2. TERRITORIALITY
• Energy expensive
• Injury risk
• Increase consciousness
• Spotted by predators
• Decrease foraging time
• Decrease mate guarding time
• Decrease life span
http://pretired.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/angry-bird-icon.png
3. THE ‘DEAR ENEMY’ EFFECT
• Tolerating conspecific neighbor
• Increase fitness of both males
• Common across many taxa
• Perhaps evolutionary lead to cooperation
• Alliance; strange males and predators
• Nasty Neighbor
• Neighbor can be equally threating
4. SONG BIRDS
• Songs are complex with varying thrills and whistles
• Can vary in bouts, intensity, and rate
• Learn song from other males in their environment
• Distinct dialects
• Develop a repertoire
5. CARDINALIS CARDINALIS
• Non-migratory bird
• Flock together in the winter
• Monogamous
• Brood 3-4 times/year
• Dimorphism
• Females sings
• Song repertoire
http://www.angrybirdsworld.com/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2011/02/AngryBirdsLove2.bmp
8. METHODS: PLAYBACK
Treatment 1: Familiar songs for three minutes
Treatment 2: Unfamiliar songs for three minutes
• Observed latency period, flyovers, and proximity
• Statistical analysis
• t-test and ꭓ2
h=2 m
x,y,z
1 m
5 m
10 m
15 m
Familiar
Unfamiliar
13. DISCUSSION
• Overall, a slight significate difference was found
between familiar and unfamiliar calls
• Time of breeding season
• Courtship, nest building, egg laying, rearing
• Extra pair copulation
• Parasitized by cowbird
http://img3.findthebest.com/sites/default/files/2761/
media/images/Northern_Cardinal_590530_i0.jpg