Enterprise systems are critical software applications used by large organizations to handle complex business processes and support many users. They consist of front-end interfaces, business logic layers, and data storage components. Java is commonly used for enterprise development due to its object-oriented features and libraries that facilitate aspects like database connectivity and web services. Relational databases are key for storing enterprise data in tables with rows and columns to model relationships. The Java Database Connectivity API allows Java applications to interact with databases through a standardized interface that supports transactions.