This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses key concepts like variables, data types, data structures, abstract data types, algorithms, and analysis of algorithms. The goal of algorithm analysis is to compare algorithms in terms of their running time and space usage. Commonly used rates of growth for analyzing running time include constant, logarithmic, linear, quadratic, and exponential time. Algorithm analysis helps determine which solutions are most efficient.
Data Structures and Algorithms For GATE: Solutions to all previous GATE quest...CareerMonk Publications
printf("The value of X is: %d\n", *ptr);
This dereferences the pointer and gives us the value stored at the address it points to, which is the value of .
So in summary:
- Pointers hold the address of other variables.
- We assign addresses to pointers using the address-of operator &.
- We access the value at the address a pointer points to using the indirection operator *.
Success key book for:
* Campus Preparation
* Degree/Masters Course Preparation
* Instructor’s
* GATE Preparation
* Big job hunters: Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Yahoo, Flip Kart, Adobe, IBM Labs, Citrix, Mentor Graphics, NetApp, Oracle, Webaroo, De-Shaw, Success Factors, Face book, McAfee and many more
* Reference Manual for working people
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the objective of the book, which is to provide solutions to algorithmic problems with different complexities rather than focus on theorems and proofs. The book contains approximately 700 problems covering topics relevant for competitive exams and interviews. For each problem, multiple solutions with varying complexities are provided to illustrate different approaches. The preface recommends reading the entire book to gain a full understanding of the topics covered. It also notes that while efforts were made to correct errors, readers should check the author's website for any updates or corrections.
"Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews" by Narasimha Karumanchi and Prof. Sreenivasa Rao Meda is a book that presents design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation. This book will provide an introduction to the basics and covers many real-time design interview questions. It comes handy as an interview and exam guide for computer scientists.
Salient Features of Book:
Readers without any background in software design will be able to understand it easily and completely.
Presents the concepts of design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation.
After reading the book, readers will be in a position to come up with better designs than before and participate in design discussions which happen in their daily office work.
The book provides enough real-time examples so that readers get better understanding of the design patterns and also useful for the interviews. We mean, the book should cover design interview questions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
UML Basics
Design Patterns Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Glossary and Tips
Design Interview Questions
Miscellaneous Concepts
SALIENT FEATURES OF BOOK
Provides insight into what drives the recruitment process and what an interviewer looks for while interviewing an engineering student
Covers concepts, problems, and interview questions for each topic
Covers latest buzzwords like Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Big Data, and many more
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book
Coders/Programmers are in demand, but to land the job, you must demonstrate knowledge of those things expected by today's employers. This guide sets you up for success. Not only does it provide the most commonly asked interview questions and answers, but it also offers insight into the interview process in today's marketplace. This book is a comprehensive guide for experienced and first-time programmers alike.
The book is specifically designed for freshers, who despite being brilliant at the technical aspects of the interview, tend to fail when it comes to soft skills and HR interviews. The book provides readers with a relevant blueprint when it comes to planning for pre-interview preparation. It provides candidates with guidelines on the preparation of their resumes and the format that should be followed.
Table of Contents
Organization of Chapters 17
Getting Ready 22
Group Discussions 37
Operating System Concepts 54
C/C++/Java Interview Questions 81
Scripting Languages 157
Bitwise Hacking 194
Concepts of Computer Networking 203
Database Management Systems 256
Brain Teasers 271
Algorithms Introduction 274
Recursion and Backtracking 285
Linked Lists 290
Stacks 322
Queues 336
Trees 345
Priority Queues and Heaps 397
Graph Algorithms 407
Sorting 417
Searching 441
Hashing 466
String Algorithms 473
Algorithms Design Techniques 479
Greedy Algorithms 482
Divide and Conquer Algorithms 486
Dynamic Programming 489
Basics of Design Patterns 496
Non-Technical Help 505
Quantitative Aptitude Concepts 511
Basics of Cloud Computing 524
Miscellaneous Concepts 539
Career Options 559
This book provides an introduction to design patterns, which are common solutions to recurring problems in software design. The book aims to help readers learn design patterns to improve their skills and prepare for interviews. It covers fundamental design pattern concepts, categorizes patterns, and explains each pattern with examples. In addition, it includes tips, UML basics, and common design interview questions. The book recommends multiple readings to fully understand patterns and how they can be applied.
This document provides an overview of programming basics including:
- Variables are used to store and represent data in programs. Primitive data types define the kind of values variables can hold.
- Data structures are specialized formats for organizing and storing data to allow efficient manipulation. Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Abstract data types combine data structures with their associated operations. Common ADTs include linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Memory is organized as an array of bytes addressed by integers. Variables are allocated contiguous memory and identified by their address.
- Pointers are variables that store the address of other variables. They allow accessing and modifying the data at those
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the purpose and structure of the book. The book aims to help readers prepare for interviews and exams by focusing on solving problems of varying complexities for each data structures topic. It contains over 700 algorithm problems and their solutions. The preface recommends reading the entire book to fully understand the topics, and provides information on how to contact the author with any corrections or suggestions.
Data Structures and Algorithms For GATE: Solutions to all previous GATE quest...CareerMonk Publications
printf("The value of X is: %d\n", *ptr);
This dereferences the pointer and gives us the value stored at the address it points to, which is the value of .
So in summary:
- Pointers hold the address of other variables.
- We assign addresses to pointers using the address-of operator &.
- We access the value at the address a pointer points to using the indirection operator *.
Success key book for:
* Campus Preparation
* Degree/Masters Course Preparation
* Instructor’s
* GATE Preparation
* Big job hunters: Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Yahoo, Flip Kart, Adobe, IBM Labs, Citrix, Mentor Graphics, NetApp, Oracle, Webaroo, De-Shaw, Success Factors, Face book, McAfee and many more
* Reference Manual for working people
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the objective of the book, which is to provide solutions to algorithmic problems with different complexities rather than focus on theorems and proofs. The book contains approximately 700 problems covering topics relevant for competitive exams and interviews. For each problem, multiple solutions with varying complexities are provided to illustrate different approaches. The preface recommends reading the entire book to gain a full understanding of the topics covered. It also notes that while efforts were made to correct errors, readers should check the author's website for any updates or corrections.
"Peeling Design Patterns: For Beginners and Interviews" by Narasimha Karumanchi and Prof. Sreenivasa Rao Meda is a book that presents design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation. This book will provide an introduction to the basics and covers many real-time design interview questions. It comes handy as an interview and exam guide for computer scientists.
Salient Features of Book:
Readers without any background in software design will be able to understand it easily and completely.
Presents the concepts of design patterns in simple and straightforward manner with a clear-cut explanation.
After reading the book, readers will be in a position to come up with better designs than before and participate in design discussions which happen in their daily office work.
The book provides enough real-time examples so that readers get better understanding of the design patterns and also useful for the interviews. We mean, the book should cover design interview questions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
UML Basics
Design Patterns Introduction
Creational Patterns
Structural Patterns
Behavioral Patterns
Glossary and Tips
Design Interview Questions
Miscellaneous Concepts
SALIENT FEATURES OF BOOK
Provides insight into what drives the recruitment process and what an interviewer looks for while interviewing an engineering student
Covers concepts, problems, and interview questions for each topic
Covers latest buzzwords like Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Big Data, and many more
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book
Coders/Programmers are in demand, but to land the job, you must demonstrate knowledge of those things expected by today's employers. This guide sets you up for success. Not only does it provide the most commonly asked interview questions and answers, but it also offers insight into the interview process in today's marketplace. This book is a comprehensive guide for experienced and first-time programmers alike.
The book is specifically designed for freshers, who despite being brilliant at the technical aspects of the interview, tend to fail when it comes to soft skills and HR interviews. The book provides readers with a relevant blueprint when it comes to planning for pre-interview preparation. It provides candidates with guidelines on the preparation of their resumes and the format that should be followed.
Table of Contents
Organization of Chapters 17
Getting Ready 22
Group Discussions 37
Operating System Concepts 54
C/C++/Java Interview Questions 81
Scripting Languages 157
Bitwise Hacking 194
Concepts of Computer Networking 203
Database Management Systems 256
Brain Teasers 271
Algorithms Introduction 274
Recursion and Backtracking 285
Linked Lists 290
Stacks 322
Queues 336
Trees 345
Priority Queues and Heaps 397
Graph Algorithms 407
Sorting 417
Searching 441
Hashing 466
String Algorithms 473
Algorithms Design Techniques 479
Greedy Algorithms 482
Divide and Conquer Algorithms 486
Dynamic Programming 489
Basics of Design Patterns 496
Non-Technical Help 505
Quantitative Aptitude Concepts 511
Basics of Cloud Computing 524
Miscellaneous Concepts 539
Career Options 559
This book provides an introduction to design patterns, which are common solutions to recurring problems in software design. The book aims to help readers learn design patterns to improve their skills and prepare for interviews. It covers fundamental design pattern concepts, categorizes patterns, and explains each pattern with examples. In addition, it includes tips, UML basics, and common design interview questions. The book recommends multiple readings to fully understand patterns and how they can be applied.
This document provides an overview of programming basics including:
- Variables are used to store and represent data in programs. Primitive data types define the kind of values variables can hold.
- Data structures are specialized formats for organizing and storing data to allow efficient manipulation. Common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Abstract data types combine data structures with their associated operations. Common ADTs include linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
- Memory is organized as an array of bytes addressed by integers. Variables are allocated contiguous memory and identified by their address.
- Pointers are variables that store the address of other variables. They allow accessing and modifying the data at those
This document is the preface to a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the purpose and structure of the book. The book aims to help readers prepare for interviews and exams by focusing on solving problems of varying complexities for each data structures topic. It contains over 700 algorithm problems and their solutions. The preface recommends reading the entire book to fully understand the topics, and provides information on how to contact the author with any corrections or suggestions.
Table of contents [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's objectives of helping readers learn fundamental data structures and algorithms through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Sample chapters [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's purpose of helping beginners learn fundamental data structures and algorithms concepts through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java ( PDFDrive ).pdfAbdurraufSharifaiGar
This document is the preface of a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It provides acknowledgements to various individuals who helped with the creation and editing of the book. It also contains a brief message from the author encouraging readers to fully read and understand the content of the book in order to help with interview preparation, competitive exams, and more. The book aims to teach data structures and algorithms through problems and solutions rather than just theory.
Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems a...CareerMonk Publications
Salient Features of Book:
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner.
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book.
Helps to build logic in the students which becomes stepping stone for understanding computer networking protocols.
Interview questions collected from the actual interviews of various Software companies (and past compititive examinations like GATE) will help the students to be successful in their campus interviews.
Hundreds of solved problems help the students of various universities do well in their examinations like B.C.A, B.Sc, M.Sc, M.C.A, B.E, B.Tech, M.Tech, etc.
Works like a handy reference to the Software professionals.
Table of Contents (Chapters):
1) Organization of Chapters
2) Introduction
3) Networking Devices
4) OSI and TCP/IP Models
5) LAN Technologies
6) ARP and RARP
7) IP Addressing
8) Network Routing
9) TCP and UDP
10) TCP Error Control
11 )TCP Flow Control
12) TCP Congestion Control
13) Session layer
14) Presentation layer
15) Network Security
16) Application Layer Protocols
17) Miscellaneous Concepts
Saltstack For DevOps
Extremely fast and simple IT automation and configuration managment
Through this book you will learn how to use one of the most powerful DevOps tools.
This document outlines a WebQuest project for a 10th grade engineering class that involves reverse engineering simple machines. Students will be assigned to groups to disassemble, analyze, and reassemble a simple machine. They will investigate why it was designed a certain way and explain how it works using Newton's laws of motion. Students will then give a speech to present their findings and submit a report summarizing what they learned. The project aims to engage students hands-on and spark curiosity about everyday items and engineering principles.
002 One Page Essay What Is The Mla Format For EssAngela Hays
The motherboard connects the central processing unit (CPU) and other vital components like RAM, graphics card, and hard drives. It allows all the systems components to communicate to carry out tasks. Components like fans and the power supply connect to the motherboard to keep it and other parts cool while providing power to run the entire computer system.
This document provides templates for creating a WebQuest, which is an inquiry-oriented lesson plan designed to use web resources. The templates include sections for the introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and credits. The introduction would describe the activity and set the context. The task explains what the end goal of the activity is. The process lists the steps students will take to complete the task. The evaluation describes how student work will be assessed. The conclusion summarizes what was learned. The credits cite any sources used.
This WebQuest assigns students historical mathematicians and tasks them with researching the mathematician and presenting their findings to the class. It provides resources for students to research four important mathematicians. The WebQuest evaluates students based on how well organized, thorough, and engaging their presentations are. It aims to educate students on the important contributions of historical mathematicians.
This document provides a WebQuest lesson plan for 7th grade students to learn about area and perimeter. The lesson involves students working in teams to design a school, calculate the area and perimeter of their design, and determine the cost to build it. The document outlines the introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and references/credits for both the student page and teacher page.
Viewing assessment through different coloured glasses: Authentic, collaborati...Charles Darwin University
ankey, M. 2022. Viewing assessment through different coloured glasses: Authentic, collaborative and active. inspirED 2022: Evidence-based practices for the new era of student-centered learning. Virtual Conference. 24-25 May.
This document provides templates for the main sections of a WebQuest, including an introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and credits. The templates are intended to guide students through an educational activity and teachers in designing a lesson based on the WebQuest framework.
This document provides templates for creating a WebQuest, which is an inquiry-oriented lesson format that uses web links for students to learn. The templates include sections for the student page and teacher page. The student page sections are an introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion and credits. The teacher page provides additional context for other teachers, including standards, resources and a facilitation script. The overall goal is for students to solve math problems by accessing online resources and working through the outlined process.
This document provides a template for a webquest about weather for 1st grade science. It includes sections for an introduction, task, process, evaluation and conclusion. The introduction would set the stage for the activity. The task would be the end result of student activities, such as solving a problem. The process lists the steps students would take, such as accessing online resources and organizing information. The evaluation provides a rubric for assessing student work. The conclusion summarizes what students will have learned.
This WebQuest lesson introduces Spanish culture. Students will be assigned to teams to research aspects of Spanish culture like food, art, or music. They will analyze the information found and present their findings to the class. The lesson aims to help students learn about relationships within a culture and cultural beliefs.
This document provides instructions for a mathematics webquest on NBA statistics for 7th grade students. The task is for students to calculate the average points for three NBA players over their last three games and present this information. The process outlines steps for choosing players, finding their stats online, and creating a PowerPoint slideshow with each player's information. Evaluation criteria include correctly calculating averages, organization, and completion.
Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essen.docxtoltonkendal
Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for human services professionals. By effectively communicating with clients and other professionals, you better meet client needs and influence change. In this course and throughout the program, you have the opportunity to hone these communication skills through Discussions and Assignments.For this Assignment, view the webinar “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how you might use this week’s Discussion posting to create a cohesive paper and effectively communicate your ideas.
To complete this Assignment:
Write a 2- to 3- page paper.
With the “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” webinar in mind, use this week’s Discussion posting to develop and write a 2- to 3-page paper on service strategies.
Reminder:
Proper formatting and APA citations are required. Refer to the Writing Template for Course Papers for additional guidance.
Audio: [not on the recording]
Melissa: Hello, everyone. And welcome. I'm Melissa Sharpe, and I'm a writing instructor here at the Walden Writing Center. Before we begin and I hand the session over to Michael, I want to go over a few housekeeping items. First, we are recording this webinar. Although, it helps when you push the button. Okay.
Hi, everybody. We are now recording the webinar. And, so, you are welcome to access it at a later date through the webinar archive. In fact, note that we record all of our webinars so you are welcome to look through that archive for other recordings that may interest you. Also, whether you are attending this webinar live or watching the recording, you will find that we have some interactive elements like links and chats, as well as files which you can find in the file pod. If you look on the bottom of the screen, you'll see the PowerPoint slides Michael will be sharing today and you are welcome to download those. You can interact with all of the links and chats throughout tonight’s webinar. We also welcome questions and comments throughout the session, and you can use the Q & A box for these. Both Kacy and myself will be watching this Q & A box. And we are happy and excited to answer questions throughout the session as Michael is talking. You are also welcome to send any technical issues you have to us here as well. Although note, there is a help option in the top right corner of your screen. This is Adobe's technical support, so that is the best place to go if you need technical help. All right. And with that, I will hand it over to Michael.
Visual:
Slide changes to the title of the webinar, “
Developing Your Writing:
Creating a Paper From a Discussion Post” and the speakers name and information:
Michael Dusek
,
Writing Instructor, Walden Writing Center
Audio:
Michael: Great! Thank you, Melissa, for that lovely introduction. My name is Michael Dusek. I'm a writing instructor here at Walden University. You can see my.
This document is a newsletter from a course tutor providing updates on an online university course. [1] It introduces the assignment which asks students to analyze the HSBC money laundering case and consider whether Kaplan's Balanced Scorecard would have helped. [2] It provides details on the format of the assignment which includes a 2000 word written piece and a 10 minute video presentation with 4 slides. [3] It encourages students to research the HSBC case using various resources and to familiarize themselves with the university's academic databases and library guides.
This document provides information for a teacher-created WebQuest on Romantic period composers. It includes sections on the introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and credits. The WebQuest asks students to research a composer from the Romantic period and write a newspaper article covering their life and most influential work as if reporting from the time period. Students select a composer to research, gather biographical information and details on one of their pieces, and write a newspaper article presentation.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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Table of contents [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's objectives of helping readers learn fundamental data structures and algorithms through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Sample chapters [data structure and algorithmic thinking with python]CareerMonk Publications
This document is the preface of a book on data structures and algorithms by Narasimha Karumanchi. It introduces the book's purpose of helping beginners learn fundamental data structures and algorithms concepts through practice problems of varying complexities. The preface emphasizes understanding problem-solving over theory and encourages readers to think of multiple solutions to problems. It also acknowledges those who helped with the book's creation and provides an overview of the book's organization into chapters covering topics like recursion, linked lists, trees and sorting algorithms.
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java ( PDFDrive ).pdfAbdurraufSharifaiGar
This document is the preface of a book titled "Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Java" by Narasimha Karumanchi. It provides acknowledgements to various individuals who helped with the creation and editing of the book. It also contains a brief message from the author encouraging readers to fully read and understand the content of the book in order to help with interview preparation, competitive exams, and more. The book aims to teach data structures and algorithms through problems and solutions rather than just theory.
Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems a...CareerMonk Publications
Salient Features of Book:
All the concepts are discussed in a lucid, easy to understand manner.
A reader without any basic knowledge in computers can comfortably follow this book.
Helps to build logic in the students which becomes stepping stone for understanding computer networking protocols.
Interview questions collected from the actual interviews of various Software companies (and past compititive examinations like GATE) will help the students to be successful in their campus interviews.
Hundreds of solved problems help the students of various universities do well in their examinations like B.C.A, B.Sc, M.Sc, M.C.A, B.E, B.Tech, M.Tech, etc.
Works like a handy reference to the Software professionals.
Table of Contents (Chapters):
1) Organization of Chapters
2) Introduction
3) Networking Devices
4) OSI and TCP/IP Models
5) LAN Technologies
6) ARP and RARP
7) IP Addressing
8) Network Routing
9) TCP and UDP
10) TCP Error Control
11 )TCP Flow Control
12) TCP Congestion Control
13) Session layer
14) Presentation layer
15) Network Security
16) Application Layer Protocols
17) Miscellaneous Concepts
Saltstack For DevOps
Extremely fast and simple IT automation and configuration managment
Through this book you will learn how to use one of the most powerful DevOps tools.
This document outlines a WebQuest project for a 10th grade engineering class that involves reverse engineering simple machines. Students will be assigned to groups to disassemble, analyze, and reassemble a simple machine. They will investigate why it was designed a certain way and explain how it works using Newton's laws of motion. Students will then give a speech to present their findings and submit a report summarizing what they learned. The project aims to engage students hands-on and spark curiosity about everyday items and engineering principles.
002 One Page Essay What Is The Mla Format For EssAngela Hays
The motherboard connects the central processing unit (CPU) and other vital components like RAM, graphics card, and hard drives. It allows all the systems components to communicate to carry out tasks. Components like fans and the power supply connect to the motherboard to keep it and other parts cool while providing power to run the entire computer system.
This document provides templates for creating a WebQuest, which is an inquiry-oriented lesson plan designed to use web resources. The templates include sections for the introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and credits. The introduction would describe the activity and set the context. The task explains what the end goal of the activity is. The process lists the steps students will take to complete the task. The evaluation describes how student work will be assessed. The conclusion summarizes what was learned. The credits cite any sources used.
This WebQuest assigns students historical mathematicians and tasks them with researching the mathematician and presenting their findings to the class. It provides resources for students to research four important mathematicians. The WebQuest evaluates students based on how well organized, thorough, and engaging their presentations are. It aims to educate students on the important contributions of historical mathematicians.
This document provides a WebQuest lesson plan for 7th grade students to learn about area and perimeter. The lesson involves students working in teams to design a school, calculate the area and perimeter of their design, and determine the cost to build it. The document outlines the introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and references/credits for both the student page and teacher page.
Viewing assessment through different coloured glasses: Authentic, collaborati...Charles Darwin University
ankey, M. 2022. Viewing assessment through different coloured glasses: Authentic, collaborative and active. inspirED 2022: Evidence-based practices for the new era of student-centered learning. Virtual Conference. 24-25 May.
This document provides templates for the main sections of a WebQuest, including an introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion, and credits. The templates are intended to guide students through an educational activity and teachers in designing a lesson based on the WebQuest framework.
This document provides templates for creating a WebQuest, which is an inquiry-oriented lesson format that uses web links for students to learn. The templates include sections for the student page and teacher page. The student page sections are an introduction, task, process, evaluation, conclusion and credits. The teacher page provides additional context for other teachers, including standards, resources and a facilitation script. The overall goal is for students to solve math problems by accessing online resources and working through the outlined process.
This document provides a template for a webquest about weather for 1st grade science. It includes sections for an introduction, task, process, evaluation and conclusion. The introduction would set the stage for the activity. The task would be the end result of student activities, such as solving a problem. The process lists the steps students would take, such as accessing online resources and organizing information. The evaluation provides a rubric for assessing student work. The conclusion summarizes what students will have learned.
This WebQuest lesson introduces Spanish culture. Students will be assigned to teams to research aspects of Spanish culture like food, art, or music. They will analyze the information found and present their findings to the class. The lesson aims to help students learn about relationships within a culture and cultural beliefs.
This document provides instructions for a mathematics webquest on NBA statistics for 7th grade students. The task is for students to calculate the average points for three NBA players over their last three games and present this information. The process outlines steps for choosing players, finding their stats online, and creating a PowerPoint slideshow with each player's information. Evaluation criteria include correctly calculating averages, organization, and completion.
Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essen.docxtoltonkendal
Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for human services professionals. By effectively communicating with clients and other professionals, you better meet client needs and influence change. In this course and throughout the program, you have the opportunity to hone these communication skills through Discussions and Assignments.For this Assignment, view the webinar “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how you might use this week’s Discussion posting to create a cohesive paper and effectively communicate your ideas.
To complete this Assignment:
Write a 2- to 3- page paper.
With the “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” webinar in mind, use this week’s Discussion posting to develop and write a 2- to 3-page paper on service strategies.
Reminder:
Proper formatting and APA citations are required. Refer to the Writing Template for Course Papers for additional guidance.
Audio: [not on the recording]
Melissa: Hello, everyone. And welcome. I'm Melissa Sharpe, and I'm a writing instructor here at the Walden Writing Center. Before we begin and I hand the session over to Michael, I want to go over a few housekeeping items. First, we are recording this webinar. Although, it helps when you push the button. Okay.
Hi, everybody. We are now recording the webinar. And, so, you are welcome to access it at a later date through the webinar archive. In fact, note that we record all of our webinars so you are welcome to look through that archive for other recordings that may interest you. Also, whether you are attending this webinar live or watching the recording, you will find that we have some interactive elements like links and chats, as well as files which you can find in the file pod. If you look on the bottom of the screen, you'll see the PowerPoint slides Michael will be sharing today and you are welcome to download those. You can interact with all of the links and chats throughout tonight’s webinar. We also welcome questions and comments throughout the session, and you can use the Q & A box for these. Both Kacy and myself will be watching this Q & A box. And we are happy and excited to answer questions throughout the session as Michael is talking. You are also welcome to send any technical issues you have to us here as well. Although note, there is a help option in the top right corner of your screen. This is Adobe's technical support, so that is the best place to go if you need technical help. All right. And with that, I will hand it over to Michael.
Visual:
Slide changes to the title of the webinar, “
Developing Your Writing:
Creating a Paper From a Discussion Post” and the speakers name and information:
Michael Dusek
,
Writing Instructor, Walden Writing Center
Audio:
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
3. Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to many people who saw me through this book, to all those who provided
support, talked things over, read, wrote, offered comments, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in
the editing, proofreading and design. In particular, I would like to thank the following individuals.
, for encouraging me when I was at . He is the first person who taught me
the importance of and its by giving good books on them.
[ ], for his encouragement during my stay at
.
[ , ], [ , ], . . .
[ , , ], [ , ] and
[ ] for spending time in reviewing, testing code and for providing me the
valuable suggestions.
[ ], [ , ] for
spending their valuable time in reviewing the book, suggestions and encouragement.
& [Founders of ], for approaching me for teaching Data Structures and
Algorithms at their training centers. They are the primary reason for initiation of this book.
, and have contributed greatly to the quality of this book. I thank all of you
for your help and suggestions.
Last but not least, I would like to thank of ,
& [ ], [ of ],
[ , ],
[ ], [ , ]& for helping me and
my family during our studies.
-
M-Tech,
Founder of
4. A stone is broken by the last stroke. This does not mean that first stroke was useless.
Success is a result of continuous daily effort. --
Stand up, be bold, be strong. Take the whole responsibility on your own shoulders,
and know that you are the creator of your own destiny. --
5. Preface
Dear Reader,
Please Hold on! I know many people do not read preface. But I would like to strongly recommend reading
preface of this book at least. This preface has from regular prefaces.
Main objective of the book is not to give you the theorems and proofs about and .
I have followed a pattern of improving the problem solutions with different complexities (for each problem,
you observe multiple solutions with different improved complexities). Basically, it‟s an enumeration of possible
solutions. With this approach, even if we get a new question it gives us a way to think about all possible
solutions. This book is very much useful for interview preparation, competitive exams preparation, campus
preparations.
As a if you read complete book with good understanding, I am sure you will challenge the
interviewers and that is the objective of this book.
If you read as an , you will give better lectures with easy go approach and as a result your students
will feel proud for selecting Computer Science / Information Technology as their degree.
This book is very much useful for the of and during their academic
preparations. All the chapters of this book contain theory and their related problems as many as possible. There
a total of approximately algorithmic puzzles and all of them are with solutions.
If you read as a preparing for competition exams for Computer Science/Information Technology], the
content of this book covers the topics in full details. While writing the book, an intense care has
been taken to help students who are preparing for these kinds of exams.
In all the chapters you will see more importance given to problems and analyzing them instead of concentrating
more on theory. For each chapter, first you will see the basic required theory and then followed by problems.
For many of the problems, solutions are provided with different complexities. We start with
solution and slowly move towards the possible for that problem. For each problem
we will try to understand how much time the algorithm is taking and how much memory the algorithm is
taking.
It is that, at least one complete reading of this book is required to get full understanding of all
the topics. In the subsequent readings, you can directly go to any chapter and refer. Even though, enough
readings were given for correcting the errors, due to human tendency there could be some minor typos in the
book. If any such typos found, they will be updated at . I request you to constantly
monitor this site for any corrections, new problems and solutions. Also, please provide your valuable
suggestions at: .
Wish you all the best. Have a nice reading.
-
M-Tech,
Founder of
6. Other Titles by Narasimha Karumanchi
Success keys for Big Job Hunters
Data Structures and Algorithms for GATE
Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy (C/C++)
Coding Interview Questions
Peeling Design Patterns
9. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this chapter is to explain the importance of analysis of algorithms, their notations, relationships and
solving as many problems as possible. We first concentrate on understanding the basic elements of algorithms,
importance of analysis and then slowly move towards analyzing the algorithms with different notations and finally the
problems. After completion of this chapter you should be able to find the complexity of any given algorithm
(especially recursive functions).
1.1 Variables
Before going to the definition of variables, let us relate them to old mathematical equations. All of us have solved
many mathematical equations since childhood. As an example, consider the below equation:
We don‟t have to worry about the use of above equation. The important thing that we need to understand is, the
equation has some names ( and ) which hold values (data). That means, the ( and ) are the place holders
for representing data. Similarly, in computer science we need something for holding data and are the
facility for doing that.
1.2 Data types
In the above equation, the variables and can take any values like integral numbers ( , etc...), real numbers
( etc…) or just and . To solve the equation, we need to relate them to kind of values they can take and
is the name being used in computer science for this purpose.
A in a programming language is a set of data with values having predefined characteristics. Examples of
data types are: integer, floating point unit number, character, string etc...
Computer memory is all filled with zeros and ones. If we have a problem and wanted to code it, it‟s very difficult to
provide the solution in terms of zeros and ones. To help users, programming languages and compilers are providing the
facility of data types.
For example, takes bytes (actual value depends on compiler), takes bytes etc… This says that, in memory
we are combining bytes ( bits) and calling it as . Similarly, combining bytes ( bits) and calling it as
. A data type reduces the coding effort. Basically, at the top level, there are two types of data types:
System defined data types (also called data types)
User defined data types
System defined data types (Primitive data types)
Data types which are defined by system are called data types. The primitive data types which are provided
by many programming languages are: Boolean, byte, short, int, float, double, etc…The number of bits allocated for
each primitive data type depends on the programming languages, compiler and operating system. For the same
primitive data type, different languages may use different sizes. Depending on the size of the data types the total
available values (domain) will also changes.
For example, “ ” may take bytes or bytes. If it takes bytes ( bits) then the total possible values are - to
+ (- -1). If it takes, bytes ( bits), then the possible values are between to
(- -1). Same is the case with remaining data types too.
1.1 Variables 9
10. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
User defined data types
If the system defined data types are not enough then most programming languages allows the users to define their own
data types called as user defined data types. Good example of user defined data types are: structures in and
classes in . For example, in the below case, we are combining many system defined data types and called it as user
defined data type with name “ ”. This gives more flexibility and comfort in dealing with computer memory.
public class newType {
public int data1;
public int data 2;
private float data3;
…
private char data;
//Operations
}
1.3 Data Structure
Based on the above discussion, once we have data in variables, we need some mechanism for manipulating that data to
solve problems. is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used
efficiently. That means, a is a specialized format for organizing and storing data. General data
structure types include arrays, files, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs and so on. Depending on the organization
of the elements, data structures are classified into two types:
1) Elements are accessed in a sequential order but it is not compulsory to store all
elements sequentially (say, Linked Lists). : Linked Lists, Stacks and Queues.
2) : Elements of this data structure are stored/accessed in a non-linear order.
: Trees and graphs.
1.4 Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
Before defining abstract data types, let us consider the different view of system defined data types. We all know that,
by default, all primitive data types (int, float, et..) supports basic operations like addition, subtraction etc… The system
is providing the implementations for the primitive data types. For user defined data types also we need to define
operations. The implementation for these operations can be done when we want to actually use them. That means, in
general user defined data types are defined along with their operations.
To simplify the process of solving the problems, we generally combine the data structures along with their operations
and are called (ADTs). An ADT consists of parts:
1. Declaration of data
2. Declaration of operations
Commonly used ADTs : Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Binary Trees, Dictionaries, Disjoint Sets
(Union and Find), Hash Tables, Graphs, and many other. For example, stack uses LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) mechanism
while storing the data in data structures. The last element inserted into the stack is the first element that gets deleted.
Common operations of it are: creating the stack, pushing an element onto the stack, popping an element from stack,
finding the current top of the stack, finding number of elements in the stack etc...
While defining the ADTs do not care about implementation details. They come in to picture only when we want to
use them. Different kinds of ADTs are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to
specific tasks. By the end of this book, we will go through many of them and you will be in a position to relate the data
structures to the kind of problems they solve.
1.5 What is an Algorithm?
Let us consider the problem of preparing an omelet. For preparing omelet, general steps we follow are:
1.3 Data Structure 10
11. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
1) Get the frying pan.
2) Get the oil.
a. Do we have oil?
i. If yes, put it in the pan.
ii. If no, do we want to buy oil?
1. If yes, then go out and buy.
2. If no, we can terminate.
3) Turn on the stove, etc...
What we are doing is, for a given problem (preparing an omelet), giving step by step procedure for solving it. Formal
definition of an algorithm can be given as:
An algorithm is the step-by-step instructions to solve a given problem.
Note: we do not have to prove each step of the algorithm.
1.6 Why Analysis of Algorithms?
To go from city to city there can be many ways of accomplishing this: by flight, by bus, by train and also by
cycle. Depending on the availability and convenience we choose the one which suits us. Similarly, in computer science
there can be multiple algorithms exist for solving the same problem (for example, sorting problem has many
algorithms like insertion sort, selection sort, quick sort and many more). Algorithm analysis helps us determining
which of them is efficient in terms of time and space consumed.
1.7 Goal of Analysis of Algorithms
The goal of is to compare algorithms (or solutions) mainly in terms of running time but also
in terms of other factors (e.g., memory, developers effort etc.)
1.8 What is Running Time Analysis?
It is the process of determining how processing time increases as the size of the problem (input size) increases. Input
size is number of elements in the input and depending on the problem type the input may be of different types. In
general, we encounter the following types of inputs.
Size of an array
Polynomial degree
Number of elements in a matrix
Number of bits in binary representation of the input
Vertices and edges in a graph
1.9 How to Compare Algorithms?
To compare algorithms, let us define few .
Execution times? as execution times are specific to a particular computer.
Number of statements executed? , since the number of statements varies with the
programming language as well as the style of the individual programmer.
Ideal Solution? Let us assume that we expressed running time of given algorithm as a function of the input size
(i.e., ) and compare these different functions corresponding to running times. This kind of comparison is
independent of machine time, programming style, etc...
1.10 What is Rate of Growth?
The rate at which the running time increases as a function of input is called . Let us assume that you
went to a shop for buying a car and a cycle. If your friend sees you there and asks what you are buying then in general
1.6 Why Analysis of Algorithms? 11
12. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
we say This is because, cost of car is too big compared to cost of cycle (approximating the cost of cycle
to cost of car).
For the above example, we can represent the cost of car and cost of cycle in terms of function and for a given function
ignore the low order terms that are relatively insignificant (for large value of input size, ). As an example in the
below case, , , and are the individual costs of some function and approximate it to . Since, is the
highest rate of growth.
1.11 Commonly used Rate of Growths
Below diagram shows the relationship between different rates of growth.
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
R
a
t
e
s
O
f
G
r
o
w
t
h
√
1.11 Commonly used Rate of Growths 12
13. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
Below is the list of rate of growths which come across in remaining chapters.
Time complexity Name Example
Constant Adding an element to the front of a linked list
Logarithmic Finding an element in a sorted array
Linear Finding an element in an unsorted array
Linear Logarithmic Sorting n items by „divide-and-conquer‟-Mergesort
Quadratic Shortest path between two nodes in a graph
Cubic Matrix Multiplication
Exponential The Towers of Hanoi problem
1.12 Types of Analysis
To analyze the given algorithm we need to know on what inputs the algorithm is taking less time (performing well)
and on what inputs the algorithm is taking huge time.
We have already seen that an algorithm can be represented in the form of an expression. That means we represent the
algorithm with multiple expressions: one for case where it is taking the less time and other for case where it is taking
the more time. In general the first case is called the and second case is called the of the
algorithm. To analyze an algorithm we need some kind of syntax and that forms the base for asymptotic
analysis/notation. There are three types of analysis:
Worst case
o Defines the input for which the algorithm takes huge time.
o Input is the one for which the algorithm runs the slower.
Best case
o Defines the input for which the algorithm takes lowest time.
o Input is the one for which the algorithm runs the fastest.
Average case
o Provides a prediction about the running time of the algorithm
o Assumes that the input is random
For a given algorithm, we can represent best, worst and average cases in the form of expressions. As an example, let
be the function which represents the given algorithm.
, for worst case
for best case
Similarly, for average case too. The expression defines the inputs with which the algorithm takes the average running
time (or memory).
1.13 Asymptotic Notation
Having the expressions for best, average case and worst cases, for all the three cases we need to identify the upper and
lower bounds. In order to represent these upper and lower bounds we need some kind syntax and that is the subject of
following discussion. Let us assume that the given algorithm is represented in the form of function .
1.14 Big-O Notation
This notation gives the upper bound of the given function. Generally, it is represented as O . That
means, at larger values of , the upper bound of is .
For example, if is the given algorithm, then is . That means, gives the
maximum rate of growth for at larger values of .
1.12 Types of Analysis 13
14. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
Let us see the O notation with little more detail. O notation defined as O there exist positive
constants and such that for all . is an asymptotic tight upper bound for .
Our objective is to give smallest rate of growth which is greater than or equal to given algorithms rate of
growth .
In general, we discard lower values of . That means the rate of growth at lower values of is not important. In the
below figure, is the point from which we need to consider the rate of growths for a given algorithm. Below the
rate of growths could be different.
Rate of Growth
Input Size,
Big-O Visualization
O is the set of functions with smaller or same order of growth as For example, O includes
O O O etc..
Note: Analyze the algorithms at larger values of only. What this means is, below we do not care for rate of
growth.
O O
O O
, . , .
Big-O Examples
Example-1 Find upper bound for
Solution: for all
∴ =O with c = 4 and
Example-2 Find upper bound for
Solution: for all
∴ =O with and
Example-3 Find upper bound for
Solution: for all
∴ =O with and
Example-4 Find upper bound for
1.14 Big-O Notation 14
15. Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Introduction
Solution: for all
∴ =O with and
Example-5 Find upper bound for
Solution: for all
∴ =O with and
Example-6 Find upper bound for
Solution: for all
∴ O with and
No Uniqueness?
There are no unique set of values for and in proving the asymptotic bounds. Let us consider, O
For this function there are multiple and values possible.
Solution1: for all and is a solution.
Solution2: for all and is also a solution.
1.15 Omega-Ω Notation
Similar to O discussion, this notation gives the tighter lower bound of the given algorithm and we represent it
as . That means, at larger values of , the tighter lower bound of is For example, if
, is
Rate of Growth
Input Size,
The notation can be defined as there exist positive constants and such that
for all is an asymptotic tight lower bound for Our objective is to give largest rate of growth
which is less than or equal to given algorithms rate of growth .
Ω Examples
Example-1 Find lower bound for
Solution: Such that: and =1
∴ with and =1
Example-2 Prove
Solution: Such that:
–
Since is positive –
1.15 Omega-Ω Notation 15