This document discusses tree defects, decay, and D49. It defines defects as naturally occurring growth patterns that negatively impact a tree's stability or strength. Included bark, circling-girdling roots, and poor canopy structure are provided as examples of defects. Circling-girdling roots are caused by roots growing into an impenetrable surface. Decay is defined as the breakdown of woody material caused by injury, disease, or fungi. Decay can be prevented through proper pruning and planting practices. Various indicators of decay are given as reasons for tree removal or close monitoring. D49 is also mentioned but not described.

1. Defects, Decay and D49 TCIA Accreditation #CA-21 Adam Heard - Certified Arborist #WE-7763A www.FourSeasonsTC.com

3. Circling-Girdling Roots

5. Defects – Included Bark Fall Zone

6. Defects – Included Bark

7. Defects – Included Bark

8. Defects – Included Bark

9. Defects – Included Bark 8 Feet of Decay

12. Defects – Circling-Girdling Roots

13. Defects – Circling-Girdling Roots

14. Defects, Decay and De Law

15. Defects – Circling-Girdling Roots

17. Decay – Caused by Injury

18. Decay – Caused by Injury

19. Decay – Fungal Pathogens

20. Decay – Fungal Pathogens

21. Decay – Injury and Fungus Combos

22. Decay – Fungus and Injury Combos

23. Decay – Various Indicators

24. D49

25. D49

26. D49

27. Defects, Decay and D49 TCIA Accreditation #CA-21 Adam Heard - Certified Arborist #WE-7763A www.FourSeasonsTC.com