of Congress, what measures would you take to address this issue? (I want the public policy issue to focus on the school to prison pipeline in Mississippi)
Responses should equal to a total of two pages for each essay which is four pages in total.
.
ESSAY #6Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply .docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #6
Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply the sociological perspective to the world around you. How has taking a sociological perspective changed the way you view our social environment and/or society? In other words, how has the sociological imagination changed your view of things? Provide at least two examples to illustrate.
Your response should be about 500-750 words.
Essay 6 Rubric
Essay 6 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper demonstrates that student learned at least two key ideas/concepts/themes this quarter. Paper is reflective.
27.0
得分
Paper includes fewer than two examples of key themes that the student learned. Little reflection.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Errors
Keyboarding Errors
Capitlalization Errors
Abbreviation errors
Number Expression Errors
Scholarship Search
Subject Verb Agreement
Pronoun Problems
Sentence Construction
Comma Errors
Other punctuation errors
Format Errors: Letters and Memos
Format Errors: Report and job search documents
Editing for content, clarity and conciseness
.
Epidemiological ApplicationsDescribe how the concept of multifacto.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemiological Applications
Describe how the concept of multifactorial etiology relates to the natural history of disease and the different levels of prevention. How should the nurse incorporate these concepts into health promotion of clients in community settings? How should the nurse approach client risk in these health promotion activities?
Disease Outbreak
Select an infectious disease and research the CDC website for information about the disease, its natural history, presenting symptoms, and outbreak characteristics. Identify an occurrence of the disease by searching the Internet for recent reports of this disease, and compare that episode or occurrence with information from the CDC website. How closely did that outbreak resemble the case definition?
.
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)One aspect.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)
One aspect of epidemiology is the study of the epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Some critics may argue diseases and conditions such as bird flu are endemic in many countries, and some may argue human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS is a series of epidemics.
Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about the various epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Based on your research and understanding, answer the following questions:
At what point does a disease become an epidemic, endemic, or pandemic? What are the parameters that define each of these states of a disease's effect?
Do you agree that bird flu, HIV, or AIDS could be described as a series of epidemics? Why or why not?
Should we study epidemiology and disease control as a complement to the provision of healthcare services? Why or why not?
Disease control has evolved since the discoveries and achievements of these epidemiological pioneers
—
Hippocrates, John Snow, Pasteur, and Koch. Explain the impact of at least one major historical contribution on the current status of epidemiological practices. How can history potentially shape and impact our future work in public health and clinical medicine? Explain.
.
ENVIRONMENTShould the US support initiatives that restrict carbo.docxLinaCovington707
ENVIRONMENT
Should the US support initiatives that restrict carbon emissions (or carbon pollution)?
1000 - 1200 words persuasive essay
Must include minimum of three sources with in-text citations
Microsoft word document in APA format including Title page, Reference page
.
More Related Content
Similar to Define the environment in the context of businessLearn the d
Eco friendly: The emerging life sciences ecosystem Heather Fraser
Pharma and life sciences collaborations will be taken to a whole new level as emerging ecosystems shake up traditional practices. The emphasis on operations for mutual self-interest and broader benefit will spur openness to innovate and the free flow of ideas and resources.
Population ecology theory postulates and lessons for strategic managementJack Onyisi Abebe
The diversity of organizations in society depends on the both the number of organizational forms and the distribution of organizations over forms".
This is a dynamic process, with new forms being created, some orgs changing into other forms, and some forms going away. Organizations are created and disbanded or merged. organization that cannot change strategy and structure as quickly as their environments can change.
Soc 114 Source Analysis #___2___Respond to each of the following.docxpbilly1
Soc 114 Source Analysis #___2___
Respond to each of the following using complete sentences.
1. Provide your source citation in MLA format in the text box below. (2 points)
General Format:
Author. Title. Title of container (self-contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).
Example (Online Source):
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
Complete Source Citation:
Croteau, David and William Hoynes. Media/Society. SAGE Publications, 2013.
Fourie, Pieter Jacobus. Media Studies: Media History, Media and Society. Juta and Company Ltd, 2007.
2. Summary: identify several useful points that could best contribute to your research and group project (80-100 words). You may use bullet points or a list in this section. (2 points)
Significant Points –
In this piece of work, we shall be discussing the significance of mainstream news media of any society and how it can be observed in the light of a sociological theory which clarifies the context in which the mainstream news media acts in any particular society. Moreover, there is also a need to observe the way in which the mainstream media has evolved with time and also keep an eye out for the intensity of expression of sentiment in different media forms. Media can be considered a part of daily communication throughout any society which takes place mainly by the newspaper, social networking handles, cell phones, etc. and it would not be wrong to say that media has proved to be a door for revolution and evolution during many times of darkness throughout the human history (Croteau and Hoynes).
3. Your theoreticalanalysis (100-150 words): Use the main concepts of just ONE sociological theory (functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, or social exchange) to explain what is happening and why it’s happening in this example. Connect at least three key concepts of the theory to specific examples in your source item. This section is a place to think deeply about the material and the messages or ideas it conveys about people, circumstances, or society. (10 points)
Name of Theory – Functionalism
Analysis –
The theory which is under analysis here is ‘Functionalism’ and therefore, we will be scrutinizing it and comprehending its significance in the sociological fabric. In such a context, Functionalism can be described as a phenomenon which outlines the importance of several societal components such as different institutions which carry out specific underlying tasks. Functionalism entails how the work of these institutions, departments and other components of the society allows for the smooth functioning of the daily chores and there.
Essay On Trifles By Susan Glaspell. Comparing Susan Glaspells Trifles and A J...Tamara Jackson
Analysis of "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell Free Essay Example. Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Narrative Essay: Trifles susan glaspell essay. Critical essays on trifles by susan glaspell - gcisdk12.web.fc2.com. Trifles by Susan Glaspell - Students Teaching English Paper Strategies. Trifles by Susan Glaspell.rev - PDF Archive. Trifles Susan Glaspell Notes - Trifles Susan Glaspell ESSAY 1 I. Answer .... Psychoanalytical perspective Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay. Trifles & A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell - Questions for ....
Similar to Define the environment in the context of businessLearn the d (14)
ESSAY #4In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of bei.docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #4
In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of being poor, use the sociological perspective to explain poverty
without
“blaming the victim.” In other words, what conditions in society create poverty? You should use the Newman book extensively to help you with this question.
Your response should be about 500 words.
Essay 4 Rubric
Essay 4 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper uses a sociological approach to explaining the causes of poverty. Paper pulls often from the Newman material. No 'victim blaming' in the paper.
27.0
得分
Paper is not sociological. Paper does not identify social structural causes of poverty. Paper contains elements of 'victim blaming,' or individual explanations for poverty.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Essay # 3 Instructions Representations of War and Genocide .docxLinaCovington707
Essay # 3 Instructions
Representations of War and Genocide
:
In 1000-1200 words, discuss the novel, Edwidge Danticat’s
Farming of the Bones
, represent genocide and massacre. Focus on why in history, The Parsley massacre is not called a genocide, rather a massacre.
Even though the parsley massacre was clearly an act of genocide, history calls it a massacre. Before discussing the novel, explain in your words the definitions of “massacre” and “genocide”?
This is the time you should refer to the documentary and discuss why does the author mention genocides in history as far back as the Armenian genocide but do not mention the Parsley massacre. What are the factors that might contribute to its absence in history? This is the first part of your essay.
The second part is to discuss testimonies of survivors of the genocide.
In many ways,
The Farming of Bones
is also a meditation on survival. Each character in the novel—Amabelle, Sebastien, Father Romain, Man Denise, Man Rapadou, just to name a few—have different methods of survival. Can you discuss these? Are there any characters in particular that have survived with a better quality of life than others? What does it mean to survive?
How does the novel differ from the documentaries in terms of survival testimony? Why do you think the author chose to write a historical fiction novel versus a non-fiction novel like I am Malala or Persepolis?
Length: 1000-1200 words
Style: Times New Roman, Double-space, Size 12
please use the PowerPoint
.
Essay 1 What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capito.docxLinaCovington707
Essay 1: What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capitol Hill in the 21st century?
Essay 2: Identify the most pressing public policy issue affecting your community. If you were a Member of Congress, what measures would you take to address this issue? (I want the public policy issue to focus on the school to prison pipeline in Mississippi)
Responses should equal to a total of two pages for each essay which is four pages in total.
.
ESSAY #6Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply .docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #6
Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply the sociological perspective to the world around you. How has taking a sociological perspective changed the way you view our social environment and/or society? In other words, how has the sociological imagination changed your view of things? Provide at least two examples to illustrate.
Your response should be about 500-750 words.
Essay 6 Rubric
Essay 6 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper demonstrates that student learned at least two key ideas/concepts/themes this quarter. Paper is reflective.
27.0
得分
Paper includes fewer than two examples of key themes that the student learned. Little reflection.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Errors
Keyboarding Errors
Capitlalization Errors
Abbreviation errors
Number Expression Errors
Scholarship Search
Subject Verb Agreement
Pronoun Problems
Sentence Construction
Comma Errors
Other punctuation errors
Format Errors: Letters and Memos
Format Errors: Report and job search documents
Editing for content, clarity and conciseness
.
Epidemiological ApplicationsDescribe how the concept of multifacto.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemiological Applications
Describe how the concept of multifactorial etiology relates to the natural history of disease and the different levels of prevention. How should the nurse incorporate these concepts into health promotion of clients in community settings? How should the nurse approach client risk in these health promotion activities?
Disease Outbreak
Select an infectious disease and research the CDC website for information about the disease, its natural history, presenting symptoms, and outbreak characteristics. Identify an occurrence of the disease by searching the Internet for recent reports of this disease, and compare that episode or occurrence with information from the CDC website. How closely did that outbreak resemble the case definition?
.
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)One aspect.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)
One aspect of epidemiology is the study of the epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Some critics may argue diseases and conditions such as bird flu are endemic in many countries, and some may argue human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS is a series of epidemics.
Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about the various epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Based on your research and understanding, answer the following questions:
At what point does a disease become an epidemic, endemic, or pandemic? What are the parameters that define each of these states of a disease's effect?
Do you agree that bird flu, HIV, or AIDS could be described as a series of epidemics? Why or why not?
Should we study epidemiology and disease control as a complement to the provision of healthcare services? Why or why not?
Disease control has evolved since the discoveries and achievements of these epidemiological pioneers
—
Hippocrates, John Snow, Pasteur, and Koch. Explain the impact of at least one major historical contribution on the current status of epidemiological practices. How can history potentially shape and impact our future work in public health and clinical medicine? Explain.
.
ENVIRONMENTShould the US support initiatives that restrict carbo.docxLinaCovington707
ENVIRONMENT
Should the US support initiatives that restrict carbon emissions (or carbon pollution)?
1000 - 1200 words persuasive essay
Must include minimum of three sources with in-text citations
Microsoft word document in APA format including Title page, Reference page
.
ePortfolio Completion
Resources
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide
.
Throughout this course, we have addressed the following areas:
Helping relationships.
Human services theory and practice.
Theoretical models of practice.
The multidisciplinary approach.
Professional development goals.
Pick
one
of these areas to share with your peers. Your initial post in this discussion may be a draft of one portion of the assignment in this unit. Address why you chose this particular area and its significance to your work in the field.
.
eproduction and Animal BehaviorReproduction Explain why asexually.docxLinaCovington707
eproduction and Animal Behavior
Reproduction: Explain why asexually reproducing organisms are generally found in environments that do not change very much through time, while sexually reproducing organisms are very successful in environments that change dramatically through time.
Animal Behavior: How does an animal’s behavior aid survival and reproduction? Provide an example to illustrate your comments. In your response, be sure to include information from the reading to support your answer.
Copyright
.
Envisioning LeadershipIdentifying a challenge that evokes your pas.docxLinaCovington707
Envisioning Leadership
Identifying a challenge that evokes your passion, understanding its historical and contemporary contexts, and bringing together the community of people needed to respond to this challenge—these are essential steps that make change possible. What kind of person is needed to lead such efforts? What characteristics make an effective leader?
Throughout your program of study, you have been encouraged to think about leadership. You have met, via video and audio podcasts, many inspiring and committed leaders in the early childhood field. This week, the Learning Resources have encouraged you to delve even deeper into the characteristics of leaders.
For this Discussion, without hesitation, jot down at least 10 characteristics that come to mind when you think of a leader. Put your list aside, and review this week's Learning Resources on leadership.
Now, think about the early childhood field and the various situations that call for leaders to interact and work effectively with families, colleagues, organizations, government agencies, etc. Consider the thinking and characteristics that stood out for you from the readings you just reviewed. Then, identify four characteristics you believe to be the most essential for leaders in the early childhood field today.
By Wednesday, post
:
Your list of four leadership characteristics selected from this week's Learning Resources that you think are essential for leaders in the early childhood field today and why you think each is vital.
Three mind-opening realizations about leadership that struck you from the Learning Resources this week. (Be sure to tell the reason[s] these caught your attention, and cite your sources.)
.
EnvironmentOur environment is really important. We need to under.docxLinaCovington707
Environment
Our environment is really important. We need to understand it and then would we be able to look after it. To manage our natural environment responsibly, governments, industry and the community need detailed, trusted and timely environmental information.
Good information is essential to make sound decisions (individually and/or collectively) on issues affecting our environment.
View/review information in the below attached power point then answer questions that follows prompt!
Week 2 Env. Samp ppt(2).pptx
Questions
Give 2 definitions of “Environment”?
Give 4 reasons why we are so concern about the Environment?
Give 2 definitions of Pollution?
Give 5 effects of pollution on Human?
Give 5 effects of pollution on Animals
Give 5 effects of pollution on plants, fruits and vegetables?
Explain pollution effects on outer space? (what is the name of the effect)
Explain Urban Pollution?
Explain outer space pollution?
.
Environmental Awareness and Organizational Sustainability Please .docxLinaCovington707
"Environmental Awareness and Organizational Sustainability" Please respond to the following:
Use the Internet to research one (1) environmentally aware organization and its actions. Next, examine the selected organization’s relationship between sustainability, ethical decision making, and social responsibility. Provide one (1) example of this organization demonstrating environmental awareness.
Determine the major effects that an organization’s environmental awareness has on its sustainability. Recommend one (1) approach that HR can take to use an organization’s environmental awareness in order to attract and retain top talent.
.
EnterobacteriaceaeThe family Enterobacteriaceae contains some or.docxLinaCovington707
Enterobacteriaceae
The family Enterobacteriaceae contains some organisms living in the intestines without harming the host and some organisms that are harmful to the host.
Research Enterobacteriaceae.
Based on your research, respond to the following:
What is meant by the term "enteric pathogen"?
Why are anaerobic organisms generally not seen in a routine fecal specimen or culture?
What are the indole test, methyl red test, voges-proskauer test, and citrate test (IMViC) reactions? Describe in detail all four reactions (what media is used, important ingredients, what each reaction measures, and what positive and negative results mean).
Create a flowchart for the isolation and identification of specific enteric bacteria from fecal samples.
.
Ensuring your local region is prepared for any emergency is a comp.docxLinaCovington707
Ensuring your local region is prepared for any emergency is a complex task requiring the coordination and collaboration of multiple stakeholders. What are the greatest challenges to coordination and collaboration in your area? What needs to be done to overcome those challenges in order to facilitate improved multi-agency coordination and collaboration?
.
ENG 2480 Major Assignment #3Essay #2 CharacterAnaly.docxLinaCovington707
ENG
2480
Major Assignment #
3
Essay #2
:
Character
Analysis Essay
Paper Specifications:
2
Full Pages
, excluding Work
s
Cited page. Typed. Double Spaced.
One-inch
Margins.
12pt. Font
.
Times New Roman. Proper MLA
.
Submit
.doc,
.
docx
,
odt
.,
or .rtf Files Only
***Do not paste the essay into the assignment forum
text box
. Attach the document instead***
Due Date: Monday,
June
1
9
, 201
7
in Blackboard by
11
:
00
pm
Using the STEAL method or Foil Characters
concept
, a
nalyze how the author
constructs a
character.
Your analytical argument should focus on how
the author creates
the character
and how the author uses the character
to embody
the theme of the work.
Find one scholarly source to help support your essay’s thesis.
Choose
only one character
from the following list
as your main point of analysis
:
•
Oscar Wilde’s
The Importance of Being Earnest
:
o
Lady
Bracknell
o
Miss Prism
o
Cecily
•
Robert Louis Stevenson’s
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
:
o
Mr. Poole
o
Mr. Gabriel John
Utterson
o
Dr. Hastie Lanyon
Remember, always establish clear criteria during your argumentation. You need a clear thesis to guide the essay and argumentative topic sentences to guide each paragraph. You are essentially discussing
how
an author creates the personality of a fictional character and how
that
character helps develop the meaning and significance of a work
, so make sure you assert your interpretation.
Do not summarize!
Consider that your audience has read the work
and
has
been exposed to the key literary
te
rms, so you do not need to define them.
Do not evaluate!
Avoid judging how well the author
writes or how good or bad the poem is
. Analyze the importance of the
literary device and remain objective
.
***
Numerous essays exist about these works. Do not be tempted to plagiarize! Use close reading and your critical thinking skills to approach your selected topic
***
Grading Scale
Title Is Helpful, Informative, and Reflective
0 to
5
Points
Presentation and Strength of the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion.
0 to 10 Points
Clearly Stated Thesis.
Must Be Analytical and Reflect the Assignment.
0 to 10 Points
Focus: Staying on Topic. Always Developing and Sticking to the Thesis
and Assignment
.
0 to 10 Points
Every Paragraph Has an Argumentative Topic Sentence. Every Paragraph Has Support or Examples or Details Explaining the Topic Sentence.
0 to 10 Points
Flow: Transitions (not simply transitional words) and Logical Progressions or Movements Between Paragraphs and Sentences Connecting Their Different Ideas.
0 to 10 Points
Organization, Order, and Structure.
0 to 10 Points
Using and Developing a Logical and In-depth Approach to Claims.
Strong Analysis without Over-Summarization.
0 to 10 Points
Vivid Descriptions. “Show. Do Not Tell.” Substantial, In-depth Detail
and Textual / Visual Evidence
.
0 to 10 Points
Clear Language that Explains and Expresses Each Idea in an Und.
English EssayMLA format500 words or moreThis is Caue types of .docxLinaCovington707
English Essay
MLA format
500 words or more
This is Caue types of essay (Only the causes/ not the effect)
Do not cite anything from outside source
Topic: what are the causes of Divorce?
Download the File Below to see the Form of the Essay.
Due By 4/26/2017 11 pm
*** Important note: Do not use hard or complicated words. Simple essay with easy word. ***
.
Eng 2480 British Literature after 1790NameApplying Wilde .docxLinaCovington707
Eng
2480 British Literature after 1790
Name:
Applying Wilde to Wilde (100 points)
Instructions:
Discuss how Wilde applies the ideas of aestheticism and the arguments from
The Critic as Artist
to
The Importance of Being Earnest
. What notions of living to the fullest exist in the play? What notions of living intensely and passionately do the characters reinforce? How is the play (as a creative work) acting as a critical work, as well? What does the work critique?
This response should
be around 250 to 300 words,
not
including the quotes.
Always cite specifics from the texts
.
*NEED IT COMPLETED BY 8pm eastern
.
English 1C Critical Thinking Essay (6 - 6 12 pages, MLA 12pt font .docxLinaCovington707
English 1C: Critical Thinking Essay (6 - 6 1/2 pages, MLA 12pt font times new roman)
Due Date: (8/2/17)
Assignment: Consider one of the topics: I choose to propose my own topic. (received teacher's approval)
Requirements: Use 1-2 in class philosophical texts (I have them in the attachment) and 3-4 academic sources (requires research) to analyze, explore, and make connections to each other. Needs to have at least one quote in each body paragraph.
My proposed topic:
In class, my teacher he talks about a scenario where people from different cultures tend to have different views and values, but people who were raised in both cultures can have an internal conflict between their cultures, causing to choose one over the other, have a mix of both (as in a hybrid form of culture), or identify themselves to another culture that lies somewhere in between, or maybe even reject both cultures.
In Nietzsche's essay "On Truth and Lying in an Extra-Moral Sense", he says "for between two absolutely different spheres such as subject and object, there can be no expression, but as most an aesthetic stance, I mean an allusive transference, a stammering translation into a completely foreign medium. For this, however, in any case a freely fictionalizing and freely inventive middle sphere and middle faculty is necessary." In connection to people who have lived in two different cultures this inventive "middle ground” and “aesthetic stance” is essential for them to embrace their own set of values and beliefs.
For the research part of the essay, I wanted to explore people who have immigrated to another country from their own home country since a young age, for their development is heavily influenced by the struggles of living in multiple cultures. (I’m one of them myself). In sociology, Ruben Rumbaut was the first to coin the term “1.5 generation immigrant”, which means the people who have arrived in another country before their adolescence. Based on the age in which they immigrated, some of these immigrants might feel a stronger connection to a particular culture where some might feel they belong right in the middle, being unable to identify themselves to either of their ethnicities. (Just providing possible examples)
Optional (If there isn’t enough topics): Also for immigrants who might choose one culture over another. It can possibly relate to another philosophical text. In Plato’s “The Allegory of the Cave,” Aristotle argues that there are two mediums of knowledge that exists: the physical/sensory world(cave), where people(prisoners) are living happily in an illusion, and the intelligible world, where people can achieve a perfect form of knowledge through learning philosophy. For people, who have acquired the “perfect knowledge” of philosophy, when they go back to the sensory world, they will have a better and clearer perception of the world than those in the sensory world. They also have developed a responsibility of “quietly ruling” the people in the sensor.
ENGL 227World FictionEssay #2Write a 2-3 page essay (with work.docxLinaCovington707
ENGL 227
World Fiction
Essay #2
Write a 2-3 page essay (with works cited page) on one of the following topics:
1.
D.H. Lawrence “The Rocking Horse Winner”
·
Describe the relationship between mother and son in this story.
How is this relationship central to the story’s themes of luck,
money, and dysfunctional families?
2.
Shirley Jackson “The Lottery”
·
Describe the importance of tradition in the community depicted in this story. What does the author appear to be saying about its effects upon society?
3.
Franz Kafka “A Hunger Artist”
·
What is Kafka suggesting about the nature of the relationship between the artist and society?
Cite examples of the artist’s attitude toward his “art” and regulations as well as society’s changing attitude toward the artist.
4.
Clarice Lispector “The Smallest Woman in the World”
·
What does the story appear to be implying about the nature of human love?
Be sure to examine love as it is described in the narrator’s depiction of Little Flower as well as in her depiction of the various readers’ reactions to the story of Little Flower.
Relate this to the overall theme of the story.
5.
Jack London “To Build a Fire”
·
Examine the difference between actions based on knowledge and those based on instinct as depicted in the behaviors of the man and the dog.
What does London seem to be saying about the nature and the value of both approaches to navigating the world?
Relate this to Naturalism.
6.
Ernest Hemingway “Hills Like White Elephants”
·
Hemingway is famous for his “iceberg theory” of narrative in which sparse prose suggests deeper elements of character and theme.
What does the dialogue suggest about the two protagonists?
What is the attitude of each toward their predicament?
·
What will change, depending on how the predicament is resolved? How does each envision the possibility of a shared future? Be sure to support your interpretation with quotations and connect character with theme.
·
Examine how the story’s setting is related to character, theme, and action (conflict).
7.
Flannery O’Connor “A Good Man is Hard to Find”
·
Discuss O’Connor’s use of humor in this story.
What kind of tone is developed at the beginning of the story through humor?
How does the tone change as we move toward the story’s conclusion?
8.
Jorge Luis Borges “Emma Zunz”
·
Examine Emma’s attitude toward sexuality.
How does this attitude relate to the crime she commits?
Why does she decide to add a sexual component to her set-up of Loewenthal?
Consider the element of sacrifice.
9.
Raymond Carver “A Small, Good Thing”
·
Discuss the theme of communication in relationships in the story, including the Weisses, the baker, Doctor Francis, and Franklin’s family.
10.
Yukio Mishima “Patriotism”
While Takeyama waits for his wife to take a bath, he thinks, “Was it death he was now waiting for? Or wild ecstasy of the senses?
The two seemed to overlap, almost as if the object of his bodily desire was death itself.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Define the environment in the context of businessLearn the d
1. Define the environment in the context of business
Learn the difference between the general environment and the
industry
Explain how PESTEL analysis is useful to organizations
Explain how five forces analysis is useful to organizations
Understand what strategic groups are
Chapter 3 Learning Objectives
3-1
Environment: Set of external conditions and forces that have the
potential to influence the organization
General environment (macroenvironment): Overall trends and
events in a society such as - social trends, technological trends,
demographics, and economic conditions
Industry (competitive environment): Consists of multiple
organizations that collectively compete with one another by
providing similar goods, services, or both
Environment
3-2
The environment provides resources that an organization needs
in order to create goods and services
2. The environment is a source of opportunities and threats for an
organization
Opportunities: Events and trends that create chances to improve
an organization’s performance level
Threats: Events and trends that may undermine an
organization’s performance
The environment shapes the various strategic decisions that
executives make as they attempt to lead their organizations to
success
Why Does the Environment Matter?
3-3
A tool that executives can rely upon, to organize factors within
the general environment and identify how these factors
influence industries and the firms within them
The Elements of the General Environment: PESTEL Analysis
3-4
4
PESTEL Analysis
5
Five forces analysis: Technique for understanding an industry,
by examining the interactions among:
Competitors in an industry
Potential new entrants to the industry
3. Substitutes for the industry’s offerings
Suppliers to the industry
Industry’s buyers
Purpose of the analysis is to identify how much profit potential
exists in an industry
Five Forces Analysis
3-6
Porter’s Five Forces
3-7
7
Competitors
Intense Rivalry
9
Industry Concentration
10
Potential Entrants
4. Economics of scale
Capital requirements
Access to distribution channels
Government policy
Differentiation
Switching costs
Expected retaliation
Cost advantages independent of size
Barriers to Entry
12
Suppliers
Suppliers
14
Buyers
5. Buyers
16
Substitutes
Substitutes
18
It assumes that competition is a zero sum game - the amount of
profit potential in an industry is fixed
Collaboration is a possibility that five forces analysis tends to
downplay
Doesn’t explain variation in performance within an industry
Limitations of Five Forces Analysis
3-19
19
Strategic groups: Consist of a set of industry competitors, that
have similar characteristics to each other but differ in important
ways from the members of other groups
Narrows the focus by centering on subsets of the competitors,
6. whose strategies are similar to each other
The analysis of the strategic groups in an industry can offer
important insights to executives
Closest rivals
Alternative paths to success
Untapped opportunities
Mapping Strategic Groups
3-20
Strategic Groups in the Restaurant Industry
An organization’s environment is a major consideration. The
environment is the source of resources that the organizations
needs. It provides opportunities and threats, and it influences
the various strategic decisions that executives must make.
PESTEL analysis can be a useful tool in understanding an
organization’s general environment.
Five Forces analysis can be a useful tool in understanding an
organization’s industry environment.
Chapter 3: Key Takeaways
22
On strategic management: A primer
Dr. Brandon Ofem
7. Assistant Professor
Global Leadership and Management
University of Missouri-St. Louis
1
Learning objectives
Gain a bird’s eye view on strategic management
Deepen appreciation on the importance of accurate knowledge
for strategic decision-making
Apply tools of strategic management to analyze companies
Gain greater confidence in leading companies to success!
Instructional plan
On strategy
History of knowledge
8. Strategic analysis
Tips for growing as a leader
What explains the success of organizations?
1-4
Organizations are social structures created by individuals to
support the collaborative pursuit of specified goals.
Why study strategic management?
Organizations control the world’s wealth.
Much of human life is patterned by organizations.
9. As an applied field, it’s based on very practical knowledge.
The $87 trillion global economy is controlled by organizations.
All wealth is actually created by business. Business creates
wealth when it meets needs at a profit. That's how all wealth is
created. It's meeting needs at a profit that leads to taxes and that
leads to incomes and that leads to charitable donations. That's
where all the resources come from. Only business can actually
create resources. Other institutions can utilize them to do
important work, but only business can create them. And
business creates them when it's able to meet a need at a profit.
Organizations are perhaps the dominant characteristic of
modern societies.
Can you think of other reasons?
5
Elements of organizations
Organizations as systems
Strategy is the process of leading these social systems to
success. We study the people and teams at the helm of these
organizations and figure out what sort of things they can do to
enhance the performance of their social systems.
7
10. On strategy
Skilled action is the product of skilled thought.
Three important revolutions shaped the course of human
history:
Cognitive revolution occurred about 70,000 years ago with the
emergence of fictive language.
Agricultural revolution occurred about 12, 000 with the
domestication of plants and animals.
Scientific revolution started only about 500 years ago with the
increased adoption of empirically-tested methods of inquiry.
History of knowledge
Strategy, in its most primal form, can be traced back to the
ancient history of our species. How many of you have read this
book, Sapiens? The author organizes all of human history
around three big revolutions. The first is called the cognitive
11. revolution, which I think is one of the weirdest and deepest
mysteries of our existence. From about 2 million years ago until
around 10,000 years ago, the world was home, at one and the
same time, to several different human species. Then, around
70,000 years ago, one particular species of humans, homo
sapiens, evolved the incredible capacity for fictive language.
This new capacity for abstract thought proved remarkabl y
powerful for describing and communicating about the external
world. It also allowed us to coordinate in complex and
unprecedented to achieve objectives, which back in those days
usually to do with hunting, survival or warfare.
Then around 12,000 ago we figured out to domesticate plants
and animals, which led to the rise of kingdoms, cities, and
settlements. We no longer had to depend on a hunter-gatherer
lifestyle. This also led to new management challenges among
the ruling class of how to allocate resources, such as food, to
their people.
The scientific revolution started only 500 years ago and it’s still
going on today. With it came increased adoption of empirically-
tested methods of inquiry for learning about our world.
10
Adaptive benefits of knowledge
Human thought is a powerful instrument in comprehending the
environment and dealing with it.
Theory can improve the human condition.
Life, health, wealth, inequality, peace, safety, equal rights,
knowledge, quality of life
Life, health, wealth, inequality, peace, safety, equal rights,
12. knowledge, quality of life. Theory has made the world a lot
better.
11
Germ theory of disease
We didn’t know germs caused the spread of disease until the
19th century!
Germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are
caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms,
organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.
The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the
English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician
Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and
acceptance of the theory. In the mid-19th century Pasteur
showed that fermentation and putrefaction are caused by
organisms in the air; in the 1860s Lister revolutionized surgical
practice by utilizing carbolic acid (phenol) to exclude
atmospheric germs and thus prevent putrefaction in compound
fractures of bones; and in the 1880s Koch identified the
organisms that cause tuberculosis and cholera. (Source:
https://www.britannica.com/science/germ-theory)
12
Simple and brilliant solution
In the 1840s, shortly before the French bacteriologist Louis
Pasteur’s (1822–1895) groundbreaking work, Hungarian
13. physician Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) made an important
contribution to the future development of germ theory. He
concluded that handwashing before delivering a baby prevented
the spread of childbed fever (infection after childbirth). Before
Semmelweis developed his theory, he observed that physicians
often moved directly from performing autopsies on women who
had recently died of childbed fever to attend the next live birth.
Semmelweis noted that this practice resulted in the new mothers
contracting a virulent form of the fever, which often caused
their deaths while still in the hospital. He was able to
demonstrate that simple hand washing before deliveries
prevented childbed fever. This was a crucial link in the
experimental chain leading to the synthesis of germ theory.
During his life, his theory was largely rejected by the medical
community. At the end of his life he had a nervous breakdown
and was committed to an mental hospital, where he died.
Ironically, In 1865 he suffered a breakdown and was taken to a
mental hospital, where he died. Ironically, his illness and death
were caused by the infection of a wound on his right hand,
apparently the result of an operation he had performed before
being taken ill. He died of the same type of infectious disease
against which he had struggled all his professional life.
History hasn’t forgotten him though. He’s now considered the
pioneer of what is now standard practice in countless hospitals
and organizations around the globe: handwashing.
It makes me wonder: What other principles about our world are
waiting to be discovered that could result in new and simple
practices that change our lives for the better?
13
Deep and accurate understanding of the world is an ethical
imperative.
14. Strategic management process
https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/marketing-and-
strategy-terms/7247-strategic-management-process.html
1. Goal Setting: The vision and goals of the organization are
clearly stated. The short-term and long-term goals are defined,
processes to achieve the objectives are identified and current
staff is evaluated to choose capable people to work on the
processes. This can be done through proper environmental
scanning.
2. Analysis: Data relevant to achieve the goals of the
organization is gathered, potential internal and external factors
that can affect the sustainable growth of the organization are
examined and SWOT analysis is also performed.
3. Strategy Formulation: Once the analysis is done, the
organization moves to the Strategy Formulation stage where the
plan to acquire the required resources is designed, prioritization
of the issues facing the business is done and finally the strategy
is formulated accordingly.
4. Implementation: After formulation of the strategy, the
employees of the organization are clearly made aware of their
roles and responsibilities. It is ensured that funds would be
15. available all the time. Then the implementation begins.
5. Strategy Evaluation: In this process, the strategies being
implemented are evaluated regularly to check whether they are
on track and are providing the desired results. In case of
deviations, the corrective actions are taken. As shown in the
figure, the five stages are not stand-alone and constantly
interact with each other in order to ensure better management of
the business.
Importance of Strategic Management Process
The strategic management process enables the organization of
plan ahead through proper approach in order to gain competitive
advantage wrt competitors. The process equips the organization
to deal various internal and external factors. The process can
differ for various organization depending on their size, domain,
focus and core competency but the importance of strategic
management process remains the same.
Limitations of Strategic Management Process
Strategic Management process is not an objective one time
process which would yield the expected results in the first
attempt. Optimizing the strategic management process for the
organization may take time. The 5 steps stated above may have
to be revisited multiple times and still the results may differ.
The main limitation is the time it would take to completely tune
and manage the process for a particular organization in order to
see real benefits but having said that strategic management
process if mastered properly can lead to serious advantage for
the organizations.
Hence, this concludes the definition of Strategic Management
Process along with its overview.
16
1. Study how the company works.
16. How it makes money.
How it is organized.
Its key resources/capabilities.
Its weaknesses.
2. Study the environment it operates in.
What markets does it compete?
What markets are growing?
What trends should the company respond to?
3. Recommend action.
Adopt a long-term perspective. Wealth is not created in a day.
Craft action(s) that capitalize on opportunities and mitigate
threats.
Provide empirically-grounded and well-reasoned justification
(i.e. be sensible).
Recommendations should flow from deep knowledge of the
company and its environment.
Imagine ways to build/do things that people love!
Strategic analysis (in a nutshell)
17
Brilliant strategies are born of deep knowledge of the
organization and the environment.
I think this is the essence of strategy. Projects and opportunities
of the highest value are best assessed in the crucible of critical
and expert thought. So in my capstone course, I try to direct
students to developing expertise around a company and its
17. strategic situation.
18
A 10 year study reveals what great executives know and do
They know the whole business.
They are great decision-makers.
They know the industry.
They form deep, trusting relationships.
https://hbr.org/2016/01/a-10-year-study-reveals-what-great-
executives-know-and-do
As part of our ten-year longitudinal study on executive
transitions, which included more than 2,700 leadership
interviews, we did a rigorous statistical analysis (including
more than 90 regression analyses) to isolate the skills of the
top-performing executives. We isolated seven performance
factors correlated to strong organizational performance as well
as leadership strengths through IBM Watson’s content analysis
tools as well as historical performance reviews of these leaders
and their direct reports. These seven factors led to our discovery
of four recurring patterns that distinguished exceptional
executives. What separated the “best of the best” from everyone
else is a consistent display of mastery across four highly
correlated dimensions, while “good” executives may have only
excelled in two or three. Executives who shine across all four of
18. these dimensions achieve the greatest success for themselves
and their organizations.
19
Professional skills worth cultivating
Due to the rapid pace of technological change and disruptive
waves of automation sweeping the global economy, the most
valuable skills on the marketplace are social intelligence,
complex critical thinking, and creative-problem solving.
What are some ways you can development and practice these
skills?
First and foremost, be engaged with people! Get involved with
projects that interest you and practice skills of collaboration.
20
Strategic management is the “art of arts” because it organizes
and uses human talent.
I had a student last semester describe strategic management as
the “art of arts.” I agree with her. I think she’s on point. I think
executives can be likened to the conductor of a symphony. Just
like the conductor needs to orchestrate the individual talents,
melodies, and unique styles of the individuals to create music
that’s richer and more beautiful than any single individual could
19. produce, executives need to orchestrate the talents and dreams
of their teammates to create something even more beautiful,
social and economic wealth.
21
Last summer I went sailplaning with my Uncle Dan who lives in
Tahachapee. He’s an elite pilot. He designs them too. We met at
Mountain Valley Airport. Once we got the plane, we went
through an equipment and operational checklist to make sure
everything was a go for flight. Then a small planed towed us
with a rope to lift off. Once we got airborne we had to find a
thermal, which is a column of rising air. We found one pretty
quickly, entered it, and then began a circling motion and rode
the currents to the top of it. Once we reached 10,000 feet, we
soared for about 45 minutes. Throughout the flight my uncle
shared his thought processes about what he was doing. I was
struck by the depth of his knowledge. He was constantly
assessing the situation and thinking of contingencies, while
simultaneously making expert decisions. Mastery at it finest.
I see a striking parallel between sailplaning and leading
companies. Both require reading and following the natural
currents. Executives need to be able skillfully navigate their
organizations through environmental trends, which requires
attentive and accurate assessments of the competitive landscape.
22
Chapter 9: Learning Objectives
Describe the building blocks of organizational structure
20. Explain when a change in structure might be necessary
List the three basic legal forms of business
Describe 3 organizational control systems
Identify the strengths and weaknesses of common management
fads
9-1
1
Building Blocks of Organizational Structure
Building Blocks of Organizational Structure
Creating an Organizational Structure
9-4
Simple Structures
5
21. An Example of a Simple Structure
6
6
Simple Structures
Advantages of simple structure:
Flexibility offered by simple structures encourages employees’
creativity and individualism
Disadvantages of simple structure:
A lack of clear guidance from the top of the organization can
create confusion for employees, undermine their motivation,
and make them dissatisfied with their jobs
9-7
Creating an Organizational Structure
9-8
Functional Structure
9
An Example of a Functional Structure
22. Functional Structure
Advantages of functional structure:
Each person tends to learn a great deal about their particular
function
Tends to create highly-skilled specialists
Grouping everyone that serves a particular function into one
department tends to keep costs low and create efficiency
Conflicts are rare
Disadvantages of functional structure:
Executing strategic changes can be very slow when compared to
other structures
9-11
Creating an Organizational Structure
9-12
Example of a Multidivisional Structure
Multidivisional Structure
Advantages of multidivisional structure:
Allows a firm to act quickly
Helps an organization to better serve customers’ needs
Disadvantages of multidivisional structure:
Empowering divisions to act quickly can backfire if people in
those divisions take actions that do not fit with the company’s
overall strategy
They tend to be more costly to operate than functional
structures
23. Creating an Organizational Structure
9-15
Example of a Matrix Structure
Within functional and multidivisional structures, vertical
linkages between bosses and subordinates are the most
elements. Matrix structures, in contrast, rely heavily on
horizontal relationships.In particular, these structures create
cross-functional teams that each work on a different project.
This offers several benefits: maximizing the organization’s
flexibility, enhancing communication across functional lines,
and creating a spirit of teamwork and collaboration. A matrix
structure can also help develop new managers. In particular, a
person without managerial experience can be put in charge of a
relatively small project as a test to see whether the person has a
talent for leading others.
16
Matrix Structure
Advantages of matrix structure:
Maximizing the organization’s flexibility
Enhancing communication across functional lines
Creating a spirit of teamwork and collaboration
Developing new managers
Disadvantages of matrix structure:
Violates the unity of command principle because each employee
is assigned multiple bosses
Potential for conflicts to arise among project managers
9-17
24. Creating an Organizational Structure
Boundaryless organization: An organization that removes the
usual barriers between parts of the organization as well as
barriers between the organization and others
This term was created by former General Electric CEO Jack
Welch
Making progress toward being boundaryless can help an
organization become more flexible and responsive
9-18
Removing Barriers for Coordination
19
An illustration of how removing barriers can be valuable has its
roots in a very unfortunate event. During 2005’s Hurricane
Katrina, rescue efforts were hampered by a lack of coordination
between responders from the National Guard (who are
controlled by state governments) and from active-duty military
units (who are controlled by federal authorities). According to
one National Guard officer, “It was just like a solid wall was
between the two entities.”[6] Efforts were needlessly duplicated
in some geographic areas while attention to other areas was
delayed or inadequate. For example, poor coordination caused
the evacuation of thousands of people from the New Orleans
Superdome to be delayed by a full day. The results were
immense human suffering and numerous fatalities.
To avoid similar problems from arising in the future, barriers
between the National Guard and active-duty military units are
being bridged by special military officers called dual -status
commanders. These individuals will be empowered to lead both
25. types of units during a disaster recovery effort, helping to
ensure that all areas receive the attention they need in a timely
manner.
19
Example of Boundaryless Structure
Rather than granting formal titles to certain people, leaders with
W.L. Gore emerge based on performance and they attract
followers to their ideas over time. As one employee noted, “We
vote with our feet. If you call a meeting, and people show up,
you’re a leader.”
20
Eliminating all internal and external barriers is not possible, of
course, but making progress toward being boundaryless can help
an organization become more flexible and responsive. One
example is W.L. Gore, a maker of fabrics, medical implants,
industrial sealants, filtration systems, and consumer products.
This firm avoids organizational charts, management layers, and
supervisors despite having approximately nine thousand
employees across thirty countries. Rather than granting formal
titles to certain people, leaders with W.L. Gore emerge based on
performance and they attract followers to their ideas over time.
As one employee noted, “We vote with our feet. If you call a
meeting, and people show up, you’re a leader.
http://www.gore.com/en_xx/
20
Reasons for Changing an Organization’s Structure
Creating an organizational structure is not a one time activity
Executives must revisit an organization’s structure over time
26. and make changes to it if certain danger signs arise
A structure might need to be adjusted if decisions with the
organization are being made too slowly or if the organization is
performing poorly.
Sometimes structures become too complex and need to be
simplified
9-21
Creating Organizational Control Systems
Organizational control systems: Allow executives to track how
well the organization is performing, identify areas of concern,
and then take action to address the concerns
Three basic types of control systems are available to
executives:
Output
Behavioral
Clan
Different organizations emphasize different types of control,
but most organizations use a mix of all three types
9-22
In addition to creating an appropriate organizational structure,
effectively executing strategy depends on the skillful use of
organizational control systems. Executives create strategies to
try to achieve their organization’s vision, mission, and goals.
Organizational control systems allow executives to track how
well the organization is performing, identify areas of concern,
and then take action to address the concerns. Three basic types
of control systems are available to executives: (1) output
control, (2) behavioral control, and (3) clan control. Different
organizations emphasize different types of control, but most
organizations use a mix of all three types.
27. 22
Creating Organizational Control Systems
Output control: Control that focuses on measurable results
within an organization
Behavioral control: Control that focuses on controlling the
actions that ultimately lead to results
Clan control: Informal type of control that relies on shared
traditions, expectations, values, and norms to lead people to
work toward the good of their organization
9-23
Output Control
24
Output control focuses on measurable results within an
organization. Examples from the business world include the
number of hits a website receives per day, the number of
microwave ovens an assembly line produces per week, and the
number of vehicles a car salesman sells per month (Figure 9.6
"Output Controls"). In each of these cases, executives must
decide what level of performance is acceptable, communica te
expectations to the relevant employees, track whether
performance meets expectations, and then make any needed
changes. In an ironic example, a group of post office workers in
Pensacola, Florida, were once disappointed to learn that their
paychecks had been lost—by the US Postal Service! The
corrective action was simple: they started receiving their pay
via direct deposit rather than through the mail.
24
28. Behavioral Control
25
While output control focuses on results, behavioral control
focuses on controlling the actions that ultimately lead to results.
In particular, various rules and procedures are used to
standardize or to dictate behavior. In most states, for example,
signs are posted in restaurant bathrooms reminding employees
that they must wash their hands before returning to work. The
dress codes that are enforced within many organizations are
another example of behavioral control. To try to prevent
employee theft, many firms have a rule that requires checks to
be signed by two people. And in a somewhat bizarre example,
some automobile factories dictate to workers how many minutes
they can spend in restrooms during their work shift.
25
Clan Control
26
Instead of measuring results (as in outcome control) or dictating
behavior (as in behavioral control), clan control is an informal
type of control. Specifically, clan control relies on shared
traditions, expectations, values, and norms to lead people to
work toward the good of their organization (Figure 9.8 "Clan
Controls"). Clan control is often used heavily in settings where
creativity is vital, such as many high-tech businesses. In these
companies, output is tough to dictate, and many rules are not
appropriate. The creativity of a research scientist would be
29. likely to be stifled, for example, if she were given a quota of
patents that she must meet each year (output control) or if a
strict dress code were enforced (behavioral control).
26
Clan Control
27
As part of the team-building effort at Google, new employees
are known as Noogles and are given a propeller hat to wear.
27
Management fads
28
The history of fads allows us to make certain predictions about
today’s hot ideas, such as empowerment, “good to great,” and
viral marketing. Executives who distill and act on basic lessons
from these fads are likely to enjoy performance improvements.
Empowerment, for example, builds on important research
findings regarding employees—many workers have important
insights to offer to their firms, and these workers become more
engaged in their jobs when executives take their insights
seriously. Relying too heavily on a fad, however, seldom turns
out well.
Just as executives in the 1980s could not treat In Search of
Excellence as a recipe for success, today’s executives should
avoid treating James Collins’s 2001 best-selling book Good to
Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…and Others Don’t
30. as a detailed blueprint for running their companies. Overall,
executives should understand that management fads usually
contain a core truth that can help organizations improve but that
a balance of output, behavioral, and clan control is needed
within most organizations. As legendary author Jack Kerouac
noted, “Great things are not accomplished by those who yield to
trends and fads and popular opinion.”
28
Legal Forms of Business
29
Chapter 9: Key Takeaways
Leaders of firms, ranging from the smallest sole proprietorship
to the largest global corporation, must make decisions about the
delegation of authority and responsibility when organizing
activities within their firms.
Deciding how to best divide labor to increase efficiency and
effectiveness is often the starting point for more complex
decisions that lead to the creation of formal organizational
charts.
To execute strategy effectively, managers also depend on the
skillful use of organizational control systems that involve
output, behavioral, and clan controls.
Executives need to avoid letting their firms become “out of
control” by being skeptical of management fads.
The legal form a business takes is an important decision with
implications for a firm’s organizational structure.
30
32. Corporate governance: The processes, policies, and laws that
govern an organization (often corporations) to establish
accountability and try and eliminate conflicts of interest
associated with the principle-agent problems
10-3
Boards of Directors
4
Boards of Directors
Stakeholders: Individuals and groups that have an interest so as
to stake a claim in an organization
The key stakeholder of most corporations is generally agreed to
be the shareholders of the company’s stock
Most large, publicly traded firms in the United States are made
up of thousands of shareholders
10-5
Boards of Directors
Agency problem: Exists when the interest of the individuals that
act as agents to manage the company, that may not align with
the interest of the firm’s stockholders
The composition of the board is critical because the dynamics
of the board play an important part in resolving the agency
problem
10-6
Boards of Directors
Board insiders: Members of the board of directors that are
generally employed inside of the organization
33. Board outsiders: Members of the board of directors that are
generally employed outside of the organization
CEO duality: Occurs when the chief executive officer is also the
chairman of the board of directors
Has been known to create bitter divide within a corporation
10-7
Boards of Directors
One of the most visible roles of boards of directors is the
setting of CEO pay
Large corporations must pay competitive wages for the scarce
talent that is needed to manage billion dollar corporations
CEO compensation is a function of the competitive wages that
other corporations would offer for a potential CEO’s services
Boards will face considerable scrutiny from investors if CEO
pay is out of line with industry norms
10-8
CEO Compensation
9
Corporate
Takeovers
10
10
34. Stages of Moral Development
Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg suggests that there are six
distinct stages of moral development
Kohlberg’s six stages were grouped into three levels:
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post-conventional
10-11
This theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical
behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each mor e
adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor.
11
Stages of Moral Development
12
Heinz Dilemma
13
13
Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
14
35. Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Law that set new or increased
standards for the boards of public United States companies and
accounting firms
Signed by President Bush in 2002
In response to corporate scandals at Enron, WorldCom, and
Tyco
11 aspects that represented some of the most far-reaching
reforms since the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt
For example, senior executive responsibility for financial
statement accuracy, independent auditors, criminal penalties for
destroying financial records, etc.
10-15
Cost of Corruption
16
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/02/spotlig
ht-the-victims-of-corruption.html
According to a 2004 study by the World Bank Institute, $1
trillion is paid every year in bribes worldwide. Many agree that
the victims of bribery are often those living in poverty in the
developing world, in countries rich in resources but dominated
by corrupt governments. While the vast majority of these
citizens remain very poor, often living on $1 a day, their elected
officials accumulate enormous personal wealth, taking millions
in bribes from corporations looking to secure lucrative
contracts. Research by Transparency International shows that
bribery not only stymies development, it also impacts health
services, literacy rates and the environment. In the above video
36. clip, experts talk about some of the countries hardest hit by a
culture of corruption.
16
Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
Social entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial actions where both
economic and social value creation occur
17
Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
Corporate social performance (CSP): The degree to which a
firm's actions honor ethical values that respect individuals,
communities, and the natural environment
Kinder, Lydenberg and Domini & Co. (KLD), a Boston-based
firm that rates firms on a number of stakeholder-related issues
with the goal of measuring CSP
18
Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
19
Understanding Thought Patterns
Kurt Lewin, known as the founder of social psychology, created
the well know formula: B = f (P,E)
In other words, individual behavior is a function of
characteristics of the person and characteristics of the
39. Understand the complexities associated with assessing
organizational performance
Understand how thinking and acting entrepreneurially can help
organizations and individuals
List and define the five dimensions of an entrepreneurial
orientation
Page 1
Importance of Vision
Vision: What the organization aspires to become in the future
A key tool for inspiring the people in an organiza tion
Well-constructed visions clearly articulate an organization’s
aspirations and can give an organization an edge over its rivals
The best visions are inspirational, clear, memorable, and
concise
Page 2
Vision Statements
Page 3
Vision Statements
A world where everyone has a decent place to live.
4
To become a world leader at connecting people to wildlife and
40. conservation.
Our vision is that people everywhere will share the power of a
wish.
Mission Statements
Mission: States the reasons for an organization’s existence
Well-written mission statements effectively capture an
organization’s identity
Answers the fundamental question of “who are we?
Reflects on the organization’s past and present
States why the organization exists and what role it plays in the
society
The best are clear, memorable, and concise
Page 5
Mission Statements
Page 6
Crafting Strategy
Page 7
SMART Goals
An organization’s vision and mission offer a broad, overall
sense of the organization’s direction. To work toward achieving
these overall aspirations, organizations also need to create
41. goals—narrower aims that should provide clear and tangible
guidance to employees as they perform their work on a daily
basis.
S – Specific
M – Measurable
A – Aggressive
R – Realistic
T – Time-bound
Page 8
A goal is specific if it is explicit rather than vague. A goal is
measurable to the extent that whether the goal is achieved can
be quantified. A goal is aggressive if achieving it presents a
significant challenge to the organization. A series of research
studies have demonstrated that performance is strongest when
goals are challenging but attainable. Such goals force people to
test and extend the limits of their abilities. Realistic goals are
feasible. Goals should be time-bound through the creation of
deadlines
8
SMART Goals
Page 9
Assessing Organizational Performance
Organizational performance: How well an organization is doing
at reaching its vision, mission, and goals
A multidimensional concept
Vital aspect of strategic management
42. Assists executives in knowing how well their organizations are
performing
Page 10
Assessing Organizational Performance
Performance measure: A metric along which organizations can
be gauged
Used by executives to examine measures such as profits, stock
price, and sales
Helps understand how well an organization is competing in the
market
Performance referent: Benchmark used to make sense of an
organization’s standing along a performance measure
Page 11
Financial Performance Measures and Referents
Page 12
The Balanced Scorecard
An approach to assessing performance that targets managers’
attention on four areas:
Financial – “How do we look to shareholders?”
Customer – “How do customers see us?”
Internal business process – “What must we excel at?”
Learning and growth - “Can we continue to improve and create
value?”
Helps managers resist the temptation to fixate on financial
measures, and instead monitor a diverse set of important
43. measures
Page 13
The Balanced Scorecard
Page 14
The Triple Bottom Line
Provides a tool to help executives focus on performance targets
beyond profits alone
Emphasizes the three Ps
People (Social concerns)
Planet (Environmental concerns)
Profits (Economic concerns)
Page 15
The Triple Bottom Line
Page 16
Assessing Performance
Page 17
six blind men set out to “see” what an elephant was like. The
first man touched the elephant’s side and believed the beast to
be like a great wall. The second felt the tusks and thought
elephants must be like spears. Feeling the trunk, the third man
44. thought it was a type of snake. Feeling a limb, the fourth man
thought it was like a tree trunk. The fifth, examining an ear,
thought it was like a fan. The sixth, touching the tail, thought it
was like a rope. If the men failed to communicate their different
impressions they would have all been partially right but wrong
about what ultimately mattered. This story parallels the
challenge involved in understanding the multidimensional
nature of organization performance because different measures
and referents may tell a different story about the organization’s
performance.
17
The CEO as Celebrity
Advantages
Serves as an intangible asset for the CEO’s firm - may increase
opportunities available to the firm
Hiring or developing a celebrity CEO may increase stock price,
enhance a firm’s image, and improve the morale of employees
and other stakeholders
Disadvantages
Magnifies any gaps between actual and expected firm
performance
Faces larger and more lasting reputation erosion if their
performance and behavior is inconsistent with their celebrity
image
2-18
18
Types of CEOs
2-19
45. Entrepreneurial Orientation
Processes, practices, and decision-making styles of
organizations that act entrepreneurially
An organization’s level of EO can be understood by examining
how it stacks up relative to five dimensions:
Innovativeness
Proactiveness
Risk taking
Competitive aggressiveness
Autonomy
2-20
Entrepreneurial Orientation
21
Entrepreneurial Orientation
An entrepreneurial orientation is also important for nonprofit
and/or public organizations
“If anything, relative to for-profits, there is a need for more
creativity in managing multiple stakeholders with conflicting
demands; heightened imagination in finding ways to garner,
combine, and deploy scarce resources; and enhanced innovation
in addressing vexing social problems” (Morris et al., 2011: p.
950).
22
46. Research setting
23
Promoting an Entrepreneurial Orientation
Page 24
Chapter 2: Key Takeaways
Page 25
Strategic leaders need to ensure that their organizations have
three types of aims. A vision states what the organization
aspires to become in the future. A mission reflects the
organization’s past and present by stating why the organization
exists and what role it plays in society. Goals are the more
specific aims that organizations pursue to reach their visions
and missions. The best goals are SMART: specific, measurable,
aggressive, realistic, and time-bound.
Organizational performance is a multidimensional concept, and
wise managers rely on multiple measures of performance when
gauging the success or failure of their organizations.
CEOs should be aware of and manage the potential for increased
scrutiny associated with their status.
Building an entrepreneurial orientatio n can be valuable to
organizations and individuals alike in identifying and seizing
new opportunities. Entrepreneurial orientation consists of five
dimensions: (1) autonomy, (2) competitive aggressiveness, (3)
47. innovativeness, (4) proactiveness, and (5) risk taking.
Chapter 5: Selecting Business-level Strategies
Understand and be able to apply the four primary generic
strategies to the analysis of companies
Know the advantages and disadvantages associated with each
strategy
Know the limitations of generic strategies
5-1
Generic Strategies
A general way of positioning a firm’s business level strategy
within an industry
Focusing on generic strategies allows executives to concentrate
on the core elements of firms’ business-level strategies
The most popular set of generic strategies is based on the work
of Professor Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School
5-2
Generic Strategies
Two competitive dimensions are the keys to business-level
strategy:
Source of competitive advantage - gain an edge on rivals by
keeping costs down or offer something unique in the market
Scope of operations – target customers in general or seek to
48. attract just a segment of customers
Four generic business-level strategies emerge from these
decisions:
Cost leadership
Differentiation
Focused cost leadership
Focused differentiation
Generic Strategies
Page 4
Cost Leadership
Cost leadership: Generic strategy that offers products or
services with acceptable quality and features to a broad set of
customers at a low price
Economies of scale are essential
Expenses are distributed across a greater number of items
5-5
Cost Leadership
Page 6
Cost Leadership
Page 7
49. The Yugo, for example, was an extremely unreliable car that
was made in Eastern Europe and sold in the United States for
about $4,000. Despite its attractive price tag, the Yugo was a
dismal failure because drivers simply could not depend on the
car for transportation. Yugo exited the United States in the early
1990s and closed down entirely in 2008.
7
Cost Leadership
“Dell finds it hilarious that HP and Sony fund researchers to
come up with new ideas.”
Page 8
“Steamrollered by Dell” Newsweek, February 21, 2005
8
Cost Leadership
5-9
Differentiation
Differentiation strategy: A generic strategy that attempts to
convince customers to pay a premium price for its good or
services by providing unique and desirable features
Using a differentiation strategy means that a firm is competing
based on uniqueness, rather than price
Its success depends on offering unique features and
50. communicating the value of these features to potential
customers
5-10
Differentiation
11
71
Differentiation
Page 12
12
Strategy Formulation in Razor Industry
Page 13
13
Focused Cost Leadership and Focused Differentiation
Focus strategies: Generic business strategies that involve
51. targeting a relatively narrow niche of potential customers
Focused cost leadership: A generic business strategy that
requires competing based on price to target a narrow market
Focused differentiation: A generic business strategy that
requires offering unique features that fulfill the demands of a
narrow market
5-14
Focused Cost Leadership
Page 15
Focused Cost Leadership
Page 16
16
Focused Differentiation
Page 17
Page 18
Focused Differentiation
52. 18
Focused Cost Leadership and Focused Differentiation
5-19
Best-Cost
A business level strategy followed by firms that charge
relatively low prices and offer substantial differentiation
5-20
Difficulty of the Best-Cost Strategy
Creating unique features and communicating to customers why
these features are useful generally raises a firm’s costs of doing
business
Page 21
Best-Cost
Page 22
Pursuing Best-Cost through Low-Overhead
Page 23
53. 23
Stuck in the Middle
A situation where a business level strategy does not offer
features that are unique enough to convince customers to buy its
offerings
Its prices are too high to effectively compete on based on price
Lack a clear market or competitive pricing
5-24
Stuck in the Middle
Page 25
Getting Outmaneuvered by Competitors
Firms often become stuck in the middle not because executives
fail to arrive at a well-defined strategy
But because firms are simply outmaneuvered by their rivals
Strategies must adapt to changes in the general and industry
environments
Page 26
54. 26
Chapter 5: Key Takeaways
This chapter explains generic business-level strategies that
executives select to keep their companies competitive.
Executives must select their company’s source of competitive
advantage by choosing to compete based on low-cost versus
more expensive features that differentiate their company from
competitors.
Targeting either a narrow or broad market helps companies
further understand their customer base. Based on these choices,
companies will follow cost leadership, differentiation, focused
cost leadership, or focused differentiation strategies.
Another potentially viable business strategy, best cost, exists
when companies offer relatively low prices while still managing
to differentiate their goods or services on some important value -
added aspects.
All companies can fall victim to being “stuck in the middle” by
not offering unique features or competitive prices.
Page 27
Chapter 8: Corporate Strategy
List and define the three concentration strategies
Explain the benefits of vertical integration
Describe the two types of diversification and when they should
be used
55. Give examples of retrenchment and restructuring
Describe why portfolio planning is useful for corporations
Page 1
Concentration Strategies
Concentration strategies: Strategies that firms use to try to
successfully compete only within a single industry
There are three concentration strategies:
Market penetration
Market development
Product development
8-2
Concentration Strategies
8-3
Concentration Strategies
8-4
Concentration Strategies
8-5
Concentration Strategies
Horizontal integration: Pursuing a concentration strategy by
56. acquiring or merging with a rival
Types of horizontal integration:
Acquisition
Merger
8-6
Concentration Strategies
Acquisition: Takes place when one company purchases another
company
The acquired company is smaller than the firm that purchases it
Merger: Joining of two companies into one
Involves similarly sized companies
8-7
Concentration Strategies
Horizontal integration can be attractive for several reasons:
Aimed at lowering costs by achieving greater economies of
scale
Provide access to new distribution channels
Despite the potential benefits of mergers and acquisitions, their
financial results often are very disappointing
More than 60 percent of mergers and acquisitions erode
shareholder wealth
Fewer than one in six increases shareholder wealth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dFvhq2sKfM
8
Vertical Integration Strategies
Vertical integration: When a firm gets involved in new portions
of the value chain
Can be very attractive when a firm’s suppliers or buyers have
57. too much power over the firm and are becoming increasingly
profitable at the firm’s expense
By entering the domain of a supplier or a buyer, executives can
reduce or eliminate the leverage that the supplier or buyer has
over the firm
Can create risks
Can create complacency
8-9
Vertical Integration Strategies
Backward vertical integration: A strategy that involves a firm
entering a supplier’s business
Used when executives are concerned that a supplier has too
much power over their firms
Forward vertical integration: A strategy that involves a firm
entering a buyer’s business
Useful for neutralizing the effect of powerful buyers
8-10
Vertical Integration Strategies
11
Risk of not being vertically integrated
12
The risk of not being vertically integrated is illustrated by the
2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Although the US government held BP responsible for the
58. disaster, BP cast at least some of the blame on drilling rig
owner Transocean and two other suppliers: Halliburton Energy
Services (which created the cement casing for the rig on the
ocean floor) and Cameron International Corporation (which had
sold Transocean blowout prevention equipment that failed to
prevent the disaster). In April 2011, BP sued these three firms
for what it viewed as their roles in the oil spill.
12
Diversification Strategies
Diversification strategies: Involve a firm entering entirely new
industries
Requires moving into new value chains
Three tests for diversification:
How attractive is the industry that a firm is considering
entering?
How much will it cost to enter the industry?
Will the new unit and the firm be better off?
8-13
Diversification Strategies
Related diversification: When a firm moves into a new industry
that has important similarities with the firm’s existing industry
or industries
Core competency: A skill set that is difficult for competitors to
imitate, can be leveraged in different businesses, and
contributes to the benefits enjoyed by customers within each
business
8-14
Diversification Strategies
Unrelated diversification: When a firm enters an industry that
lacks any important similarities with the firm’s existing
industry or industries
59. Most unrelated diversification efforts do not have happy
endings
8-15
Unrelated Diversification
16
Strategies for Getting Smaller-Retrenchment
Retrenchment: Reducing the size of part of a firm’s operations,
often through laying off employees
Firms following a retrenchment strategy shrink one or more of
their business units
Firms using this strategy hope to make just a small retreat
rather than losing a battle for survival
8-17
Strategies for Getting Smaller-Restructuring
Diversification discount: The tendency of investors to
undervalue the shares of a diversified firm
Divestment: Selling off part of a firm’s operations
Spin-off: Creating a new company whose stock is owned by
investors out of a piece of a bigger company
Liquidation: Shutting down portions of a firm’s operations,
often at a tremendous financial loss
8-18
Investors often struggle to understand the complexity of
60. diversified firms, and this can result in relatively poor
performance by the stocks of such firms. This is known as a
diversification discount. Executives sometimes attempt to
unlock hidden shareholder value by breaking up diversified
companies.
18
Spin-offs
19
Portfolio Planning and Corporate Level Strategy
Portfolio planning: A process that helps executives make
decisions involving their firms’ various industries
Offers suggestions about what to do within each industry, and
provides ideas for how to allocate resources across industries.
It first gained widespread attention in the 1970s and it remains
a popular tool among executives today
8-20
Portfolio Planning and Corporate Level Strategy
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix
Best-known approach to portfolio planning
Using the matrix requires a firm’s businesses to be categorized
as high or low along two dimensions:
Its share of the market
The growth rate of its industry
8-21
Portfolio Planning and Corporate Level Strategy
61. 8-22
Portfolio Planning and Corporate Level Strategy
Limitations to portfolio planning:
Oversimplifies the reality of competition by focusing on just
two dimensions when analyzing a company’s operations within
an industry
Can create motivational problems among employees
Does not help identify new opportunities
8-23
Research Round-Up: Divestiture and Firm Performance
For decades, executives have faced the dilemma of deciding
when it might be wise to spin-off or sell parts of their firms.
A recent research study combined the findings of 94 previous
studies of divestiture determined that divestiture activities help
firm performance.
In addition, firms with strategic motivations to divest
outperformed those that lacked a strategic rationale for
divestment.
Executives must carefully manage their collection of corporate
assets and be willing to sell them if the right opportunity arises.
24
Chapter 8: Key Takeaways
Executives grappling with corporate-level strategy must decide
in what industry or industries their firms will compete. Many of
the possible answers to this question involve growth.
Concentration strategies involve competing within existing
62. domains to expand within those domains. This can take the form
of market penetration, market development, or product
development.
Integration involves expanding into new stages of the value
chain.
Backward integration occurs when a firm enters a supplier’s
business while forward vertical integration occurs when a firm
enters a customer’s business.
Diversification involves entering entirely new industries; this
can be an industry that is related or unrelated to a firm’s
existing activities.
Sometimes being smart about corporate-level strategy requires
shrinking the firm through retrenchment or restructuring.
Portfolio planning can be useful for analyzing firms that
participate in a wide variety of industries.
25
Chapter 4 Learning Objectives
Define the four characteristics of resources that lead to
sustained competitive advantage as articulated by the resource-
based theory of the firm
Understand the difference between resources and capabilities
Understand how intellectual property can be a valuable resource
for firms
Know the 4 Ps of marketing
4-1
63. Learning Objectives
Define the primary activities of the value chain
Be able to discuss other theories about firm success and failure
beyond resource-based theory
Learn how SWOT analysis can help organizations and
individuals, and its limitations
4-2
Resource-based Theory
Contends that the possession of strategic resources provides an
organization with a golden opportunity to develop competitive
advantages over its rivals
A strategic resource is:
Valuable
Rare
Difficult to imitate
Nonsubstitutable
4-3
3
Resource-based Theory
Sustained competitive advantage: A competitive advantage that
will endure over time
Tangible resources: Resources than can be readily seen,
touched, and quantified such as physical assets, property, plant,
equipment and cash
Intangible resources: Resources that are difficult to see, touch,
or quantify such as the knowledge and skills of employees, a
firm’s reputation, and a firm’s culture
4-4
64. Resource-based Theory
Page 5
Resource-based Theory
Capabilities: What an organization can do based on the
resources it possesses
Dynamic capability: Unique ability to create new capabilities by
continually updating a firm’s array of capabilities in order to
keep pace with changes in its environment
Distinctive competence: A set of activities that an organization
performs especially well
4-6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoYbxXGAdC4
6
Paperscape Exercise
Page 7
4 Ps of Marketing
Marketing mix: Consists of the four Ps (Product, Price, Place,
Promotion) that firms use to offer customers a coherent and
persuasive message
Page 8
65. Leveraging resources and capabilities to create desirable
products and services is important, but customers must still be
convinced to purchase these goods and services. The
marketing mix—also known as the four Ps of marketing—
provides important insights into how to make this happen.
8
4 Ps of Marketing
Page 9
4 Ps of Marketing
Page 10
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind such as
inventions, artistic products, and symbols. Four types include:
Patents
Trademarks
Copyrights
Trade secrets
Page 11
Patents
4-12
67. 4-18
18
Copyrights
Page 19
http://www.ted.com/talks/rob_reid_the_8_billion_ipod.html
19
Value Chain
Primary activities: Actions that are directly involved in the
creation and distribution of goods and services
Inbound logistics (arrival of new material)
Operations (production process)
Marketing and Sales (attracting potential customers)
Service (provide assistance to customers)
4-20
Value Chain
Secondary activities: Not directly involved in the evolution of a
product, but instead provide important underlying support for
primary activities
Firm infrastructure (how the firm is organized and led by
executives)
Human resources management (recruitment, training, and
compensation of employees
Technology (use of computerization and telecommunications to
68. support primary activities)
Procurement (negotiating for and purchasing raw materials)
4-21
The Value Chain
4-22
Supply Chain
Supply chain: System of people, activities, information, and
resources involved in creating a product and moving it to the
customer
A broader concept than a value chain
Captures the entire process of creating and distributing a
product, often across several firms
4-23
Supply Chain
Best value supply chains: Focuses on the total value added to
the customer
Four components of a best value supply chain include:
Strategic supply chain management: Create competitive
advantages and enhance firm performance; strives to excel
along four measures: Speed, Quality, Cost, and Flexibility
Agility: Ability to act rapidly in response to dramatic changes
in supply and demand
Adaptability: Willingness and capacity to reshape supply chains
when necessary
Alignment: Creating consistency in the interests of all
participants in a supply chain
4-24
69. Other Views on Firm Performance
Enactment: Contends that an organization can, at least in part,
create an environment for itself that is beneficial to the
organization by putting strategies in place that reshape
competitive conditions in a favorable way
Environmental determinism: Contends that organizations are
very limited in their ability to adapt to the conditions around
them
Institutional theory: Examines the extent to which firms copy
each other’s strategies
Transaction cost economics: Centers on whether it is cheaper
for a firm to make or to buy the products that it needs
4-25
SWOT Analysis
A technique for understanding a firm’s strengths and
weaknesses along with the opportunities and threats that exist in
the firm’s environment
Takes a narrower focus by centering on an individual firm
Used to compare internal and external factors in order to
generate ideas about how their firm might become more
successful
4-26
SWOT Analysis
70. Page 27
SWOT Analysis
It is wise to focus on ideas that allow a firm to:
Leverage its strengths
Steer clear of or resolve its weaknesses
Capitalize on opportunities
Protect itself against threats
4-28
SWOT Analysis Exercise
Page 29
Chapter 4: Key Takeaways
Page 30
Resource-based theory argues that firms will perform better
when they assemble resources that are valuable, rare, difficult
to imitate, and nonsubstitutable.
Different forms of intellectual property often serve as strategic
resources for firms.
Examining a firm’s resources can be aided by the value chain, a
tool that systematically examines primary and secondary
activities in the creation of a good or service, and by a
knowledge of supply chain management that examines the value
added of multiple firms working together.
While resource-based theory provides a dominant view for
71. examining the determinants of firm success, other perspectives
provide insight for understanding specific behaviors of firms
within an industry.
SWOT analysis is a simple but powerful technique for
examining the interactions between factors internal and external
to the firm.
Chapter 7: Competing Internationally
Describe the benefits and risks of competing internationally.
Utilize the "diamond model" to explain why some firms
compete better in international markets than others.
List and define the three types of international strategies that
firms can adopt.
Describe four options for entering an international market.
1
Why sell internationally?
The most obvious reason to compete in international markets is
gaining access to new customers
The U.S. accounts for only about 5% of the world’s population
Selling goods and services to the other 95% of people on the
planet can be very appealing for companies whose industry
within their home market are saturated
7-2
72. Why sell internationally?
Many firms that compete in international markets hope to gain
cost advantages
If a firm can increase it sales volume by entering a new country,
for example, it may attain economies of scale that lower its
production costs
Offshoring: Relocation of a business activity to another country
A popular yet controversial means for reducing costs
The job losses in the firm’s home country can devastate local
communities
Reshoring
7-3
Why sell internationally?
Business risk: The potential that a business operation might fail
If a firm is completely dependent on one country, negative
events in that country could ruin the firm
Business risk is reduced when involved in multiple countries
7-4
Why Compete in New Markets?
5
International Market Risk
6
73. International Market Risk
Political risk: The potential for government upheaval or
interference with business to harm an operation within a country
Unstable governments make it difficult for firms to plan for the
future
A government hostile to foreign businesses could impose new
taxes and new regulations
Nationalization: Seizure of privately-owned business operations
by the national government
7-7
International Market Risk
Economic risk: The potential for a country’s economic
conditions and policies, property rights protections, and
currency exchange rates to harm an operation
Cultural risk: The potential for a company’s operations in a
country to struggle due to differences in language, customs,
norms and customer preferences
7-8
Cultural Intelligence
9
Cultural Intelligence
10
74. 7-11
Porter’s Diamond Model
Drivers of Success and Failure
Demand conditions: The nature of domestic customers,
especially when they have high expectations of the goods and
services that they buy
Firms benefit when their domestic customers have high
expectations
7-12
d
12
Drivers of Success and Failure
13
Drivers of Success and Failure
Factor conditions: The nature of raw material and other inputs
that firms need in order to create goods and services
Firms benefit when they have good access to factor conditions
and face challenges when they do not
Overcoming disadvantages in factor conditions leads companies
75. to develop unique skills
Just-in-time inventory management: A production system that
conserves space and lowers costs, by requiring inputs to a
production process to arrive at the moment they are needed
7-14
Drivers of Success and Failure
15
Drivers of Success and Failure
Related and supporting industries: The extent to which firms’
domestic suppliers and other complementary industries are
developed and helpful
In extreme cases, the poor condition of related and supporting
industries can undermine an operation
7-16
Drivers of Success and Failure
17
Drivers of Success and Failure
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: How challenging it is to
survive domestic competition
Companies that have survived intense rivalry within their home
markets are likely to have developed strategies and structures
that will facilitate their success when competing in international
76. markets
7-18
Drivers of Success and Failure
19
7-20
Porter’s Diamond Model
Types of International Strategies
Multinational corporation: A firm that has operations in more
than one country
International strategy
Strategies that are used to guide a firm’s effort in various
countries
These strategies vary in their emphasis on achieving efficiency
around the world and responding to local needs
There are three main international strategies available:
Multidomestic
Global
Transnational
7-21
Types of International Strategies
Multidomestic strategy: Sacrifices efficiency in favor of being
responsive to varying local preferences across countries
Global strategy: Sacrifices responsiveness to local preferences
in favor of being efficient
78. 24
Options for Competing in International Markets
Licensing is most frequently used in manufacturing industries.
Licensing involves granting a foreign company the right to
create a company’s product within a foreign country in
exchange for a fee.
A firm that grants a license avoids absorbing a lot of costs, but
its profits are limited to the fees that it collects from the local
firm.
Creating a joint venture or a strategic alliance is also an option.
In a joint venture, two or more organizations each contribute to
the creation of a new entity.
In a strategic alliance, firms work together cooperatively, but no
new organization is formed.
In both cases, the firm and its local partner or partners share
decision making authority, control of the operation, and any
profits that the relationship creates.
25
Research Round-Up: Entry Strategies in Emerging Economies
A study of four emerging economies—India, Vietnam, South
Africa, and Egypt—examined multinational enterprises that
used greenfield ventures, acquisitions, or joint ventures.
The study found that forms of entry that could be more easily
managed at arm’s length—greenfield ventures and
acquisitions—were more common than joint ventures in
countries that offer high levels of freedom to engage in business
activity.
79. Relying on joint ventures is helpful in countries that have
inefficient markets or those marked by corrupt business
practices.
The overall message of this study is that when choosing a
market entry strategy, executives must consider both the need to
gain access to local resources and the business norms and rules
in a particular country.
26
Chapter 7: Key Takeaways
This chapter explains competition in international markets.
Executives must consider the benefits and risks of competing
internationally when making decisions about whether to expand
overseas.
Executives also need to determine the likelihood that their firms
will succeed when they compete in international markets by
examining demand conditions, factor conditions, related and
supporting industries, and strategy, structure, and rivalry among
its domestic competitors.
When a firm does venture overseas, a decision must be made
about whether its international strategy will be multidomestic,
global, or transnational.
When leading a firm to enter a new market, executives can
choose to manage the operation via exporting, creating a wholly
owned subsidiary, franchising, licensing, and creating a joint
venture or strategic alliance.
27
80. Learning Objectives: Chapter 1
Identify the fundamental question of strategic management
List and define the 5 P’s of strategy
Contrast intended, emergent, and realized strategies
Describe how strategic management evolved into a field of
study
Summarize the strategic management process
1-1
Strategic management process
2
What is strategic management?
Examines how actions and events involving top executives
(such as Steve Jobs), firms (Apple), and industries (the tablet
market) influence a firm’s success or failure
Formal tools that exist for understanding these relationships are
not enough
Creativity is just as important to strategic management
1-3
5 P’s of Strategy
4
81. A business model should be a central element of a firm’s
strategic plan. A business model describes the process through
which a firm hopes to earn profits.
4
Strategies
Intended strategies: Strategy that an organization hopes to
execute
Deliberate strategy: The parts of the intended strategy that an
organization continues to pursue over time
Emergent strategies: Unplanned strategy that arises in response
to unexpected opportunities and challenges
Realized strategies: The strategy that an organization actually
follows. They are a product of both intended and realized
strategies
Non-realized strategy: The parts of the intended strategy that
are abandoned
1-5
Intended, Deliberate, and Realized Strategy
1-6
6
82. History of Strategic Management
1-7
7
8
Classic Military Strategy
8
Modern History of Strategic Management
1-9
9
Modern History of Strategic Management
1-10
Modern History of Strategic Management
1-11
Strategic Management Process
83. Strategic management process: Building a careful understanding
of how the world is changing and the a knowledge of how those
changes might affect a particular firm
Understanding strategy and performance
Environmental and Internal scanning
Strategy formulation
Strategy implementation
1-12
Chapter 1: Key Takeaways
Strategic management focuses on firms and the different
strategies that they use to become and remain successful.
Multiple views of strategy exist, and the 5 P’s described by
Henry Mintzberg enhance understanding of the various ways in
which firms conceptualize strategy.
Most organizations create intended strategies that they hope to
follow to be successful. Over time, however, changes in an
organization’s situation give rise to new opportunities and
challenges. Organizations respond to these changes using
emergent strategies. Realized strategies are a product of both
intended and emergent strategies.
Although strategic management as a field of study has develop
mostly over the last century, the concept of strategy is much
older. Understanding strategic management can benefit greatly
by learning the lessons that ancient history and military strategy
provide.
Strategic management is a process that requires the ability to
manage change. Consequently, executives must be careful to
monitor and to interpret the events in their environment, to take
84. appropriate actions when change is needed, and to monitor their
performance to ensure that their firms are able to survive and, it
is hope, thrive over time.
13
13
Crafting Strategy (Mintzberg, 1987)
14
Imagine someone planning strategy. What likely springs to mind
is an image of orderly thinking: a senior manager, or a group of
them, sitting in an office formulating courses of action that
everyone else will implement on schedule. The keynote is
reason-rational control, the systematic analysis of competitors
and markets, of company strengths and weaknesses, the
combination of these analyses producing clear, explicit, full -
blown strategies.
Now imagine someone crafting strategy, A whole different
image likely results, as different from planning as craft is from
mechanization. Craft involves traditional skill, dedication,
perfection through the mastery of detail. What springs to mind
is not so much thinking and reason as involvement, a feeling of
intimacy and harmony with the materials at hand, developed
through long experience and commitment. Formulation and
implementation merge into a fluid process of learning through
which creative strategies evolve.
85. 14
Chapter 6: Supporting Business-Level StrategiesUnderstand the
various forms of competitive and cooperative moves
Explain the importance of competitive intelligence
Utilize concepts from chapter to offer recommendations for
companies
Page *
Making Competitive MovesA first-mover advantage exists when
making the initial move into a market allows a firm to establish
a dominant position that other firms struggle to overcome. A
first-mover cannot be sure that customers will embrace its
offering, making a first move inherently risky.A disruptive
innovation is one that conflicts with, and threatens to replace,
traditional approaches to competing within an industry.A
foothold is a small position that a firm intentionally establishes
within a market in which it does not yet compete.
*
Making Competitive movesA blue ocean strategy involves
creating a new, untapped market rather than competing with
rivals in an existing market.Bricolage creates new markets by
using whatever materials and resources happen to be available
87. Page *
Why CI?
Play the Game DifferentlyNew market opportunityNew
customersDevelop/leverage new value chain strengthsNew
strategies/tacticsNew “flow” of the game
Figuring out what drives behavior
Environment/industry drivers
Organizational drivers
Managerial drivers
Playing the Game Better
Focus on existing competitors/strategic position
Leverage value chain strengths
Incrementally improve existing strategies/tactics
Page *
Competitor Intelligence Pyramid
Industry experts/analysts
Industry publications
Trade shows/conferences
Advertisements/PR
University research centers
Financial
Court documents/patents
Suppliers/customers
Newspapers
Help wanted ads
Reverse engineering labs
*
88. Chapter SummaryExecutives may choose to act swiftly by being
a first mover in their market, and their firms may benefit if they
are offering disruptive innovations to an industry.Executives
may also choose a more conservative route by establishing a
foothold within an area that can serve as a launching point or by
avoiding existing competitors overall by using a blue ocean
strategy. When firms are on the receiving end of a competitive
attack, they are likely to retaliate to the extent that they possess
awareness, motivation, and capability.When firms encounter a
potentially disruptive innovation, they might ignore the threat,
confront it head on, or attack along a different dimension.
Rather than engaging in a head-to-head battle with competitors,
executives may also choose to engage in a cooperative strategy
such as a joint venture, strategic alliance, colocation, or co-
opetition. Regardless of the decision executives make, in many
cases any attempt to act on a viable road map will result in
progress that will get the firm moving in the right direction.
*