This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the purpose and structure of the book. The book aims to help readers prepare for interviews and exams by focusing on solving problems of varying complexities for each data structures topic. It contains over 700 algorithm problems and their solutions. The preface recommends reading the entire book to fully understand the topics, and provides information on how to contact the author with any corrections or suggestions.
Sample chapters [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's purpose of helping beginners learn fundamental data structures and algorithms concepts through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Table of contents [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's objectives of helping readers learn fundamental data structures and algorithms through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the objective of the book, which is to provide solutions to algorithmic problems with different complexities rather than focus on theorems and proofs. The book contains approximately 700 problems covering topics relevant for competitive exams and interviews. For each problem, multiple solutions with varying complexities are provided to illustrate different approaches. The preface recommends reading the entire book to gain a full understanding of the topics covered. It also notes that while efforts were made to correct errors, readers should check the author's website for any updates or corrections.
SALIENT FEATURES OF BOOK
Provides insight into what drives the recruitment process and what an interviewer looks for while interviewing an engineering student
Covers concepts, problems, and interview questions for each topic
Covers latest buzzwords like Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Big Data, and many more
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book
Coders/Programmers are in demand, but to land the job, you must demonstrate knowledge of those things expected by today's employers. This guide sets you up for success. Not only does it provide the most commonly asked interview questions and answers, but it also offers insight into the interview process in today's marketplace. This book is a comprehensive guide for experienced and first-time programmers alike.
The book is specifically designed for freshers, who despite being brilliant at the technical aspects of the interview, tend to fail when it comes to soft skills and HR interviews. The book provides readers with a relevant blueprint when it comes to planning for pre-interview preparation. It provides candidates with guidelines on the preparation of their resumes and the format that should be followed.
Table of Contents
Organization of Chapters 17
Getting Ready 22
Group Discussions 37
Operating System Concepts 54
C/C++/Java Interview Questions 81
Scripting Languages 157
Bitwise Hacking 194
Concepts of Computer Networking 203
Database Management Systems 256
Brain Teasers 271
Algorithms Introduction 274
Recursion and Backtracking 285
Linked Lists 290
Stacks 322
Queues 336
Trees 345
Priority Queues and Heaps 397
Graph Algorithms 407
Sorting 417
Searching 441
Hashing 466
String Algorithms 473
Algorithms Design Techniques 479
Greedy Algorithms 482
Divide and Conquer Algorithms 486
Dynamic Programming 489
Basics of Design Patterns 496
Non-Technical Help 505
Quantitative Aptitude Concepts 511
Basics of Cloud Computing 524
Miscellaneous Concepts 539
Career Options 559
Data Structures and Algorithms For GATE: Solutions to all previous GATE quest...CareerMonk Publications
printf("The value of X is: %d\n", *ptr);
This dereferences the pointer and gives us the value stored at the address it points to, which is the value of .
So in summary:
- Pointers hold the address of other variables.
- We assign addresses to pointers using the address-of operator &.
- We access the value at the address a pointer points to using the indirection operator *.
Success key book for:
* Campus Preparation
* Degree/Masters Course Preparation
* Instructor’s
* GATE Preparation
* Big job hunters: Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Yahoo, Flip Kart, Adobe, IBM Labs, Citrix, Mentor Graphics, NetApp, Oracle, Webaroo, De-Shaw, Success Factors, Face book, McAfee and many more
* Reference Manual for working people
This document provides guidance on developing effective academic reading skills. It introduces the QUASAR method for improving reading efficiency, interactivity, and critical analysis. The method involves questioning texts, actively engaging with them, using reading strategies and systems, analyzing information, and reflecting on what is read. It includes self-assessments to evaluate a reader's current approach and tips for increasing speed, navigating texts efficiently, and developing a deeper critical understanding of what is read. The overall goal is to become an active, efficient, and critical reader who thoughtfully engages with information.
Narasimha Karumanchi is a founder of CareerMonk and author of several books on data structures, algorithms, and design patterns. He has worked for major tech companies like Amazon, IBM, Microsoft. He holds an M.Tech from IIT Bombay and has taught data structures and algorithms. His books cover interview questions and have been translated internationally. They are used as references in 58 universities and help prepare students and professionals for interviews and exams.
Sample chapters [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's purpose of helping beginners learn fundamental data structures and algorithms concepts through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Table of contents [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's objectives of helping readers learn fundamental data structures and algorithms through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the objective of the book, which is to provide solutions to algorithmic problems with different complexities rather than focus on theorems and proofs. The book contains approximately 700 problems covering topics relevant for competitive exams and interviews. For each problem, multiple solutions with varying complexities are provided to illustrate different approaches. The preface recommends reading the entire book to gain a full understanding of the topics covered. It also notes that while efforts were made to correct errors, readers should check the author's website for any updates or corrections.
SALIENT FEATURES OF BOOK
Provides insight into what drives the recruitment process and what an interviewer looks for while interviewing an engineering student
Covers concepts, problems, and interview questions for each topic
Covers latest buzzwords like Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Big Data, and many more
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book
Coders/Programmers are in demand, but to land the job, you must demonstrate knowledge of those things expected by today's employers. This guide sets you up for success. Not only does it provide the most commonly asked interview questions and answers, but it also offers insight into the interview process in today's marketplace. This book is a comprehensive guide for experienced and first-time programmers alike.
The book is specifically designed for freshers, who despite being brilliant at the technical aspects of the interview, tend to fail when it comes to soft skills and HR interviews. The book provides readers with a relevant blueprint when it comes to planning for pre-interview preparation. It provides candidates with guidelines on the preparation of their resumes and the format that should be followed.
Table of Contents
Organization of Chapters 17
Getting Ready 22
Group Discussions 37
Operating System Concepts 54
C/C++/Java Interview Questions 81
Scripting Languages 157
Bitwise Hacking 194
Concepts of Computer Networking 203
Database Management Systems 256
Brain Teasers 271
Algorithms Introduction 274
Recursion and Backtracking 285
Linked Lists 290
Stacks 322
Queues 336
Trees 345
Priority Queues and Heaps 397
Graph Algorithms 407
Sorting 417
Searching 441
Hashing 466
String Algorithms 473
Algorithms Design Techniques 479
Greedy Algorithms 482
Divide and Conquer Algorithms 486
Dynamic Programming 489
Basics of Design Patterns 496
Non-Technical Help 505
Quantitative Aptitude Concepts 511
Basics of Cloud Computing 524
Miscellaneous Concepts 539
Career Options 559
Data Structures and Algorithms For GATE: Solutions to all previous GATE quest...CareerMonk Publications
printf("The value of X is: %d\n", *ptr);
This dereferences the pointer and gives us the value stored at the address it points to, which is the value of .
So in summary:
- Pointers hold the address of other variables.
- We assign addresses to pointers using the address-of operator &.
- We access the value at the address a pointer points to using the indirection operator *.
Success key book for:
* Campus Preparation
* Degree/Masters Course Preparation
* Instructor’s
* GATE Preparation
* Big job hunters: Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Yahoo, Flip Kart, Adobe, IBM Labs, Citrix, Mentor Graphics, NetApp, Oracle, Webaroo, De-Shaw, Success Factors, Face book, McAfee and many more
* Reference Manual for working people
This document provides guidance on developing effective academic reading skills. It introduces the QUASAR method for improving reading efficiency, interactivity, and critical analysis. The method involves questioning texts, actively engaging with them, using reading strategies and systems, analyzing information, and reflecting on what is read. It includes self-assessments to evaluate a reader's current approach and tips for increasing speed, navigating texts efficiently, and developing a deeper critical understanding of what is read. The overall goal is to become an active, efficient, and critical reader who thoughtfully engages with information.
Narasimha Karumanchi is a founder of CareerMonk and author of several books on data structures, algorithms, and design patterns. He has worked for major tech companies like Amazon, IBM, Microsoft. He holds an M.Tech from IIT Bombay and has taught data structures and algorithms. His books cover interview questions and have been translated internationally. They are used as references in 58 universities and help prepare students and professionals for interviews and exams.
Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems a...CareerMonk Publications
Salient Features of Book:
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner.
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book.
Helps to build logic in the students which becomes stepping stone for understanding computer networking protocols.
Interview questions collected from the actual interviews of various Software companies (and past compititive examinations like GATE) will help the students to be successful in their campus interviews.
Hundreds of solved problems help the students of various universities do well in their examinations like B.C.A, B.Sc, M.Sc, M.C.A, B.E, B.Tech, M.Tech, etc.
Works like a handy reference to the Software professionals.
Table of Contents (Chapters):
1) Organization of Chapters
2) Introduction
3) Networking Devices
4) OSI and TCP/IP Models
5) LAN Technologies
6) ARP and RARP
7) IP Addressing
8) Network Routing
9) TCP and UDP
10) TCP Error Control
11 )TCP Flow Control
12) TCP Congestion Control
13) Session layer
14) Presentation layer
15) Network Security
16) Application Layer Protocols
17) Miscellaneous Concepts
This document provides an overview of programming basics including:
- Variables are used to store and represent data in programs. Primitive data types define the kind of values variables can hold.
- Data structures are specialized formats for organizing and storing data to allow efficient manipulation. Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Abstract data types combine data structures with their associated operations. Common ADTs include linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Memory is organized as an array of bytes addressed by integers. Variables are allocated contiguous memory and identified by their address.
- Pointers are variables that store the address of other variables. They allow accessing and modifying the data at those
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses key concepts like variables, data types, data structures, abstract data types, algorithms, and analysis of algorithms. The goal of algorithm analysis is to compare algorithms in terms of their running time and space usage. Commonly used rates of growth for analyzing running time include constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic, and exponential time. Algorithm analysis helps determine which solutions are most efficient.
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java ( PDFDrive ).pdfAbdurraufSharifaiGar
This document is the preface of a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It provides acknowledgements to various individuals who helped with the creation and editing of the book. It also contains a brief message from the author encouraging readers to fully read and understand the content of the book in order to help with interview preparation, competitive exams, and more. The book aims to teach data structures and algorithms through problems and solutions rather than just theory.
"Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews" by Narasimha Karumanchi and Prof. Sreenivasa Rao Meda is a book that presents design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation. This book will provide an introduction to the basics and covers many real-time design interview questions. It comes handy as an interview and exam guide for computer scientists.
Salient Features of Book:
Readers without any background in software design will be able to understand it easily and completely.
Presents the concepts of design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation.
After reading the book, readers will be in a position to come up with better designs than before and participate in design discussions which happen in their daily office work.
The book provides enough real-time examples so that readers get better understanding of the design patterns and also useful for the interviews. We mean, the book should cover design interview questions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
UML Basics
Design Patterns Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Glossary and Tips
Design Interview Questions
Miscellaneous Concepts
1. Library staff are required to fill out a form for every patron interaction, selecting from drop-down options for patron type, question type, assistance provided, and whether to include the question in the public knowledge base.
2. Question types include general library questions, print/copy/scan, log-in help, basic or advanced research, citation help, and technology help. Staff must provide details for research and other questions.
3. Assistance options specify if the question was answered alone, with a librarian or other staff, if the patron was referred to a librarian, or circulation desk.
4. The form automatically links
002 One Page Essay What Is The Mla Format For EssAngela Hays
The motherboard connects the central processing unit (CPU) and other vital components like RAM, graphics card, and hard drives. It allows all the systems components to communicate to carry out tasks. Components like fans and the power supply connect to the motherboard to keep it and other parts cool while providing power to run the entire computer system.
This book provides an introduction to design patterns, which are common solutions to recurring problems in software design. The book aims to help readers learn design patterns to improve their skills and prepare for interviews. It covers fundamental design pattern concepts, categorizes patterns, and explains each pattern with examples. In addition, it includes tips, UML basics, and common design interview questions. The book recommends multiple readings to fully understand patterns and how they can be applied.
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...PsychoTech Services
Study smart! The most important topics for your IGNOU exam are in this document.
We analyzed the examination pattern for IGNOU’s PGDCFT and MSCCFT courses – taking into account every single question of every exam of every single subject to generate these very useful, high-quality insights. Forget about 10 years papers – study smart using FIHC’s IGNOU Exam Question Pattern!
Here is what I noticed about how I read the passage:
- My eyes tended to jump from the beginning of one line to the beginning of the next line, instead of tracking across the full line of text.
- My mind was slightly behind my eyes - I had to go back and re-read parts of sentences to fully understand them.
- I found myself skimming some words without fully processing their meaning in order to keep up with the pace of my eyes moving across the page.
Edit My Paper Online Paper Editing amp; Writing For College. How to Edit an Essay in just 5 Simple Steps. 7 ways to Edit your Essay for 13 higher grades 2021. Editing Your Essay Part 1.1 - YouTube. STYLE WRITER StyleWriter SOFTWARE to Edit Your Essays and Research Papers. How to Edit an Essay. Guide to editing an essay Plus where to get editing help - Paper Per Hour. 003 Essay Example Online Editor How It Works New York University Sample .... How to Edit an Essay: The Complete Guide For College Students. Essay editing online - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. The Ultimate Guide To Essay Editing - TrueEditors Blog - Academic. Essay Editor Experts Canada Online Essay Editing Service. 012 Website That Writes Essays For You Free Essay Editing Checklist .... 011 Essay Editor Free Editing Sample Thatsnotus. 005 How To Edit An Essay Img032 Thatsnotus. I can proofread and edit essays amp; other written documents. Essay Editing Service - Will You Go For Manual Editing Or Online Essay .... 012 Essay Example Editor Thatsnotus. How to edit an essay: 6 tips for editing your own paper SchoolHabits. Edit My Essay, Edit My Essay For Me Online Service. Critical essay: Edit essay free. 010 Essay Correction Edit Essays Editing Fast And Affordable Free .... Help editing my essay. US Essay Online: Help editing my essay FREE .... Edit my essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. 004 Essay Example Free Thatsnotus. Essay Writers Online Reviews: Buy Essay Online - Best Writing Services .... Edit essay online - The Oscillation Band. College Essay Format: Simple Steps to Be Followed. 012 Edit My Essay Memorable Moment Resumes On In Editing Ex College .... Edit your essay online - The Oscillation Band. Essay edit - UK Essay Writing Help.. Essay edit - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay editor online - How Do I Edit My Essay. Online essay editing services Edit Essays Online Edit Essays Online
Edit My Paper | Online Paper Editing & Writing For College. How to Edit an Essay (in just 5 Simple Steps). 7 ways to Edit your Essay for 13% higher grades (2021). Editing Your Essay ~ Part 1.1 - YouTube. STYLE WRITER (StyleWriter) SOFTWARE to Edit Your Essays and Research Papers. How to Edit an Essay. Guide to editing an essay [Plus where to get editing help
Saltstack For DevOps
Extremely fast and simple IT automation and configuration managment
Through this book you will learn how to use one of the most powerful DevOps tools.
Tips on answering cv based interview questions [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/2-cv-based-interview-questions/1-tips-for-answering-cv-based-interview-questions/ ]. LearningPundits helps Job Seekers make great CVs [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/1-cv-preparation-for-freshers/1-cv-writing-tips-for-freshers/ ] , master English Grammar and Vocabulary [ https://learningpundits.com/course/4-english-grammar/ ] , ace Aptitude Tests [ https://learningpundits.com/course/11-mathematical-aptitude/ ], speak fluently in a Group Discussion [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/6-group-discussion-questions/1-tips-for-speaking-in-a-group-discussion/ ] and perform well in Interviews [ https://learningpundits.com/course/2-personal-interview/ ] We also conduct weekly online contests on Aptitude and English [ https://learningpundits.com/contest ]. We also allow Job Seekers to apply for Jobs [ https://learningpundits.com/applyForJobs ]
How To Write A Statement Of Purpose For Grad School (Rachel Doty
The document discusses the ethical issue of using deception in social science research involving human subjects. While some argue deception carries risks and could harm subjects, others believe deception is sometimes necessary to obtain naturalistic behavior. Critics say deception limits subjects' ability to give informed consent. The document examines Humphreys' controversial 1970 study of male homosexuals that involved deception through concealed identities and surveillance. Overall, the document outlines the debate around whether deception can ever be justified in social science research.
This document discusses weight-loss commercials and argues they should be banned. It begins by listing some common claims made in weight-loss commercials, such as losing 30 pounds in 30 days or losing inches in 45 minutes. It then states that the document will examine the negative impacts of these commercials and argue they should be banned. In conclusion, it maintains that weight-loss commercials promote unhealthy ideas about weight and body image and their claims are often misleading or untrue, so banning them would have positive impacts.
The document provides information about writing for the Technology Teacher magazine, including tips for finding time to write, potential topics, the writing and submission process, and benefits of being published. It notes that most readers want practical classroom articles and the top requested topics are model programs/projects and teaching techniques. The submission process involves either peer review or volunteering an article for staff review, and copyright and image guidelines must be followed.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems a...CareerMonk Publications
Salient Features of Book:
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner.
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book.
Helps to build logic in the students which becomes stepping stone for understanding computer networking protocols.
Interview questions collected from the actual interviews of various Software companies (and past compititive examinations like GATE) will help the students to be successful in their campus interviews.
Hundreds of solved problems help the students of various universities do well in their examinations like B.C.A, B.Sc, M.Sc, M.C.A, B.E, B.Tech, M.Tech, etc.
Works like a handy reference to the Software professionals.
Table of Contents (Chapters):
1) Organization of Chapters
2) Introduction
3) Networking Devices
4) OSI and TCP/IP Models
5) LAN Technologies
6) ARP and RARP
7) IP Addressing
8) Network Routing
9) TCP and UDP
10) TCP Error Control
11 )TCP Flow Control
12) TCP Congestion Control
13) Session layer
14) Presentation layer
15) Network Security
16) Application Layer Protocols
17) Miscellaneous Concepts
This document provides an overview of programming basics including:
- Variables are used to store and represent data in programs. Primitive data types define the kind of values variables can hold.
- Data structures are specialized formats for organizing and storing data to allow efficient manipulation. Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Abstract data types combine data structures with their associated operations. Common ADTs include linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Memory is organized as an array of bytes addressed by integers. Variables are allocated contiguous memory and identified by their address.
- Pointers are variables that store the address of other variables. They allow accessing and modifying the data at those
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses key concepts like variables, data types, data structures, abstract data types, algorithms, and analysis of algorithms. The goal of algorithm analysis is to compare algorithms in terms of their running time and space usage. Commonly used rates of growth for analyzing running time include constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic, and exponential time. Algorithm analysis helps determine which solutions are most efficient.
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java ( PDFDrive ).pdfAbdurraufSharifaiGar
This document is the preface of a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It provides acknowledgements to various individuals who helped with the creation and editing of the book. It also contains a brief message from the author encouraging readers to fully read and understand the content of the book in order to help with interview preparation, competitive exams, and more. The book aims to teach data structures and algorithms through problems and solutions rather than just theory.
"Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews" by Narasimha Karumanchi and Prof. Sreenivasa Rao Meda is a book that presents design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation. This book will provide an introduction to the basics and covers many real-time design interview questions. It comes handy as an interview and exam guide for computer scientists.
Salient Features of Book:
Readers without any background in software design will be able to understand it easily and completely.
Presents the concepts of design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation.
After reading the book, readers will be in a position to come up with better designs than before and participate in design discussions which happen in their daily office work.
The book provides enough real-time examples so that readers get better understanding of the design patterns and also useful for the interviews. We mean, the book should cover design interview questions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
UML Basics
Design Patterns Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Glossary and Tips
Design Interview Questions
Miscellaneous Concepts
1. Library staff are required to fill out a form for every patron interaction, selecting from drop-down options for patron type, question type, assistance provided, and whether to include the question in the public knowledge base.
2. Question types include general library questions, print/copy/scan, log-in help, basic or advanced research, citation help, and technology help. Staff must provide details for research and other questions.
3. Assistance options specify if the question was answered alone, with a librarian or other staff, if the patron was referred to a librarian, or circulation desk.
4. The form automatically links
002 One Page Essay What Is The Mla Format For EssAngela Hays
The motherboard connects the central processing unit (CPU) and other vital components like RAM, graphics card, and hard drives. It allows all the systems components to communicate to carry out tasks. Components like fans and the power supply connect to the motherboard to keep it and other parts cool while providing power to run the entire computer system.
This book provides an introduction to design patterns, which are common solutions to recurring problems in software design. The book aims to help readers learn design patterns to improve their skills and prepare for interviews. It covers fundamental design pattern concepts, categorizes patterns, and explains each pattern with examples. In addition, it includes tips, UML basics, and common design interview questions. The book recommends multiple readings to fully understand patterns and how they can be applied.
IGNOU MSCCFT and PGDCFT Exam Question Pattern: MCFT003 Counselling and Family...PsychoTech Services
Study smart! The most important topics for your IGNOU exam are in this document.
We analyzed the examination pattern for IGNOU’s PGDCFT and MSCCFT courses – taking into account every single question of every exam of every single subject to generate these very useful, high-quality insights. Forget about 10 years papers – study smart using FIHC’s IGNOU Exam Question Pattern!
Here is what I noticed about how I read the passage:
- My eyes tended to jump from the beginning of one line to the beginning of the next line, instead of tracking across the full line of text.
- My mind was slightly behind my eyes - I had to go back and re-read parts of sentences to fully understand them.
- I found myself skimming some words without fully processing their meaning in order to keep up with the pace of my eyes moving across the page.
Edit My Paper Online Paper Editing amp; Writing For College. How to Edit an Essay in just 5 Simple Steps. 7 ways to Edit your Essay for 13 higher grades 2021. Editing Your Essay Part 1.1 - YouTube. STYLE WRITER StyleWriter SOFTWARE to Edit Your Essays and Research Papers. How to Edit an Essay. Guide to editing an essay Plus where to get editing help - Paper Per Hour. 003 Essay Example Online Editor How It Works New York University Sample .... How to Edit an Essay: The Complete Guide For College Students. Essay editing online - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. The Ultimate Guide To Essay Editing - TrueEditors Blog - Academic. Essay Editor Experts Canada Online Essay Editing Service. 012 Website That Writes Essays For You Free Essay Editing Checklist .... 011 Essay Editor Free Editing Sample Thatsnotus. 005 How To Edit An Essay Img032 Thatsnotus. I can proofread and edit essays amp; other written documents. Essay Editing Service - Will You Go For Manual Editing Or Online Essay .... 012 Essay Example Editor Thatsnotus. How to edit an essay: 6 tips for editing your own paper SchoolHabits. Edit My Essay, Edit My Essay For Me Online Service. Critical essay: Edit essay free. 010 Essay Correction Edit Essays Editing Fast And Affordable Free .... Help editing my essay. US Essay Online: Help editing my essay FREE .... Edit my essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. 004 Essay Example Free Thatsnotus. Essay Writers Online Reviews: Buy Essay Online - Best Writing Services .... Edit essay online - The Oscillation Band. College Essay Format: Simple Steps to Be Followed. 012 Edit My Essay Memorable Moment Resumes On In Editing Ex College .... Edit your essay online - The Oscillation Band. Essay edit - UK Essay Writing Help.. Essay edit - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay editor online - How Do I Edit My Essay. Online essay editing services Edit Essays Online Edit Essays Online
Edit My Paper | Online Paper Editing & Writing For College. How to Edit an Essay (in just 5 Simple Steps). 7 ways to Edit your Essay for 13% higher grades (2021). Editing Your Essay ~ Part 1.1 - YouTube. STYLE WRITER (StyleWriter) SOFTWARE to Edit Your Essays and Research Papers. How to Edit an Essay. Guide to editing an essay [Plus where to get editing help
Saltstack For DevOps
Extremely fast and simple IT automation and configuration managment
Through this book you will learn how to use one of the most powerful DevOps tools.
Tips on answering cv based interview questions [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/2-cv-based-interview-questions/1-tips-for-answering-cv-based-interview-questions/ ]. LearningPundits helps Job Seekers make great CVs [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/1-cv-preparation-for-freshers/1-cv-writing-tips-for-freshers/ ] , master English Grammar and Vocabulary [ https://learningpundits.com/course/4-english-grammar/ ] , ace Aptitude Tests [ https://learningpundits.com/course/11-mathematical-aptitude/ ], speak fluently in a Group Discussion [ https://learningpundits.com/module-view/6-group-discussion-questions/1-tips-for-speaking-in-a-group-discussion/ ] and perform well in Interviews [ https://learningpundits.com/course/2-personal-interview/ ] We also conduct weekly online contests on Aptitude and English [ https://learningpundits.com/contest ]. We also allow Job Seekers to apply for Jobs [ https://learningpundits.com/applyForJobs ]
How To Write A Statement Of Purpose For Grad School (Rachel Doty
The document discusses the ethical issue of using deception in social science research involving human subjects. While some argue deception carries risks and could harm subjects, others believe deception is sometimes necessary to obtain naturalistic behavior. Critics say deception limits subjects' ability to give informed consent. The document examines Humphreys' controversial 1970 study of male homosexuals that involved deception through concealed identities and surveillance. Overall, the document outlines the debate around whether deception can ever be justified in social science research.
This document discusses weight-loss commercials and argues they should be banned. It begins by listing some common claims made in weight-loss commercials, such as losing 30 pounds in 30 days or losing inches in 45 minutes. It then states that the document will examine the negative impacts of these commercials and argue they should be banned. In conclusion, it maintains that weight-loss commercials promote unhealthy ideas about weight and body image and their claims are often misleading or untrue, so banning them would have positive impacts.
The document provides information about writing for the Technology Teacher magazine, including tips for finding time to write, potential topics, the writing and submission process, and benefits of being published. It notes that most readers want practical classroom articles and the top requested topics are model programs/projects and teaching techniques. The submission process involves either peer review or volunteering an article for staff review, and copyright and image guidelines must be followed.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
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This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
3. Acknowledgements
𝑀𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 and 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, it is impossible to thank you adequately for everything you have done, from loving me
unconditionally to raising me in a stable household, where you persistent efforts traditional values and
taught your children to celebrate and embrace life. I could not have asked for better parents or role-
models. You showed me that anything is possible with faith, hard work and determination.
This book would not have been possible without the help of many people. I would like to express my
gratitude to many people who saw me through this book, to all those who provided support, talked things
over, read, wrote, offered comments, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in the editing,
proofreading and design. In particular, I would like to thank the following individuals.
𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑢𝑑𝑖, IIT Bombay, Architect, dataRPM Pvt. Ltd.
𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝐽𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑙, Senior Consultant, Juniper Networks Inc.
𝐴. 𝑉𝑎𝑚𝑠ℎ𝑖 𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑛𝑎, IIT Kanpur, Mentor Graphics Inc.
𝐾𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑛𝑎, B-Tech., Technical Lead, HCL
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑃. 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ, 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑉𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠, 𝐼𝐼𝑇 𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑦
𝐾𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐾𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝐽𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎, IIT Bombay
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝐻𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑢 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑖, 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑤𝑎𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑤𝑎𝑛
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖 𝑆𝑜𝑏ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑏𝑢. 𝐼𝐼𝑇, 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑎 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑜, 𝐽𝑁𝑇𝑈, 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑑
Last but not least, I would like to thank 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 of 𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝑉𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑒, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝑌. 𝑉. 𝐺𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝐾𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑛𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑦
& 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓. 𝐴𝑦𝑢𝑏 𝐾ℎ𝑎𝑛 [𝐴𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑦], 𝑇. 𝑅. 𝐶. 𝐵𝑜𝑠𝑒 [𝐸𝑥. 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 of 𝐴𝑃𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑐𝑜], 𝐶ℎ. 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑜
𝑉𝑁𝑅 𝑉𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑗𝑦𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑖 [𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑒, 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑑], 𝐶ℎ. 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑎ℎ [𝐼𝑃𝑆], 𝑌𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑖 𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑎ℎ
[𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑢, 𝐺𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑙𝑎] & 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑤𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠 for helping me and my family during our studies.
−𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑚ℎ𝑎 𝐾𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖
M-Tech, 𝐼𝐼𝑇 𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑦
Founder, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑘. 𝑐𝑜𝑚
4.
5. Preface
Dear Reader,
Please Hold on! I know many people do not read the preface. But I would strongly recommend that you
go through the preface of this book at least. The reason for this is that this preface has 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
to offer.
The main objective of the book is not to present you the theorems and proofs about 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 and
𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑠. I have followed a pattern of improving the problem solutions with different complexities (for
each problem, you will find multiple solutions with different, and reduced complexities). Basically, it’s an
enumeration of possible solutions. With this approach, even if you get a new question it will show you a
way to think about all possible solutions. This book is very useful for interview preparation, competitive
exams preparation, and campus interview preparations.
As a 𝑗𝑜𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑟 if you read the complete book with good understanding, I am sure you will challenge the
interviewers and that is the objective of this book. If you read it as an 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, you will deliver better
lectures with an easy approach and as a result your students will appreciate the fact that they have opted
for Computer Science / Information Technology as their degree.
This book is very useful for the 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 of 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 and 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 during their academic
preparations. In all the chapters you will see that more importance has been given to problems and their
analysis instead of theory. For each chapter, first you will read about the basic required theory and this
will be followed by a section on problem sets. There are approximately 700 algorithmic problems and all of
them are with solutions.
If you read as a 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 preparing for competitive exams for Computer Science/Information Technology,
the content of this book covers 𝑎𝑙𝑙 the 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 topics in full detail. While writing this book, my focus has
been to help students who are preparing for these exams.
In all the chapters you will see more importance given to problems and analyzing them instead of
concentrating more on theory. For each chapter, first you will see the basic required theory and then
followed by problems.
For many problems, 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 solutions are provided with different levels of complexities. We start with
𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 solution and slowly move towards the 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 possible for that problem. For each problem
we will try to understand how much time the algorithm is taking and how much memory the algorithm is
taking.
It is 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 that the reader does at least one complete reading of this book to get full understanding
of all the topics. In the subsequent readings, you can go directly to any chapter and refer. Even though,
enough readings were given for correcting the errors, there could be some minor typos in the book. If any
such typos are found, they will be updated at 𝑤𝑤𝑤. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑘. 𝑐𝑜𝑚. I request you to constantly monitor
this site for any corrections, new problems and solutions. Also, please provide your valuable suggestions
at: 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑜@𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑘. 𝑐𝑜𝑚.
Wish you all the best. I am sure that you will find this book useful.
−𝑁𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑚ℎ𝑎 𝐾𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖
M-Tech, 𝐼𝐼𝑇 𝐵𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑦
Founder, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑘. 𝑐𝑜𝑚
6. Other Titles by Narasimha Karumanchi
IT Interview Questions
Data Structures and Algorithms for GATE
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java
Coding Interview Questions
Peeling Design Patterns
Elements of Computer Networking
Data Structure and Algorithmic Thinking with Python
7. Table of Contents
1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.1 Variables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
1.2 Data types-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
1.3 Data Structures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.4 Abstract Data Types (ADTs) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.5 What is an Algorithm? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.6 Why Analysis of Algorithms? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
1.7 Goal of Analysis of Algorithms -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
1.8 What is Running Time Analysis? ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
1.9 How to Compare Algorithms? --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
1.10 What is Rate of Growth? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
1.11 Commonly used Rate of Growths --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
1.12 Types of Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.13 Asymptotic Notation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
1.14 Big-O Notation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
1.15 Omega-Ω Notation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
1.16 Theta- Notation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
1.17 Why is it called Asymptotic Analysis?---------------------------------------------------------------- 20
1.18 Guidelines for Asymptotic Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
1.19 Properties of Notations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
1.20 Commonly used Logarithms and Summations ----------------------------------------------------- 22
1.21 Master Theorem for Divide and Conquer ------------------------------------------------------------ 22
1.22 Problems on Divide and Conquer Master Theorem ------------------------------------------------ 23
1.23 Master Theorem for Subtract and Conquer Recurrences ----------------------------------------- 23
1.24 Variant of subtraction and conquer master theorem ---------------------------------------------- 24
1.25 Method of Guessing and Confirm--------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
1.26 Amortized Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
1.27 Problems on Algorithms Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
2. Recursion and Backtracking ---------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
2.2 What is Recursion? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.3 Why Recursion? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
2.4 Format of a Recursive Function ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
2.5 Recursion and Memory (Visualization) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 36
2.6 Recursion versus Iteration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
2.7 Notes on Recursion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
2.8 Example Algorithms of Recursion ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
2.9 Problems on Recursion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
2.10 What is Backtracking?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
8. 2.11 Example Algorithms of Backtracking ---------------------------------------------------------------- 38
2.12 Problems on Backtracking ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3. Linked Lists------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.1 What is a Linked List?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.2 Linked Lists ADT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
3.3 Why Linked Lists? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.4 Arrays Overview ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
3.5 Comparison of Linked Lists with Arrays & Dynamic Arrays --------------------------------------- 43
3.6 Singly Linked Lists---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.7 Doubly Linked Lists -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.8 Circular Linked Lists ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
3.9 A Memory-Efficient Doubly Linked List --------------------------------------------------------------- 58
3.10 Unrolled Linked Lists ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
3.11 Skip Lists ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
3.12 Problems on Linked Lists ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
4. Stacks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87
4.1 What is a Stack? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87
4.2 How Stacks are used?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87
4.3 Stack ADT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
4.4 Applications------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 88
4.5 Implementation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
4.6 Comparison of Implementations------------------------------------------------------------------------ 93
4.7 Problems on Stacks--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
5. Queues --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109
5.1 What is a Queue? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109
5.2 How are Queues Used? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------109
5.3 Queue ADT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109
5.4 Exceptions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------110
5.5 Applications-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------110
5.6 Implementation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------110
5.7 Problems on Queues-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115
6. Trees ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 121
6.1 What is a Tree?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------121
6.2 Glossary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------121
6.3 Binary Trees ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122
6.4 Types of Binary Trees -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------123
6.5 Properties of Binary Trees ------------------------------------------------------------------------------123
6.6 Binary Tree Traversals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------125
6.7 Generic Trees (N-ary Trees)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------144
6.8 Threaded Binary Tree Traversals [Stack or Queue less Traversals]------------------------------150
6.9 Expression Trees -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------155
6.10 XOR Trees -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157
9. 6.11 Binary Search Trees (BSTs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------158
6.12 Balanced Binary Search Trees -----------------------------------------------------------------------172
6.13 AVL (Adelson-Velskii and Landis) Trees ------------------------------------------------------------173
6.14 Other Variations in Trees -----------------------------------------------------------------------------188
7. Priority Queues and Heaps ---------------------------------------------------------------- 192
7.1 What is a Priority Queue? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------192
7.2 Priority Queue ADT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------192
7.3 Priority Queue Applications ----------------------------------------------------------------------------193
7.4 Priority Queue Implementations-----------------------------------------------------------------------193
7.5 Heaps and Binary Heap---------------------------------------------------------------------------------194
7.6 Binary Heaps ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------195
7.7 Heapsort---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------200
7.8 Problems on Priority Queues [Heaps] -----------------------------------------------------------------201
8. Disjoint Sets ADT --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211
8.1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------211
8.2 Equivalence Relations and Equivalence Classes----------------------------------------------------211
8.3 Disjoint Sets ADT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212
8.4 Applications-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212
8.5 Tradeoffs in Implementing Disjoint Sets ADT -------------------------------------------------------212
8.8 Fast UNION implementation (Slow FIND) ------------------------------------------------------------213
8.9 Fast UNION implementations (Quick FIND) ---------------------------------------------------------216
8.10 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------218
8.11 Problems on Disjoint Sets-----------------------------------------------------------------------------218
9. Graph Algorithms --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 220
9.1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220
9.2 Glossary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220
9.3 Applications of Graphs----------------------------------------------------------------------------------223
9.4 Graph Representation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------223
9.5 Graph Traversals-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------226
9.6 Topological Sort ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232
9.7 Shortest Path Algorithms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------234
9.8 Minimal Spanning Tree ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------238
9.9 Problems on Graph Algorithms ------------------------------------------------------------------------242
10.Sorting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 260
10.1 What is Sorting? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------260
10.2 Why is Sorting necessary? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------260
10.3 Classification of Sorting Algorithms -----------------------------------------------------------------260
10.4 Other Classifications-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------261
10.5 Bubble sort ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------261
10.6 Selection Sort -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------262
10.7 Insertion sort--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------263
10.8 Shell sort-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------264
10. 10.9 Merge sort -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------265
10.10 Heapsort------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------267
10.11 Quicksort-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------267
10.12 Tree Sort------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------269
10.13 Comparison of Sorting Algorithms -----------------------------------------------------------------269
10.14 Linear Sorting Algorithms ---------------------------------------------------------------------------270
10.15 Counting Sort------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------270
10.16 Bucket sort [or Bin Sort]-----------------------------------------------------------------------------270
10.17 Radix sort ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------271
10.18 Topological Sort ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------271
10.19 External Sorting---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------271
10.20 Problems on Sorting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------272
11.Searching ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 281
11.1 What is Searching?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------281
11.2 Why do we need Searching? --------------------------------------------------------------------------281
11.3 Types of Searching -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------281
11.4 Unordered Linear Search------------------------------------------------------------------------------281
11.5 Sorted/Ordered Linear Search -----------------------------------------------------------------------282
11.6 Binary Search-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------282
11.7 Comparing Basic Searching Algorithms ------------------------------------------------------------283
11.8 Symbol Tables and Hashing --------------------------------------------------------------------------283
11.9 String Searching Algorithms--------------------------------------------------------------------------283
11.10 Problems on Searching-------------------------------------------------------------------------------283
12.Selection Algorithms [Medians] ----------------------------------------------------------- 304
12.1 What are Selection Algorithms? ----------------------------------------------------------------------304
12.2 Selection by Sorting------------------------------------------------------------------------------------304
12.3 Partition-based Selection Algorithm -----------------------------------------------------------------304
12.4 Linear Selection algorithm - Median of Medians algorithm--------------------------------------304
12.5 Finding the K Smallest Elements in Sorted Order ------------------------------------------------305
12.6 Problems on Selection Algorithms -------------------------------------------------------------------305
13.Symbol Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 313
13.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------313
13.2 What are Symbol Tables? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------313
13.3 Symbol Table Implementations ----------------------------------------------------------------------313
13.4 Comparison of Symbol Table Implementations ----------------------------------------------------314
14.Hashing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 315
14.1 What is Hashing?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------315
14.2 Why Hashing?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------315
14.3 HashTable ADT -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------315
14.4 Understanding Hashing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------315
14.5 Components of Hashing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------317
14.6 Hash Table ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------317
11. 14.7 Hash Function ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------317
14.8 Load Factor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------317
14.9 Collisions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------318
14.10 Collision Resolution Techniques--------------------------------------------------------------------318
14.11 Separate Chaining ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------318
14.12 Open Addressing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------318
14.13 Comparison of Collision Resolution Techniques -------------------------------------------------320
14.14 How Hashing Gets O(1) Complexity? --------------------------------------------------------------320
14.15 Hashing Techniques----------------------------------------------------------------------------------321
14.16 Problems for which Hash Tables are not suitable -----------------------------------------------321
14.17 Bloom Filters ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------321
14.18 Problems on Hashing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------323
15.String Algorithms --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 333
15.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------333
15.2 String Matching Algorithms --------------------------------------------------------------------------333
15.3 Brute Force Method ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------334
15.4 Robin-Karp String Matching Algorithm -------------------------------------------------------------334
15.5 String Matching with Finite Automata --------------------------------------------------------------335
15.6 KMP Algorithm------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------336
15.7 Boyce-Moore Algorithm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------339
15.8 Data Structures for Storing Strings -----------------------------------------------------------------339
15.9 Hash Tables for Strings--------------------------------------------------------------------------------340
15.10 Binary Search Trees for Strings --------------------------------------------------------------------340
15.11 Tries-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------340
15.12 Ternary Search Trees---------------------------------------------------------------------------------342
15.13 Comparing BSTs, Tries and TSTs ------------------------------------------------------------------346
15.14 Suffix Trees --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------346
15.15 Problems on Strings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------349
16.Algorithms Design Techniques------------------------------------------------------------ 357
16.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------357
16.2 Classification--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------357
16.3 Classification by Implementation Method ----------------------------------------------------------357
16.4 Classification by Design Method ---------------------------------------------------------------------358
16.5 Other Classifications-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------359
17.Greedy Algorithms -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 360
17.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------360
17.2 Greedy strategy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------360
17.3 Elements of Greedy Algorithms ----------------------------------------------------------------------360
17.4 Does Greedy Always Work? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------360
17.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Greedy Method------------------------------------------------361
17.6 Greedy Applications------------------------------------------------------------------------------------361
17.7 Understanding Greedy Technique -------------------------------------------------------------------361
12. 17.8 Problems on Greedy Algorithms----------------------------------------------------------------------363
18.Divide and Conquer Algorithms ---------------------------------------------------------- 369
18.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------369
18.2 What is Divide and Conquer Strategy?--------------------------------------------------------------369
18.3 Does Divide and Conquer Always Work? -----------------------------------------------------------369
18.4 Divide and Conquer Visualization -------------------------------------------------------------------369
18.5 Understanding Divide and Conquer -----------------------------------------------------------------370
18.6 Advantages of Divide and Conquer ------------------------------------------------------------------370
18.7 Disadvantages of Divide and Conquer --------------------------------------------------------------371
18.8 Master Theorem ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------371
18.9 Divide and Conquer Applications --------------------------------------------------------------------371
18.10 Problems on Divide and Conquer ------------------------------------------------------------------371
19.Dynamic Programming--------------------------------------------------------------------- 381
19.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------381
19.2 What is Dynamic Programming Strategy?----------------------------------------------------------381
19.3 Properties of Dynamic Programming Strategy -----------------------------------------------------381
19.4 Can Dynamic Programming Solve All Problems?--------------------------------------------------381
19.5 Dynamic Programming Approaches -----------------------------------------------------------------381
19.6 Examples of Dynamic Programming Algorithms --------------------------------------------------382
19.7 Understanding Dynamic Programming -------------------------------------------------------------382
19.8 Longest Common Subsequence ----------------------------------------------------------------------385
19.9 Problems on Dynamic Programming ----------------------------------------------------------------386
20.Complexity Classes ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 415
20.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------415
20.2 Polynomial/Exponential time-------------------------------------------------------------------------415
20.3 What is Decision Problem?----------------------------------------------------------------------------415
20.4 Decision Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------416
20.5 What is a Complexity Class? -------------------------------------------------------------------------416
20.6 Types of Complexity Classes--------------------------------------------------------------------------416
20.7 Reductions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------418
20.8 Problems on Complexity Classes---------------------------------------------------------------------420
21.Miscellaneous Concepts ------------------------------------------------------------------- 423
21.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------423
21.2 Hacks on Bitwise Programming ----------------------------------------------------------------------423
21.3 Other Programming Questions -----------------------------------------------------------------------427
References---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 433