This document summarizes a presentation given by David J. Brennan at the 2012 BC Gay Men's Health Summit in Vancouver, British Columbia on November 1-2, 2012. The presentation addressed reconsidering gay men and body image by questioning the connection between social determinants of health and body image for gay men, and whether gay visual media portray exclusionary body types. Brennan discussed research showing influences on gay men's body image ideals from media and pornography, as well as the negotiation of racialized body image and the impact of body image on relationships and health.
Media Effects On Body Image Presentatontiffanywexler
The document discusses how mass media can negatively impact youth's perceptions of their bodies. It presents several studies that show how exposure to thin ideals in television, film, magazines, and other media sources is linked to increased body dissatisfaction, dieting, use of supplements, and other issues for both boys and girls. The media provides models of ideal masculinity and femininity that youth strive to emulate, not realizing the images are often unrealistic. This demonstrates the powerful influence media can have in shaping societal norms around gender, appearance, and body image during development.
This document discusses the influence of media on body image and some consequences of unrealistic body standards. It notes that television, movies, magazines, and advertisements often portray thin bodies as the ideal and use editing techniques to make images unattainable. This can lead both women and men to feel pressure to achieve these ideals through unhealthy means like extreme dieting, over-exercising, and cosmetic procedures. The document also examines the younger ages that children are exposed to issues of body image and discusses how even toys like Barbie promote unrealistic body types.
The document discusses a survey of 100 college students about body image and their perceptions of beauty ideals promoted by the media. The key findings were that nearly 70% of female students were unhappy with their appearance, 94% wanted to change something about their face or body, and 72% felt they learned the "perfect body" standard from media exposure. The document advocates increasing media literacy and promoting alternative messages of healthy body image to reduce the negative impacts of unrealistic beauty standards.
The document summarizes the BYoutiful campaign, which aims to raise awareness about body shaming and negative representations of women in media. The campaign will target 17-26 year old females through events at universities in London and social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat. A survey found that over half of the target audience is only moderately happy with their body image. The goal of the campaign is to empower women to feel confident in themselves rather than how media portrays them. BYoutiful will use positive messaging and quotes on social media to promote body positivity.
This document summarizes a research paper about the negative effects of age stereotyping. It discusses how negative aging stereotypes are commonly held in society and internalized by older individuals, leading to negative self-stereotyping. Negative self-stereotyping is shown to have physiological impacts and can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, imposing unnecessary limitations. The paper examines ageism and negative stereotypes of elders in the media, among children, and in the medical field. It discusses the concept of self-stereotyping and the harmful effects of negative self-stereotypes on elders' health based on previous research studies. The purpose is to show how acceptance of positive aging stereotypes can benefit elders' physical and mental health.
This document analyzes the effects of age stereotyping. It discusses how negative aging stereotypes are prevalent in society and internalized by older adults, leading to a cycle where stereotypes influence treatment and self-perception. The stereotypes impose unnecessary limitations and negatively impact health. While some stereotypes are harmless, widespread acceptance can lead to ageism. The paper examines how positive stereotypes may extend life and proposes recognizing and addressing ageism to improve quality of life for older populations.
Media Effects On Body Image Presentatontiffanywexler
The document discusses how mass media can negatively impact youth's perceptions of their bodies. It presents several studies that show how exposure to thin ideals in television, film, magazines, and other media sources is linked to increased body dissatisfaction, dieting, use of supplements, and other issues for both boys and girls. The media provides models of ideal masculinity and femininity that youth strive to emulate, not realizing the images are often unrealistic. This demonstrates the powerful influence media can have in shaping societal norms around gender, appearance, and body image during development.
This document discusses the influence of media on body image and some consequences of unrealistic body standards. It notes that television, movies, magazines, and advertisements often portray thin bodies as the ideal and use editing techniques to make images unattainable. This can lead both women and men to feel pressure to achieve these ideals through unhealthy means like extreme dieting, over-exercising, and cosmetic procedures. The document also examines the younger ages that children are exposed to issues of body image and discusses how even toys like Barbie promote unrealistic body types.
The document discusses a survey of 100 college students about body image and their perceptions of beauty ideals promoted by the media. The key findings were that nearly 70% of female students were unhappy with their appearance, 94% wanted to change something about their face or body, and 72% felt they learned the "perfect body" standard from media exposure. The document advocates increasing media literacy and promoting alternative messages of healthy body image to reduce the negative impacts of unrealistic beauty standards.
The document summarizes the BYoutiful campaign, which aims to raise awareness about body shaming and negative representations of women in media. The campaign will target 17-26 year old females through events at universities in London and social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat. A survey found that over half of the target audience is only moderately happy with their body image. The goal of the campaign is to empower women to feel confident in themselves rather than how media portrays them. BYoutiful will use positive messaging and quotes on social media to promote body positivity.
This document summarizes a research paper about the negative effects of age stereotyping. It discusses how negative aging stereotypes are commonly held in society and internalized by older individuals, leading to negative self-stereotyping. Negative self-stereotyping is shown to have physiological impacts and can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, imposing unnecessary limitations. The paper examines ageism and negative stereotypes of elders in the media, among children, and in the medical field. It discusses the concept of self-stereotyping and the harmful effects of negative self-stereotypes on elders' health based on previous research studies. The purpose is to show how acceptance of positive aging stereotypes can benefit elders' physical and mental health.
This document analyzes the effects of age stereotyping. It discusses how negative aging stereotypes are prevalent in society and internalized by older adults, leading to a cycle where stereotypes influence treatment and self-perception. The stereotypes impose unnecessary limitations and negatively impact health. While some stereotypes are harmless, widespread acceptance can lead to ageism. The paper examines how positive stereotypes may extend life and proposes recognizing and addressing ageism to improve quality of life for older populations.
The document discusses how the media portrays unrealistic standards that pressure men and women. It summarizes research showing that women see hundreds of advertisements per day emphasizing beauty, causing many to feel pressure to be thin. Men are often depicted as hyper-masculine and dominant. A survey found that both men and women feel the media influences them to conform to stereotypes, with women feeling pressure to be thin and beautiful, and men feeling pressure to be strong and muscular. While the media impacts both sexes, it pressures them in different ways and can lower self-esteem, especially in women.
Body image refers to how one sees and feels about their own body. It involves perceptions of appearance as well as feelings of connectedness. Body image is shaped by various factors and influenced heavily by media which often portrays thin, flawless bodies that are unattainable for many. This can lead to negative body image among women and consequences like depression, eating disorders, and unhealthy behaviors. Treatment focuses on recognizing irrational thoughts and developing a greater appreciation for one's body.
The document discusses the impact of mass media on body image. It notes that the average person sees around 5,000 advertisements per day, a third of which involve appearance ideals. The mass media, including television, magazines, and social media, exposes people to unrealistic body standards that can negatively impact body image and mental health. The survey results showed that participants were aware of media influence but felt some control over their own body image. While physical attributes were common likes and desired changes, personality traits were also frequently mentioned. The conclusion is that while completely avoiding media influence is impossible, surrounding oneself with positive support systems can help prevent comparisons to airbrushed images.
The document discusses how unrealistic photoshopping of models and celebrities in media affects body image. Most photos are altered to make skin flawless and bodies thinner. However, the average American woman weighs 35 pounds more and is 6 inches shorter than models. Constant exposure to these fake images sets unattainable standards and increases risk of eating disorders. While media aims to sell an ideal, photoshopping creates physically impossible bodies and distorts our view of beauty. This connection between unrealistic media portrayals and negative self-perception can have serious consequences for mental and physical health.
Sexism refers to unjustified negative behavior against individuals based on their gender and involves harmful stereotypes about appropriate gender roles, occupations, and abilities. There are three main types of sexism: individual sexism involving personal biases and stereotypes; institutional sexism through policies that restrict opportunities for one gender; and cultural sexism through lower social status and power of women in society. Sexism can lead to discrimination in areas like pay, education admissions, and evaluations of competence based on gender.
Conor Geraghty's paper discusses sexual objectification of women in social and media contexts. It explores how objectification reduces women to their physical appearance and body parts for the sole purpose of male pleasure and satisfaction. Early arguments from philosophers like Kant viewed those who are objects of sexual desire as mere means to an end. Studies also show that focusing on women's physicality can decrease perceptions of their competence and agency. Music videos frequently portray women in sexually submissive roles and outfits that emphasize their sexuality, while portraying men as dominant. Exposure to such objectifying media influences casual attitudes about gender and sex, especially amongst adolescents.
This is a presentation I gave at a workshop for local high school girls. The presentation was based off the research I did for my college thesis on women\’s body image and the media\’s impact.
Influence of Mass Media on Female Body ImageTala Bash
This document discusses the influence of mass media on female body image. It contains several sections analyzing how television, magazines, advertising and digital media promote unrealistic body standards that can lead to body image issues and eating disorders in women. The presentation also examines how celebrities and photoshopping distort perceptions of beauty. It concludes by emphasizing that the media should not dictate body image and that everyone has the right to feel comfortable in their own skin.
This document provides an overview of topics related to educational psychology and the social side of sex. It discusses how culture and nature influence sexuality and gender identity. It examines theories of sexuality and how social factors can determine sexual preferences. It also explores concepts like erotic plasticity, consistency between attitudes and behaviors, and the relationship between sex and prosocial behaviors. Case studies are presented on gender identity and how social groups approach sex and helping behaviors differently.
This document summarizes research on body image problems faced by women in the United States. It notes that millions of women undergo cosmetic procedures, spend billions on beauty products, develop eating disorders, and experience negative mental health effects from societal pressures to attain an unrealistic beauty ideal. This ideal standard emphasizes being young, thin, tall, and white. Consequently, women feel compelled to use dangerous products, undergo risky surgeries, and develop unhealthy behaviors in attempts to achieve this ideal, contributing to widespread problems like poor body image, eating disorders, and related physical and psychological health issues among women.
Body image in the media is typically represented through very thin models and an emphasis on physical attractiveness. However, some media is starting to provide more positive and realistic portrayals of women. The overarching media narrative around youth culture and crime often portrays negative stereotypes of young people.
Sexism is portrayed in various media sources such as TV shows, movies, advertisements and books. A survey of 23 people found that most had witnessed sexism towards women, including portrayals of women as inferior or belonging in the kitchen. However, opinions varied on whether sexism is a major problem, with about half believing it is a problem and half not seeing it as a big deal. While some media sources portray women in sexual or subservient roles, the impact of these portrayals is unclear according to the survey responses.
Being A Woman: Social Challenges, Concerns and More...OnIslam
It is painful to see people in the 21st century look at a woman as a mere body to be exhibited in the media and in the streets just to please the public.
It’s also painful to see people look down on women as the weaker sex and a source of evil on this earth. It is equally painful to see people pretending to be modern/fair enough to defend women’s rights but they totally denounce it whenever faced with real situations that need actions rather than words.
In this e-book, we highlight some enlightening pieces, sincere reflections and Q&A on issues that affect women in modern times.
Download: http://www.onislam.net/english/ebooks/family/485741-being-a-woman-ebook.html
The document discusses beauty ideals for women promoted by the media that emphasize being thin, young, flawless, and attractive. These unrealistic standards contribute to mental and physical health issues for many women, including eating disorders, depression, and low self-esteem. Billions are also spent each year on products and plastic surgery for women trying to achieve these unattainable ideals, yet most women do not consider themselves beautiful by society's standards.
The document discusses the history and methods of studying human sexuality. It covers topics like the rise of sex advice in media, challenges of objectivity in research, early researchers like Freud and Kinsey who brought sexuality into the scientific realm, and contemporary national surveys that provide insights but also face difficulties due to political and social climates. It emphasizes the need for future research to have expanded definitions of sexuality, more inclusion of diverse perspectives, and intervention-based studies to better understand human relationships and behaviors.
1) The document discusses research on how media representations of idealized thin female bodies negatively impact women's body image.
2) Studies show both men and women now view their bodies more negatively due to constant exposure to thin ideals in advertisements and media.
3) Content analyses find women in media are overwhelmingly portrayed as thin while men are usually average weight, and negative stereotypes are associated with overweight people of both genders.
This document summarizes research on body image and its determinants. It discusses how the media promotes an idealized thin body image for women through advertisements. Studies show this exposure is linked to negative body image in both men and women. Factors like race, ethnicity, and culture also influence perceptions of attractiveness. The widespread portrayal of thin women in Western media has affected body image standards globally. Exposure to thin ideals in TV shows and magazines is found to increase body dissatisfaction in women.
This document discusses a research study examining body image and body satisfaction among African American and Saudi American women in comparison to the American feminine ideal. The study investigates whether awareness of the thin American ideal negatively impacts body esteem in these groups. It reviews literature showing that cultural norms can influence body dissatisfaction and that social and family pressures may reinforce attitudes. The study aims to explore how media and sociocultural factors shape perceptions of ideal body image for Arab and African American women. It poses hypotheses that media negatively influences their views of ideal bodies and that social influences impact body image preferences in both groups.
Sexism is unfair treatment or discrimination against people based on their sex or gender. It often stems from harmful gender stereotypes that see women as inferior. Throughout history, women have faced discrimination and been seen as witches or less capable. While sexism exists in many societies, the document notes it can be particularly problematic in Guatemala where women face wage gaps and judgment based on their appearance or culture. Several contributors reflect that sexism damages society by limiting women's opportunities and that change needs to start at home by teaching children respect regardless of gender.
The document discusses how media and societal pressures negatively impact women's body image. It explores how the multi-billion dollar beauty industry promotes unrealistic standards of beauty that cause women to feel inadequate. Exposure to heavily edited images in media from a young age can lead to eating disorders, low self-esteem, and obsession with physical appearance rather than health. As women age, they may feel anxiety over natural physical changes due to unrealistic expectations promoted by media and industry.
CELEBRATION OF SCHOLARSHIP - 4-14-15 Revised FinalTaylor Hartman
1) College men's perceptions of their body image are influenced by their gender identity, sexuality, relationships, and sports or media portrayals of masculinity.
2) They feel pressure to attain muscular or thin ideals of masculinity shown in media. This causes some to over-exercise or restrict eating in unhealthy ways.
3) Comparing their bodies to peers and athletes can negatively impact mood and self-esteem. However, sports also provide a healthy avenue to improve body function rather than appearance.
The document discusses how the media portrays unrealistic standards that pressure men and women. It summarizes research showing that women see hundreds of advertisements per day emphasizing beauty, causing many to feel pressure to be thin. Men are often depicted as hyper-masculine and dominant. A survey found that both men and women feel the media influences them to conform to stereotypes, with women feeling pressure to be thin and beautiful, and men feeling pressure to be strong and muscular. While the media impacts both sexes, it pressures them in different ways and can lower self-esteem, especially in women.
Body image refers to how one sees and feels about their own body. It involves perceptions of appearance as well as feelings of connectedness. Body image is shaped by various factors and influenced heavily by media which often portrays thin, flawless bodies that are unattainable for many. This can lead to negative body image among women and consequences like depression, eating disorders, and unhealthy behaviors. Treatment focuses on recognizing irrational thoughts and developing a greater appreciation for one's body.
The document discusses the impact of mass media on body image. It notes that the average person sees around 5,000 advertisements per day, a third of which involve appearance ideals. The mass media, including television, magazines, and social media, exposes people to unrealistic body standards that can negatively impact body image and mental health. The survey results showed that participants were aware of media influence but felt some control over their own body image. While physical attributes were common likes and desired changes, personality traits were also frequently mentioned. The conclusion is that while completely avoiding media influence is impossible, surrounding oneself with positive support systems can help prevent comparisons to airbrushed images.
The document discusses how unrealistic photoshopping of models and celebrities in media affects body image. Most photos are altered to make skin flawless and bodies thinner. However, the average American woman weighs 35 pounds more and is 6 inches shorter than models. Constant exposure to these fake images sets unattainable standards and increases risk of eating disorders. While media aims to sell an ideal, photoshopping creates physically impossible bodies and distorts our view of beauty. This connection between unrealistic media portrayals and negative self-perception can have serious consequences for mental and physical health.
Sexism refers to unjustified negative behavior against individuals based on their gender and involves harmful stereotypes about appropriate gender roles, occupations, and abilities. There are three main types of sexism: individual sexism involving personal biases and stereotypes; institutional sexism through policies that restrict opportunities for one gender; and cultural sexism through lower social status and power of women in society. Sexism can lead to discrimination in areas like pay, education admissions, and evaluations of competence based on gender.
Conor Geraghty's paper discusses sexual objectification of women in social and media contexts. It explores how objectification reduces women to their physical appearance and body parts for the sole purpose of male pleasure and satisfaction. Early arguments from philosophers like Kant viewed those who are objects of sexual desire as mere means to an end. Studies also show that focusing on women's physicality can decrease perceptions of their competence and agency. Music videos frequently portray women in sexually submissive roles and outfits that emphasize their sexuality, while portraying men as dominant. Exposure to such objectifying media influences casual attitudes about gender and sex, especially amongst adolescents.
This is a presentation I gave at a workshop for local high school girls. The presentation was based off the research I did for my college thesis on women\’s body image and the media\’s impact.
Influence of Mass Media on Female Body ImageTala Bash
This document discusses the influence of mass media on female body image. It contains several sections analyzing how television, magazines, advertising and digital media promote unrealistic body standards that can lead to body image issues and eating disorders in women. The presentation also examines how celebrities and photoshopping distort perceptions of beauty. It concludes by emphasizing that the media should not dictate body image and that everyone has the right to feel comfortable in their own skin.
This document provides an overview of topics related to educational psychology and the social side of sex. It discusses how culture and nature influence sexuality and gender identity. It examines theories of sexuality and how social factors can determine sexual preferences. It also explores concepts like erotic plasticity, consistency between attitudes and behaviors, and the relationship between sex and prosocial behaviors. Case studies are presented on gender identity and how social groups approach sex and helping behaviors differently.
This document summarizes research on body image problems faced by women in the United States. It notes that millions of women undergo cosmetic procedures, spend billions on beauty products, develop eating disorders, and experience negative mental health effects from societal pressures to attain an unrealistic beauty ideal. This ideal standard emphasizes being young, thin, tall, and white. Consequently, women feel compelled to use dangerous products, undergo risky surgeries, and develop unhealthy behaviors in attempts to achieve this ideal, contributing to widespread problems like poor body image, eating disorders, and related physical and psychological health issues among women.
Body image in the media is typically represented through very thin models and an emphasis on physical attractiveness. However, some media is starting to provide more positive and realistic portrayals of women. The overarching media narrative around youth culture and crime often portrays negative stereotypes of young people.
Sexism is portrayed in various media sources such as TV shows, movies, advertisements and books. A survey of 23 people found that most had witnessed sexism towards women, including portrayals of women as inferior or belonging in the kitchen. However, opinions varied on whether sexism is a major problem, with about half believing it is a problem and half not seeing it as a big deal. While some media sources portray women in sexual or subservient roles, the impact of these portrayals is unclear according to the survey responses.
Being A Woman: Social Challenges, Concerns and More...OnIslam
It is painful to see people in the 21st century look at a woman as a mere body to be exhibited in the media and in the streets just to please the public.
It’s also painful to see people look down on women as the weaker sex and a source of evil on this earth. It is equally painful to see people pretending to be modern/fair enough to defend women’s rights but they totally denounce it whenever faced with real situations that need actions rather than words.
In this e-book, we highlight some enlightening pieces, sincere reflections and Q&A on issues that affect women in modern times.
Download: http://www.onislam.net/english/ebooks/family/485741-being-a-woman-ebook.html
The document discusses beauty ideals for women promoted by the media that emphasize being thin, young, flawless, and attractive. These unrealistic standards contribute to mental and physical health issues for many women, including eating disorders, depression, and low self-esteem. Billions are also spent each year on products and plastic surgery for women trying to achieve these unattainable ideals, yet most women do not consider themselves beautiful by society's standards.
The document discusses the history and methods of studying human sexuality. It covers topics like the rise of sex advice in media, challenges of objectivity in research, early researchers like Freud and Kinsey who brought sexuality into the scientific realm, and contemporary national surveys that provide insights but also face difficulties due to political and social climates. It emphasizes the need for future research to have expanded definitions of sexuality, more inclusion of diverse perspectives, and intervention-based studies to better understand human relationships and behaviors.
1) The document discusses research on how media representations of idealized thin female bodies negatively impact women's body image.
2) Studies show both men and women now view their bodies more negatively due to constant exposure to thin ideals in advertisements and media.
3) Content analyses find women in media are overwhelmingly portrayed as thin while men are usually average weight, and negative stereotypes are associated with overweight people of both genders.
This document summarizes research on body image and its determinants. It discusses how the media promotes an idealized thin body image for women through advertisements. Studies show this exposure is linked to negative body image in both men and women. Factors like race, ethnicity, and culture also influence perceptions of attractiveness. The widespread portrayal of thin women in Western media has affected body image standards globally. Exposure to thin ideals in TV shows and magazines is found to increase body dissatisfaction in women.
This document discusses a research study examining body image and body satisfaction among African American and Saudi American women in comparison to the American feminine ideal. The study investigates whether awareness of the thin American ideal negatively impacts body esteem in these groups. It reviews literature showing that cultural norms can influence body dissatisfaction and that social and family pressures may reinforce attitudes. The study aims to explore how media and sociocultural factors shape perceptions of ideal body image for Arab and African American women. It poses hypotheses that media negatively influences their views of ideal bodies and that social influences impact body image preferences in both groups.
Sexism is unfair treatment or discrimination against people based on their sex or gender. It often stems from harmful gender stereotypes that see women as inferior. Throughout history, women have faced discrimination and been seen as witches or less capable. While sexism exists in many societies, the document notes it can be particularly problematic in Guatemala where women face wage gaps and judgment based on their appearance or culture. Several contributors reflect that sexism damages society by limiting women's opportunities and that change needs to start at home by teaching children respect regardless of gender.
The document discusses how media and societal pressures negatively impact women's body image. It explores how the multi-billion dollar beauty industry promotes unrealistic standards of beauty that cause women to feel inadequate. Exposure to heavily edited images in media from a young age can lead to eating disorders, low self-esteem, and obsession with physical appearance rather than health. As women age, they may feel anxiety over natural physical changes due to unrealistic expectations promoted by media and industry.
CELEBRATION OF SCHOLARSHIP - 4-14-15 Revised FinalTaylor Hartman
1) College men's perceptions of their body image are influenced by their gender identity, sexuality, relationships, and sports or media portrayals of masculinity.
2) They feel pressure to attain muscular or thin ideals of masculinity shown in media. This causes some to over-exercise or restrict eating in unhealthy ways.
3) Comparing their bodies to peers and athletes can negatively impact mood and self-esteem. However, sports also provide a healthy avenue to improve body function rather than appearance.
The document discusses asexuality, which is defined as a sexual orientation characterized by not experiencing sexual attraction. It provides an overview of asexuality and the asexual community, including definitions, common misconceptions, the history and growth of visibility and advocacy organizations, and limited research on the topic.
Out in the North: Perspectives of Gay Men's Health Issues in Northern BCCBRC
The document discusses the challenges faced by gay men in accessing health care and achieving good health outcomes in Northern British Columbia. It notes that geography, intensified masculinity norms, and the lack of openly gay health professionals can create "triple jeopardy" for gay men in the region. It also examines how determinants of health like social support networks, education, employment, and social environments present additional barriers for gay men seeking health and community.
This document summarizes research on asexuality and discusses the experiences of those who identify as asexual. It defines asexuality as not experiencing sexual attraction. It discusses criticisms from experts who view asexuality as pathological and research that has found it is not inherently distressing. The document also reviews factors proposed to influence asexuality but finds evidence for them is limited and inconclusive. Asexuals want to educate that they are not broken and experience the same needs for relationships as others.
The document outlines research conducted by the Investigaytors, a group that conducts qualitative research on issues related to gay and queer men's health in Vancouver. It describes various qualitative research methods used in their work, including interviews, focus groups, photovoice, and body mapping. It also discusses some of the research priorities and themes that emerged from interviews with community leaders, such as the need for more holistic approaches to health that consider social factors, and for research on understudied populations like Indigenous and transgender individuals.
Elyse Sydney Kaysha This Is My Penis After All Fall 2015Sydney Finchum
This paper examines narratives from men who have undergone adult male circumcision posted on a Men's Health forum. It explores how concepts of masculinity relate to the decision for and experience of adult circumcision. The paper reviews literature on masculinity and themes related to circumcision, including community, health/the body, and physical pain. Men seek community forums to share experiences and affirm their masculinity. Masculinity is tied to sexual performance and penis image, so circumcision impacts men's identities. Literature also shows masculinity is demonstrated through tolerating physical pain without complaint.
Presentation on Body Image and Sexual Function at NSpine 2019 on July 2, 2019 in London, United Kingdom.
About Dr. Martha Tara Lee
Dr. Martha Tara Lee is Relationship Counselor and Clinical Sexologist of Eros Coaching. She is a certified sexuality educator with AASECT (American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists) as well as certified sexologist with ACS (American College of Sexologists). Martha holds a Doctorate in Human Sexuality, Masters in Counseling, Certificates in Sex Therapy, Practical Counselling and Life Coaching, as well as two other degrees. She was recognised as one of ¡®Top 50 Inspiring Women under 40¡ä by Her World Singapore in July 2010 and ¡®Top 100 Inspiring Women by CozyCot Singapore in March 2011.
Subscribe so you don't miss a thing! http://www.ErosCoaching.com
Social media links
https://www.facebook.com/eroscoaching
https://twitter.com/drmarthalee
https://www.linkedin.com/in/leemartha
Programs
Ready Get Sex Go http://www.eroscoaching.com/rgsg
Sex Jumpstart http://www.eroscoaching.com/sex-jumpstart
Tongue Twisters http://www.eroscoaching.com/tongue-twisters
Sex Possible http://www.eroscoaching.com/sex-possible
Clean and Clear http://www.eroscoaching.com/clean-and-clear
Books
Orgasmic Yoga: Masturbation, Meditation and Everything In-Between https://www.amazon.com/Orgasmic-Yoga-Masturbation-Meditation-Between/dp/1515118193
Love, Sex and Everything In Between https://www.amazon.com/Love-Sex-Everything-Between-Martha/dp/9814484199/ref=reg_hu-rd_add_1_dp
From Princess to Queen http://www.eroscoaching.com/queen
{Un}Inhihibited http://www.uninhibited.asia
Student Wellness Newsletter-- The Chill (4th Ed.): Gender and Self-EsteemAlexandra Rupp
This document summarizes the contents of the spring 2015 issue of "The Chill" newsletter. It explores how gender identity, roles, and expectations influence body image and self-esteem. The issue defines key terms like gender, biological sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. It discusses how gender roles and stereotypes are socially constructed and can limit potential. It also addresses patriarchal social systems, feminism, and how media enforces gender stereotypes. The goal is to help readers understand gender issues and build healthy self-esteem.
Short Essay For School Students O. Online assignment writing service.Christina Bauer
The document discusses how romance fiction focuses on women's triumphs over inequality, but this is primarily for Caucasian women. It notes that romance fiction seldom extends the same concern to other marginalized groups. While romance fiction aims to challenge justifications for women's subordination, it offers little insight into how sexism intersects with other forms of oppression like racism. The essay will examine how romance novels can incorporate intersectional perspectives by representing diverse protagonists and relationships.
The document is an article from a university newspaper that discusses the harmful effects of sleep deprivation among college students. It summarizes a study that found losing one night of sleep reduced insulin sensitivity as much as six months on a high-fat diet. The article profiles two students, one who recognizes the importance of sleep for health but still pulls occasional all-nighters for exams, and another who rarely does so due to a claimed loss of productivity after 10pm. It concludes by urging students to prioritize sleep and avoid irregular sleep patterns.
The document discusses the differences between men and women physically, mentally, and emotionally. It provides background on the feminist movement of the 1960s-70s that aimed to establish equality, but argued that acknowledging differences does not preclude equality. While men and women have equal rights, there are innate differences in areas like brain structure, hormones, physical strengths, and emotional tendencies. These differences are complementary and bring out the best in each other. True equality is embracing both similarities and differences between genders.
"Body Image and Sexual Health" by Clinical Sexologist Dr. Martha Tara Lee of Eros Coaching for "Symposium - Sex and the Spine: All You Ever Wanted to Know about Sex and the Spine but Were Afraid to Ask" by NSpine as part of SpineWeek, at Marina Bay Sands Expo & Convention Centre on Mon 16 May 2016.
Dr Martha Tara Lee is Founder and Clinical Sexologist of Eros Coaching since 2009. She is a certified sexologist with ACS (American College of Sexologists), as well as a certified sexuality educator with AASECT (American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and Therapists). Martha holds a Doctorate in Human Sexuality as well as Certificates in Sex Therapy, Practical Counselling and Life Coaching. She was recognised as one of ‘Top 50 Inspiring Women under 40′ by Her World Singapore in July 2010 and ‘Top 100 Inspiring Women by CozyCot Singapore in March 2011. Website: http://www.eroscoaching.com.
According to the document:
1) In 2011, it was estimated that approximately 21 gay and bisexual men in BC died from HIV disease, and around 18 died from suicide.
2) The estimates of suicide among gay and bisexual men are highly sensitive to assumptions about relative risk and the proportion of males that are gay or bisexual. The estimates could range from 6 to 34 suicides per year.
3) Historically, HIV-related deaths have been higher among gay and bisexual men, but suicide rates may surpass HIV if HIV treatment trends continue successfully. Further study is needed to better understand suicide among gay and bisexual adult men.
This document summarizes a presentation on research about pathways to resilience among Asian and ethno-racial men who have sex with men (MSM). The presentation shares findings from a study exploring the critical life events that impact the sexual health of Asian MSM, and the factors that affect their resilience in response to these events. Small group exercises were used to discuss prohibiting barriers, facilitating conditions, and resilience strategies related to life challenges like migration, homophobia, and joining community groups. The presentation aimed to identify pathways to resilience and discuss applications to support practices.
The document outlines the Mpowerment Project in Vancouver which aims to engage, educate, and empower gay millennials. It discusses using a peer-led community organizing model with a focus on social events, workshops, and digital outreach. Key aspects include building community spaces for connection, peer-led sex education, and mobilizing youth through social media and grassroots organizing. The project has engaged over 1,400 young men in its first 18 months.
Social support groups continue to provide important benefits. They offer information sharing, social connection, exposure to diverse perspectives, and positively impact health. Groups allow participants to feel heard, develop confidence, and access experts. They empower marginalized people and facilitate community involvement. However, certain demographics may feel excluded from groups due to barriers around accessibility, stigma, and lack of representation. Intentional efforts are needed to make groups inclusive of diversity in terms of identities, abilities, and viewpoints. Sustainability relies on participant involvement, facilitator support, and responsiveness to changing needs.
This document summarizes a qualitative study exploring the socio-cultural context of substance use among gay communities in Vancouver, BC. Through interviews with 20 gay and queer men, 3 key themes emerged: 1) Substance use is a social activity that takes place in gay social spaces. 2) The use of drugs and alcohol facilitates social and sexual inclusion in these communities. 3) Participants reported that substance use patterns change over one's lifetime as gay men, with more use occurring during the period of "coming out." The study suggests substance use serves important social and coping functions, but may also influence HIV risk, and interventions should consider how these roles change throughout life.
This document discusses social support and its importance for the healthy aging of gay men who are baby boomers and generation X. It notes that social support can reduce stress, improve psychological well-being and slow disease progression for those living with HIV. Strong social support is also linked to better cognitive functioning, lower risk of health issues like strokes and cancers, and higher survival rates. However, aging gay men may face challenges maintaining social support networks as they age. The document calls for further research and strategies to promote successful aging for this demographic through strengthening social support and meeting their evolving needs.
This document summarizes research on the experiences of gay and bisexual men who pay for sexual services in Canada. It finds that they have specific health, safety, legal and identity needs not addressed in other studies. Gay and bisexual men reported using the sex industry for physical intimacy, sexual exploration and coping with declining desirability. However, many did not understand prostitution laws or trust the legal system. More research is needed to understand their perspectives over the life course and involve their voices in policy discussions.
This document summarizes a presentation on renewing HIV prevention efforts for gay and bisexual men in British Columbia. The presentation discusses recommendations from advisory groups to release a provincial report in 2014 on the current state of the HIV epidemic among gay and bisexual men in BC. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and partnership-based approach that meaningfully involves gay and bisexual men. This includes expanding HIV testing, promoting sexual health, addressing social determinants, and monitoring trends through ongoing research.
This document summarizes and discusses three studies related to assessing the roles of place and mobility in gay men's health across the life course.
The first study examined how migration decisions and mental/emotional health are linked for gay men in the United States and Canada. The second study looked at how rurality can impact HIV risk and prevention for gay men in Nova Scotia. The third study analyzed service providers' perspectives on the impacts of migration on sexual health for gay, bisexual and queer newcomer men in Ontario. Overall, the document discusses how place and mobility shape key aspects of gay men's lives and health over their life courses.
This document outlines the work of the Community Based Research Centre For Gay Men's Health over several years, focusing on determinants of health for gay men. It discusses topics like minority stress, social exclusion in data, and the impact of discrimination on health outcomes. New terms related to life course perspectives on health are introduced, like life span, life cohort, and longitudinal. Generational differences in attitudes toward health, activism, and trauma are also examined. The summit discussion focuses on how location and migration impact life course and gay health.
This document discusses gay men's health from a life course perspective. It summarizes current health issues facing gay men such as high rates of HIV, depression, and suicide attempts. It then outlines 3 principles of viewing health through a life course lens: historical time and place, linked lives, and human agency. Next, it describes 5 generations of gay men defined by the historical periods they came of age in and the health issues that impacted each group. The document concludes by discussing implications for research, practice, and advocacy including considering different generational perspectives and voices.
This document discusses indigenous traditions in North America and Aotearoa (New Zealand) that recognized multiple gender identities and same-sex relationships. It notes that over 150 indigenous nations in North America had traditions recognizing "Two Spirit" people, who embodied both male and female spirits. These traditions challenged colonial views that imposed rigid binary systems. Despite facing violence from colonizers, some nations initially protected Two Spirit people, though later denied these traditions under colonial pressure. The document also discusses traditional Māori acceptance of diverse sexualities, and the contemporary concepts of "takatapui" and efforts to address HIV/AIDS in culturally appropriate, identity-affirming ways for indigenous communities. It calls for decolonizing approaches and indigenous
1045 1 what new sero-converters in toronto are sayingCBRC
This document summarizes interviews with 43 newly diagnosed HIV-positive men in Toronto. Many reported experiences with childhood abuse, depression, polydrug use, and partner violence, supporting the "syndemics hypothesis" that these psychosocial problems interact to worsen the HIV epidemic. However, some men acquired HIV through relationships, travel, or other means outside this framework. The researchers aim to understand resilience as well as risks, and how to build healthier communities through addressing trauma, promoting well-being, and fostering social connections rather than pathologizing groups. The study was conducted by researchers from various universities and health organizations, funded by CIHR.
1045 3 1 final-beyond behaviours slides april 15 v5 Daniel GraceCBRC
This document outlines a study on gay men's experiences receiving an acute or recent HIV diagnosis. The study recruited 25 men diagnosed through enhanced testing technology in Vancouver. It found that receiving diagnoses over the phone or experiencing initial uncertainty was challenging. For those diagnosed during acute infection, there was confusion about the meaning and increased infectiousness of this stage. While most saw themselves the same as other HIV+ men, some reduced sexual activity during acute infection due to higher viral loads. The study highlights the importance of considering the social aspects of new diagnostic technologies and ensuring sensitive communication of results.
This document summarizes research on social determinants of health for LGBT populations. It discusses minority stress theory and how experiences of discrimination and social disadvantage can negatively impact health outcomes for gay and bisexual men. The document presents results from a national online survey of over 8,000 Canadian men seeking men, finding higher rates of discrimination, mental health issues, sexually risky behavior and other adverse health outcomes among bisexual men and married/partnered men compared to gay men. The results suggest that addressing discrimination and social inequities could help reduce health disparities within the LGBT community.
915 beyond behaviors conference 2013 Adam GreenCBRC
This document discusses research on factors influencing HIV risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men. It summarizes several key studies that have identified complex psychological and social reasons for unprotected sex, including sexual pleasure and intimacy, ambiguity around risk, and relationships dynamics. While behavioral interventions have had limited effectiveness, HIV diagnosis rates among men who have sex with men have declined in several Western countries since peaking in the 1990s or early 2000s. However, standalone behavioral interventions are not sufficient to significantly reduce HIV transmission.
The document discusses syndemics, which are closely intertwined health problems that mutually reinforce each other within social contexts. Examples include the SAVA syndemic of substance abuse, violence, and AIDS. Research found that psychological problems like depression, childhood abuse, and partner violence increased risks of unprotected sex and HIV infection among gay men. Minority stress models show how homophobia leads to poor health outcomes by increasing psychological stress. Potential solutions discussed include increasing LGBTQ health access, anti-homophobia education and legislation, and community programs.
The document summarizes a study on the experiences of gay men who were victims of homophobic attacks (gay bashing). Seven men were interviewed about experiences with physical violence, verbal harassment, or both. Four men experienced physical assaults severe enough to require hospitalization. Themes that emerged from the interviews included personal experiences with homophobia, identity changes after an attack, isolation, and feelings of powerlessness. Recommendations focused on improving supports for victims, increasing LGBTQ education for social workers, medical professionals, police, and educators, and fostering more inclusive communities.
This study examined the prevalence and impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) among gay and bisexual men living with HIV. The researchers found that 22.4% of men reported experiencing IPV, most commonly emotional and physical abuse. Experiencing IPV was associated with factors like being Aboriginal, childhood abuse, mental health issues, risky sexual behaviors, poorer quality of life, interruptions in HIV care, and higher rates of AIDS progression and HIV-related hospitalizations. The results suggest IPV is an important but underrecognized issue that can negatively impact the health and well-being of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men.
This study examined internalized homonegativity (IH), or negative attitudes towards one's own homosexuality, in gay and bisexual men of different age groups. The study found that contrary to expectations, IH levels declined with age rather than increased. Community involvement mediated about 50% of the relationship between lower IH and older age. While IH remains problematic even at low levels, these findings suggest resilience against minority stress with age. However, young men remain at highest risk, and not all experience declining IH over time. Future research should examine IH in older cohorts, other countries and ethnicities, as well as potential mediators through qualitative longitudinal studies.
1. Reconsidering Social Determinants
2012 BC Gay Men’s Health Summit
November 1 & November 2, 2012
Vancouver, British Columbia
Defined Body or Defined by my Body?
Reconsidering Gay Men and Body
Image
DAVID J. BRENNAN, PHD
Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work
University of Toronto
2. QUESTIONS
Is there a connection between the social
determinants of health and body image for gay
men? (marginalization?)
Do gay visual media portray images of certain
body types in a way that excludes people?
Do these images help to get men’s attention to
our messaging?
Do these images engender feelings of body
dissatisfaction, depression, low self-esteem and
exclusion?
3. GAY MEN TEND TO HAVE BETTER BMI AND
LESS FAT THAN STRAIGHT MEN
4.
5.
6. NORTON, Matt (2011): WHY MAG COVERS
LIKE THIS SET GAY MEN TO FAIL
I found myself distracted. How was
this dude so perfect? I’m off to the
gym… For me, the gym’s always been
a great place to think. So I got to
thinking. I’m not an irrational
person. I know that boy on the
cover is airbrushed. Either that
or he has no pores. What am I
doing here benching my own body
weight at 8.15 on a Sunday morning?
It kept happening – finding myself in
the gym as a result of the bloody
coffee table dude. This wasn’t
aspiration. This was obsession.
7. HALF OF GAY MEN “WOULD DIE A YEAR
EARLY” FOR THE PERFECT BODY
Centre for Appearance Research at University
of the West of England, Bristol
A study says 48% of gay
men would sacrifice a year
or more of their lives in exchange
for a perfect body.
The research suggests 10% of
gay men would agree to die more than 11
years earlier if they could have their
ideal body now.
Gay men in the study used speech that
implicitly or explicitly reinforces or
endorses the traditional western
standard of male attractiveness: tall,
lean, muscular, toned body with clear
skin and a full head of hair.
8. MARO (2006): GAY MEN AND BODY IMAGE:
DECONSTRUCTION OF GAY MEN IN MEDIA
A typical male model appeared in advertisements
targeting gay men is an athletic young white man
with six-pack abs. Why white? Why athletic body with
six-pack abs?
9. BRENNAN, CRAIG, THOMPSON (2010):
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH A DRIVE FOR
MUSCULARITY AMONG GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN
This study recruited participants (n=400) at
Toronto’s 2008 LGBT festival.
A drive for muscularity is associated with a
younger age, an increased risk for disordered
eating, and increase in depression symptoms,
sexual risk, and increase in internalized
homonegativity.
10. BRENNAN, CRATH, HART, GADALLA, GILLIS (2011):
BODY DISSATISFACTION AND DISORDERED EATING
AMONG MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN CANADA
Data collected at “Pride Toronto
2008”; N = 383.
13.6% reported disordered
eating.
About 10% among general
population are male.
Though binge eating is not
measured as a disorder and is
likely to be higher.
Younger men report
significantly higher DES.
11. BRENNAN, CRATH, HART, GADALLA, GILLIS (2011)
BODY DISSATISFACTION AND DISORDERED EATING
AMONG MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN CANADA
MSM in the sample who
reported childhood sexual
abuse (CSA) were more
than twice as likely to
report DES.
Results from this study
also corroborated the
association between
depression and DES.
Our results suggest that
White identifying men
might be at greater risk for
DES than either Asian or
Black identifying men.
12. GUADAMUZ, LIM, MARSHAL, FRIEDMAN,
STALL & SILVESTRE, 2012
50% of Pittsburgh HIV-negative cohort were
obese/overweight. However, over 8 years that
level did not rise.
Obesity was not associated with sexual risk,
substance use or depression.
13. VARANGIS, LANZIERI, HILDEBRANDT,
FELDMAN, 2012
Lean muscular men are preferred by gay men
The dating context matters. Gay men rated lean
and muscular men in the context of a short term
relationship as more attractive than for a long
term relationship.
Those who had lower body fat themselves were
more discriminating in terms of body fat and
muscularity.
14. RACISM, HOMOPHOBIA & BODY IMAGE
AMONG ETHNORACIALIZED
GAY/BISEXUAL MEN
David J. Brennan1; Peter A. Newman1; Clemon George2; Trevor A. Hart3;
Andre Cenranto4; Kenta Asakura1; Ishwar Persad5
1-University of Toronto, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work; 2University of Ontario
Institute of Technology; 3-Ryerson University; 4-AIDS Committee of Toronto; 5-Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health
15.
16. IMAGINE MEN’S HEALTH:
COMMUNITY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Shazad Hai, MSM Outreach Coordinator, Alliance for South
Asian AIDS Prevention.
Daniel Le, Gay Men’s Health Promoter, Asian Community
AIDS Services
David Lewis-Peart, MSM Outreach Coordinator, Black
CAP.
Marco Posadas, Bathhouse Counselor Initiative
Coordinator, AIDS Committee of Toronto.
Tavinder Channa, Community Member
Dexter Roberts, Community Member
Siva Gunarathnam, Gay Men’s Outreach Coordinator,
AIDS Committee of Toronto
Anthony Chen, Medical doctor
Gerardo Betancourt, HIV Prevention Program
Coordinator, Centre for Spanish Speaking People
Marco Gomez, Policy consultant
17. STUDY BACKGROUND
Purpose: To examine the relationship between racialized
identity, sexual orientation identity, and body image among
ethnoracialized gay and bisexual men in Toronto, Canada.
Multi-phase, mixed-methods study: Phase 1: Focus groups &
interviews (n=61); Phase 2: Survey (n=410)
Community Collaboration: Roles of Community Advisory
Committee (CAC).
4 ethnoracial communities: East/Southeast Asian;
Black/Caribbean/African; Hispanic/Latino/Brazilian; and
South Asian.
18. FINDINGS
Three main themes emerged across four ethnoracialized communities.
(1) Body Image Idealization in GBM Culture
(2) Negotiating a Racialized Body Image
(3) Negotiating Impact of Body Image on Relationship
with Self and Others
19. 1. BODY IMAGE IDEALIZATION IN GBM CULTURE
1A: Influences on Body Image
“Look at the cover of the publication. Like… [local gay
magazines] …who usually gets profiled on the cover is …a
Caucasian male, lots of muscles…And I understand…you’re
selling magazines, but for the rest of us, who don’t fit that
profile, and don’t have a good strong sense of self, I can see
how damaging that could be. How you don’t think when you
look in the mirror that “I’m hot”, because …you never see
yourself reflected anywhere.”
[Black/African/Caribbean, > 30]
20. 1. BODY IMAGE IDEALIZATION IN GBM CULTURE
1B: Hot Body Type in Toronto
“There’s two (hot body types for GBM in Toronto)… (One) is
the white male, mid-20’s, extremely cut, bigger; doesn’t have to
be too big, but has to be very fit. And the other one is the older,
muscled, bear, hairy; doesn’t matter if you have a gut, because
that’s a new trend that’s been going on for the last couple of
years, against having abs and everything. But at the same time
you still have to be defined in the right places, even though you
have a gut.”
[East/South East Asian, > 30]
21. 1. BODY IMAGE IDEALIZATION IN GBM CULTURE
1C: Personal Description of Hot Body Type
I don’t want somebody who is too good looking, and I don’t
want somebody who is like too muscular, I just want an
average looking person. To me that’s sexy. I don’t like the
built perfect shape anymore. It’s not attractive to me. I like
normal person. And, if a person has a little flaw, like let’s say
a little larger nose or a little characteristic about your face, I
find that more intriguing. So, body image comes down to, I
guess, personal preference again. I don’t necessarily need
six-pack abs to turn me on.
[East/Southeast Asian, > 30 ]
22. 2. NEGOTIATING RACIALIZED BODY IMAGE
“Sexually...if I am being fetishized I don’t really like
that and I wouldn’t really have sex with someone if
that’s what’s going on. Socially... we live in a White
supremacist society, unfortunately. So, of course,
there’s going to be...a lot of not necessarily
discrimination all the time but you can just sense it.”
[South Asian, < 30]
23. 2. NEGOTIATING RACIALIZED BODY IMAGE
2A: Negotiation of Internalized Racism Related to Body
Image
“I’ve tried to work on this...that every time I try and think of
dating another Filipino guy, I feel like I’m dating my
brother... It’s strange, because…it’s either we’re too much
alike... like I’m with my brother, [or] because I feel like I
know too much of their cultural norms. So it’s a very
strange situation, having that same kind of body type.”
[East/Southeast Asian, > 30]
24. 2. NEGOTIATING RACIALIZED BODY IMAGE
2B: Racialization of Body Parts
“Being African, everybody thinks you have a 13 or 14-inch
penis...[and] you can shag for six hours, non-stop flight...They
don’t think you are a human being, you can have a normal size
dick… You get affected because...as you take it out, they say,
“You are black, you should have something bigger than that.”
So, it’s the disappointment...Of course, it affects you. It affects
your self-esteem.”
[Black/African/Caribbean, > 30]
25. 2. NEGOTIATING RACIALIZED BODY IMAGE
2C: Personal Experiences of Body Racialization
“I’m fairly decent looking. Many times I walk into a social
situation and I’d be like ‘why do I feel as if I’m being ignored?’
Why is it that people look at you, turn away the moment you
look at them? And I really do think that it’s a race factor...I think
that every race other than the White race...has a certain appeal
to it. I think that when you’re Black you’re exoticized because of
your virility, your endowment...your ability to put on muscle...
When you’re Asian it’s a different [body] type.”
[South Asian, < 30]
26. 2. NEGOTIATING RACIALIZED BODY IMAGE
2D: Negotiating Different Body Image Ideals across
Multiple Socio-Cultural Contexts
“I [find that men in Toronto] are running after short Asian
guys. So, personally I find it’s, oh, how come? ...I am tall... In
China,... tall is always considered good and desirable. But
here, short and small is considered more desirable...I’m
personally disappointed because....I’m not attractive or
desirable anymore (Laughter).”
[East/Southeast Asian, >30]
27. 3. NEGOTIATING IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON
RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF AND OTHERS
3A: Strategizing & Managing Pressures to Conform to
Body Ideal
“I’d skip meals. I’ve made myself vomit... so that I could look
good for the evening... When I used to drink, I would not eat
meals, because I was going to go out and party, because I
wanted to look good. So to the detriment of my health, I will do
that.”
[Latino/Hispanic/Brazilian, > 30]
28. 3. NEGOTIATING IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON
RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF AND OTHERS
3A: Strategizing & Managing Pressures to Conform to Body
Ideal
“I got invited to...Pride beach party...and I said no... I
can...imagine the expectation of body, you know, what it’s
going to be like to be in this space. And at this point...in my
life, I don’t need to be in those spaces to be validated...
I’ve…cocooned myself with a set of friends, community
people, that don’t have those issues around body... I
surround myself with my own that validates me, that I feel
that I can...express myself in whatever way I feel and not be
judged.
[Black/African/Caribbean, > 30 ]
29. 3. NEGOTIATING IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON
RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF AND OTHERS
3B: Impact of Body Image on Health
“When I get picked up, I feel accepted....I say, “wait a minute,
maybe I ain’t that bad looking.” So, my insecurities about my
body has led me to have promiscuous sex; it’s as simple as
that, just because I want to be accepted by somebody, and if
you go and you get picked up you feel that much better about
yourself.” [East/Southeast Asian > 30]
30. 3. NEGOTIATING IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON
RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF AND OTHERS
3B: Impact of Body Image on Health
“I’m HIV positive, I have Kaposi… (years ago) people looked at your
legs...the skinny body, they know you’re HIV positive, and they talk.
At first I didn’t think it would get to you, but it does get to you... So, I
had a major image problem. Even right now, although I’ve gained
back some weight...if I don’t open my big mouth all the time people
probably won’t guess that I’m positive… I look in the mirror and I
still see this skinny little HIV positive person… It’s the way that I
perceive myself, with very low self-esteem.”
[East/Southeast Asian > 30]
31. 3. NEGOTIATING IMPACT OF BODY IMAGE ON
RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF AND OTHERS
3C: Impact of Body Racialization on Relationship
with Others
“If you’re in a relationship with a Caucasian person, going into a
space that’s predominantly of colour, ...the reception...is...double-
edged...You’re either looked at as traitors, or envied. … ‘you’re in
this community and isn’t there anybody else in this community
that you could have found?’ The other way you’re a trophy... a
catch...the perception is either you didn’t try hard enough to meet
someone of your own race, [or] you don’t like your own race... A lot
of perceptions are thrown at you.”
[Black/African/Caribbean, > 30]
33. PORN IS CHANGING
Increase in free, “amateur” websites.
When it is not done in an expensive glossy,
Hollywood like context, does it change the body
bodies that are presented?
34. DUGGAN AND MCCREARY (2004):
BODY IMAGE, EATING DISORDERS, AND THE
DRIVE FOR MUSCULARITY IN GAY AND
HETEROSEXUAL MEN: THE INFLUENCE OF
MEDIA IMAGES.
Viewing and purchasing of muscle and
fitness magazines correlated positively
with levels of body dissatisfaction for
both gay and heterosexual men.
Pornography exposure is positively
correlated with social physique
anxiety for gay men.
35. THE INFLUENCE OF PORN ON BODY IMAGE
“Mainstream” gay male
pornography (i.e.,
imagery produced by
companies such as Bel
Ami, Falcon, and Studio
2000) is rife with
muscular, attractive
men (Duggan &
McCreary, 2004).
Gay men may look at
pornographic imagery
and embrace the belief
that they need to
possess a similar
physique in order to
obtain sexual
gratification (Duggan &
McCreary, 2004).
36. THE INFLUENCE OF PORN ON BODY IMAGE
It is plausible that heterosexual and gay
porn are distinct and, thus, possess different
implications vis-à-vis body image.
For example, in gay pornography, the male
body likely receives more attention in terms
of close-ups than in heterosexual
pornography.
Also, gay pornography may place
greater emphasis on the
attractiveness of the male body.
37. MORRISON, T., BEARDEN, A., HARRIMAN, R. (2006):
EXPOSURE TO SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIAL
AND VARIATIONS IN BODY ESTEEM, GENITAL
ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL ESTEEM AMONG A
SAMPLE OF CANADIAN MEN.
The purpose of the study is to investigate
associations between exposure to pornography and
three forms of self-esteem: body, genital, and sexual.
N = 188 male college students
Male participants’ level of exposure to sexually
explicit material on the internet correlates inversely
with genital self-esteem and sexual esteem.
Watching pornography may compound the negative
effects of social comparison by making salient the
gap between what one sees in porn and what one
does sexually.
38. A Commentary on the
Role of Sexually Explicit
Media (SEM) in the
Transmission and
Prevention of HIV among
Men who have Sex with
Men (MSM)
B. R. Simon Rosser, Jeremy A.
Grey, Michael Wilkerson, Alex
Iantaffi, Sonya S. Brady, Derek
Smolenski, and Keith J. Horvath.
AIDS Behav. 2012 August ; 16(6):
1373–1381.
39. HOW DOES WATCHING PORN AFFECT GAY
MEN (OR MSM)
Sexually explicit media (SEM)
Ubiquitous (what apps are open on your phone?)
Very acceptable to gay men
40. HOW DOES WATCHING PORN AFFECT GAY
MEN (OR MSM)
For young gay men, it may correlate
with more partners (It does for
straight young men).
For young men and older men,
learning about sexual
techniques…young gay men learning
about how to have anal sex.
Affirmation of sexual desires and
interests.
Older gay men reported SEM as
affirming. If true, young gay men
may report earlier sexual initiation
and particularly in anal sex.
41. ARE THERE ANY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SEM
FOR GAY MEN?
Poorer body image, though really only two
studies.
However, body image is associated with sexual
risk.
43. TWO STUDIES
Morrison, Morrison and Bradley (2007) found no
differences between SEM exposure and sexual
risk. Small sample size (n=66).
Stein, et al (2011). Those who reported watching
UAI 75-100% of the time were more likely to
report UAI than those who reported watching
UAI 0-25% of the time. Large (n = 751) NYC
based sample and all reported high risk for
inclusion.
44. PRELIMINARY SURVEY FINDINGS OF THE
IMAGINE MEN’S HEALTH STUDY
David J. Brennan1; Peter A. Newman1; Clemon George2; Trevor A. Hart3;
Andre Cenranto4; Kenta Asakura1; Ishwar Persad5
1-University of Toronto, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work; 2University of Ontario
Institute of Technology; 3-Ryerson University; 4-AIDS Committee of Toronto; 5-Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health
45. HAVE YOU EVER WATCHED PORN?
Response Chart Percentag Count
e
Yes 95% 388
No 5% 21
Total Responses 409
46. IN THE LAST 6 MONTHS, ON AN AVERAGE WEEK,
HOW MANY HOURS DID YOU WATCH PORN?
Chart Percentage Count
0-1 hours 28.4% 110
2-3 hours 32% 124
4-9 hours 23.3% 90
10-50 hours 14.7% 57
50+ hours 1.6% 6
Total Responses 387
47. Which type of porn do you prefer to Chart Percentage Count
watch?
Anal 74% 287
Bareback/Hardcore 65% 251
Orgy/Group Sex 55% 214
Oral/Blow Jobs 55% 215
Amateur 55% 212
Hunks/Jocks/Muscular 55% 215
Straight 47% 182
Interracial 46% 180
Latino 43% 168
Black 38% 148
Masturbation/Jerk off 36% 140
Bisexual 36% 139
Twink 28% 110
Fetish, BDSM, Kink 25% 98
Asian 25% 96
Mature 24% 95
Bear 24% 94
Toys 13% 49
Transsexual 9% 33
Other, please specify: 7% 29
Total Responses 388
48. "I OFTEN COMPARE MY APPEARANCE TO
THE PORN STARS/MODELS"
Response Chart Percentage Count
Completely disagree 31% 120
Somewhat disagree 20% 76
Neither agree or 20% 78
disagree
Somewhat agree 23% 90
Completely agree 6% 24
Total Responses 388
50. TATE, H., & GEORGE, R. (2001): THE EFFECT OF
WEIGHT LOSS ON BODY IMAGE IN HIV POSITIVE
GAY MEN
The purpose of this study was to
assess how body image may be
affected by HIV-related weight loss.
Gay men with HIV avoided social
activities in the last two months due
to self-consciousness over their
appearance; family visits, meeting
new people and meeting up again
with people after weight loss.
These results suggest that in gay
men, HIV-related weight loss causes
significant emotional and physical
problems.
51. HALKITIS, P., GREEN, K., WILTON, L. (2004):
MASCULINITY, BODY IMAGE, AND SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR IN HIV-SEROPOSITIVE GAY MEN
For HIV-positive men attempt to maintain
their own health while at the same time
remain desirable by emphasizing the
physical definitions of masculinity.
For these men, physical appearance and
sexual expression are the cornerstones of
their masculinity.
Having a strong muscular body is essential
to HIV-positive gay men embracing this
ideal and has become increasingly
associated with other physical attributes
than enhance the masculine appearance.
52. BLASHILL, A., & VANDER WAL, J. (2011):
COMPONENTS OF BODY IMAGE IN GAY MEN
WITH HIV/AIDS
Three groups of gay men were compared: AIDS
diagnosed, HIV positive (without an AIDS
diagnosis), and HIV negative.
Results revealed that men with a diagnosis of
AIDS reported feeling unfit, out of shape, and in
worse health than men who were HIV positive
and HIV negative.
Both men with AIDS and HIV reported being
more reactive to illness and more aware of signs
of physical sickness than men who were HIV
negative, above and beyond what
may be attributed to depression
53. SUMMARY
Gay men take good care of their bodies and want
to look good and feel healthy (this is GOOD!)
For some, body image issues come from
tremendous internal and external pressures. This
can impact health (depression, self esteem,
sexual risk).
The media (including porn and SEM) has an
impact on body image. These media are rife with
racialized stereotypes. Age is also a factor.
HIV - positive men have unique and powerful
stressors on body image.
54. QUERIES
Can we talk about how to reduce the stress put
upon GBM by this imagery? Gay men want to see
sexy images but we also are impacted by them.
How and where and when can we talk honestly
about these issues?
Is it OK to just use specific body types all the
time in our outreach? It gets attention, but does
it inadvertently impact gay men’s health in other
ways?
Gay and bi men LOVE to talk about bodies…other people’s bodies, we don’t so much like to talk about our own bodies!
Stefan Gatt
More information on this study:Nine in ten gay men admit they enforce “unrealistic” images of lean and muscular men in conversation.In comparison, only a third of straight men said they would give a year or more for an ideal body shape, and 77% admitted buying into the body image ideal.The research was part of a study commissioned by Central YMCA, the Succeed Foundation and the Centre for Appearance Research at University of the West of England Bristol into how men talk about their bodies.Gay respondents were consistently more affected by body concerns and more likely to make body comparisons than straight men.They were also significantly more likely to use what the study authors called “body talk”: speech that implicitly or explicitly reinforces or endorses the traditional western standard of male attractiveness: tall, lean, muscular, toned body with clear skin and a full head of hair.91.2% of gays said they make statements which reinforce this image, compared with the 77.4% of straight men.Nearly twice as many gay men as straight, 59% to 32%, said they compare themselves to better-looking men.A third of gay men said they compared themselves with men they thought were less attractive, compared with 20% of straight men.Rosi Prescott, CEO of Central YMCA, told PinkNews.co.uk: “This research shows that body image anxiety is sadly much more of an issue for gay men.“Today gay men are under enormous pressure about their bodies, and we believe that a lack of body diversity in the media, including the gay press, and a relentless focus which values people based on appearance, may in part explain why gay men are particularly susceptible to this issue.“This is of concern when we know that record numbers of men are taking steroids or having unnecessary cosmetic surgery to achieve what is often an unattainable or unrealistic body image ideal. Central YMCA is campaigning to promote greater body diversity in the media, and for young people to be given an opportunity to learn more about body image in schools.”Straight men came out narrowly ahead of gays when rating how they important they thought their body was to their partner.51.4% of straight men said what their partner thought of their shape and weight was “very or extremely important” to them, compared with 49.4% of men.But only 20% of straight men said their friends’ opinions were that important, versus 35% of gay men.Dr PhillippaDiedrichs, who conducted the study at UWE Bristol, said, “This research really demonstrates that body image is an issue for everyone, and that we need to take a collaborative approach towards promoting an environment that values diversity in appearance and promotes healthy body image.”The YMCA’s Body Confidence campaign aims to promote positive body images in schools, at Parliament and through research.394 men were questioned for the study in November and December 2011.
If you deconstruct the advertisements, they convey a lot of powerful symbols, a collection of which represents a stereotypical gay man which many gay men, as a result, strive to become. It is kind of globalization of a stereotypical gay male (in a very racial way), undermining so much diversity in gay male populations.
Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered EatingAmong Men Who Have Sex with Menin CanadaInternational journal of men’s health, 10, 3. Several authors, for example have pointed to the effects that increased exposure to mainstream gay media (advertising, magazines/newspapers, pornography, films), with their emphasis on sculpted, lean yet muscular bodies, can have on men’s desire to orient their body perceptions and their perceptions of other men around these mostly unattainable body ideals (Duggan & McCreary, 2004; Hartoum & Belle, 2004; Harvey & Robinson, 2003; Morgan & Arcelus, 2009; Morrison, Morrison, & Hopkins, 2003).Other literature has focused on the importance within gay communities for men to signify a “healthy body” as a counterweight to the stigmatizing force of HIV/AIDS phobia (Diaz , 2006; Ramsay, Catalan, & Gazzard, 1992; Varas Diaz, Toro-Alfonso, & Serrano-Garcia, 2005).
Borrowing from feminist scholarship, others have suggested that this linkage between CSA and DES and other mental health issues may result from men’s attempts to use food, the body and/or alcohol/substances as compensatory mechanisms to help manage the vulnerability and overwhelming emotional states resulting from their abuse, or as tools of empowerment and as expressions of possessing and exercising control.One possible explanation resides around the increased vulnerability that White identifying men may face when encountering media images and gay cultural norms that are oriented around an idealized White body of a specific stature and shape. In other words, racial identification with the idealized physique, as reinforced by peer pressure, may leave White identifying men especially vulnerable to the risks of body shame, fear of being evaluated and rejected, body dissatisfaction or adopting extreme measures to match normative assumptions about an idealized physique with own their own eating and body behaviours. Moreover, it is plausible that racialised men, depending on their levels of internalized racism (a higher level of internalised racism might signify a greater orientation towards the White idealised physique), their experiences of racism, and their strength of connection to their own ethno-racial communities (greater connection would represent a resiliency to the idealised physique), may or may not orient their conceptualizations of themselves or their behaviours in relation to these ideals.
THESE QUOTES ARE FROM MEN OF COLOR!
These quotes are from men of color!
From being invisible to being exoticized and fetishized.
The effects of colonialism…
Fisher, W. A., & Barak, A. (2001). Internet pornography: a social psychological perspective on internet sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 4, 312-32.Their research is guided by the Sexual Behavior Sequence Theory, which conceptualizes contact with Internet sexually explicit material as a self-regulated event which will occur or not occur as a function of an individual's arousal, affective, and cognitive responses to sexuality. Their work attempts to provide a conceptual and empirical context for considering antecedents and consequences of experience with Internet sexually explicit materials
Fisher, W. A., & Barak, A. (2001). Internet pornography: a social psychological perspective on internet sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 38, 4, 312-32.
Porn is prolific, accessible….Commercial interests owned the porn media..Now it is more accessible…
Stulhofer A, Busko V, Landripet I. Pornography, sexual socialization and satisfaction among young men. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008;37.
The pictures from this post are taken from Eric Alvarez’s book : Muscle Boys.They depict the body evolution of gay pornography actors from the 1970′s to the 2000′s.
Duggan, S., and McCreary, D. (2004). Body Image, Eating Disorders, and the Drive for Muscularity in Gayand Heterosexual Men: The Influence of Media Images. Journal of Homosexuality, 47, 3/4, 45-58.Participants (N = 101) were asked to complete body satisfaction questionnaires that addressed maladaptive eating attitudes, the drive for muscularity, and social physique anxiety.Respondents were asked about their consumption of muscle and fitness magazines and pornography
Duggan and McCreary (2004) Body Image, Eating Disorders, and the Drive for Muscularity in Gay and Heterosexual Men: The Influence of Media Images. This study indicates that gay men consume larger amounts of pornography than do heterosexual men. Taken at face value, this resultmight indicate that the consumption of pornography is more accepted in the gay community or that it is more acceptable to admit to its consumption, which in some ways might represent perceived acceptance. It also is possible that gay men believe their lifestyle is not accepted by society in general and that, consequently, there is no need to accept the status quo that pornography is taboo. Conversely, heterosexual men may have been socialised to believe that pornography is “dirty” and that they should deny using it.
Morrison, T., Bearden, A., Harriman, R. (2006). Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Variations in Body Esteem, Genital Attitudes, and Sexual Esteem among a Sample of Canadian Men. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 14, 2, 209, 222.
Participants had the option to select more than one answer for this questionInitial analyses showed that there is no association between watching bareback porn and reported sexual risk.
AIDS Care, 13:2, 163-169Earlier study
Halkitis, P., Green, K., Wilton, L. (2004). Masculinity, Body Image, and Sexual Behavior in HIV-Seropositive Gay Men: A two-phase Formative Behaviour Investigation Using the Internet. International Journal of Men’s Health, 3, 1, 27-42. Earlier study
More recent studyAmerican Journal of Men’s Health, 5, 1, 6–10