The document outlines the syllabus for a Database Management Systems course, covering topics such as database architecture, SQL, PL/SQL, normalization, indexing, transactions, and NoSQL databases. It emphasizes the advantages of database systems over traditional file processing systems, including reduced data redundancy and improved data integrity. The syllabus also includes references to textbooks and materials for further study.

1. Database Management
Systems(CS23332)
II YEAR- III SEMESTER

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4. SYLLABUS
UNIT-I DATABASE SYSTEMS AND SQL QUERY 9
Introduction – Purpose of Database Systems - View of Data –Database Architecture -Database Schema – Keys – Codd’s Rule –RDBMS- SQL: Data Definition –
Domain types – Structure of SQL Queries - Modifications of the database –Set Operations–Aggregate Functions– Null Values- SQL Nested Sub q ueries –Complex
Queries–Views – Joined relations.
UNIT-II PL/SQL,DATAMODEL AND QUERYPROCESSING 9
PL/SQL:Functions,Procedures,Triggers,Cursors–DynamicSQL–RelationalAlgebra-TupleRelationalcalculus- Domain Relational Calculus–Entity Relationship Model–
Constraints-Entity Relationship Diagram-Design Issues of ER Model – Extended ERFeatures –Mapping ER Model to Relational Model– Query Processing –Heuristics
for Query Optimization.
UNIT-III NORMAL FORMS AND INDEXING 9
Motivation for Normal Forms – Functional dependencies – Armstrong’s Axioms for Functional Dependencies – Closure for a set of Functional Dependencies –
Definitions of 1NF-2NF-3NF and BCNF – Multi valued Dependency 4NF - Joint Dependency- 5NF-File Organization-Indexing B+ tree - B-Tree
UNIT-IV TRANSACTIONS 9
Transaction Concepts – ACID Properties – Schedules – Serializability – Transaction support in SQL – Need for Concurrency – Concurrency control –Two Phase Locking-
Timestamp – Multi version – Validation and Snapshot isolation– Multiple Granularity l ocking –Deadlock Handling–Recovery Concepts –Recovery based on deferred
and immediate update – Shadow paging – ARIES Algorithm
UNIT-V NOSQL DATABASE 9
No SQL Database vs.SQL Databases – CAP Theorem –Migrating from RDBMS to No SQL – Mongo DB – CRUD Operations– Mongo DB Sharding – MongoDB
Replication – Web Application Development using MongoDB with Python and Java.
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5. Text Book(s):
1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth and S. Sudharshan, “Database System Concepts”, Seventh
Edition, Mc Graw Hill, March 2019.
2.P. J. Sadalage and M. Fowler, "NoSQL Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot
Persistence", Addison-Wesley Professional, 2013.
Reference Books(s)/Weblinks:
1.RamezElmasriandShamkantB.Navathe,“FundamentalsofDatabaseSystems”,SeventhEdition,Pearson
Education, 2016.
2.C.J.Date,A.KannanandS.Swamynathan,“AnIntroductiontoDatabaseSystems”,EighthEdition,Pearson
Education, 2006.
3.AtulKahate,“IntroductiontoDatabaseManagementSystems”,PearsonEducation,NewDelhi,2006.
4.StevenFeuersteinwithBillPribyl,”OraclePL/SQLProgramming”,sixthedition,Publisher:O'Reill2014.
5.MongoDB:TheDefinitiveGuide,3rdEdition,byKristinaChodorow,ShannonBradshaw,Publisher:O'Reilly
Media,2019
6.ShashankTiwari,”ProfessionalNoSQL”,Wiley,2011.
7.DavidLane,Hugh.E.Williums,WebDatabaseApplicationswithPHPandMySQL,O’ReillyMedia;2nd
edition, 2004
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6. Unit 1
Introduction to Database Management Systems
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7. Introduction to Data , Information,
Meta Data
Data:-Raw facts and figures that can be recorded.
Information: Meaningful (processed) data is known as information.
Meta Data: Data that describe the properties of other data is Know
as Metadata . Actually, Metadata keeps the information of other
data
Example-
10,971,108
🡪Data
🡪Chennai Population in 2020
🡪Information
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8. Traditional File System
A file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and data
in a hierarchical structure.
It provides a way to store and manage data on hard drives, solid-state drives,
and USB drives. It is like a virtual filing cabinet on your computer.
The file method provides basic permission for controlling access to files and
directories.
◦ Folders and sub-folders can be created for better management of files.
It makes finding and accessing specific files easy and efficient.
Examples: NTFS, FAT32, and ext4.
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9. File Processing System(Traditional Approach)
 In the traditional file-based approach, many organization
exclusively used file processing systems to store and
manage data.
 In this file processing system, each unit or department
in an organization has its own set of separate files
and the records are grouped based on their categories.
The data in one file may not relate to the data in any
other file.
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10. File Processing Data Weakness
Data redundancy- Data redundancy occur when the same data items are stored in multiple
files due to each unit or department in an organization has its own sperate files in the file
processing system.
For example, the Student contract file and the Student file store the same students’ names
and addresses.
Wastage of resources- Duplicating data in this way is a waste of storage space and people’s
time. This is because file maintenance tasks require people to spend time in updating or
deleting multiple files that contain the same data whenever the data is modified. It also
Increases the chance of errors. If a student changes his or her telephone numbers,
for example, the school must update the student contract file. If no change is made in all the
files where the data stored, then inconsistencies among the files exist.
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11. File Processing Data Weakness(Contd.)
Isolated Data – Isolated data increase the difficulty in accessing the data that stored in
separate files in different departments.
For example, to send an email to a teacher regarding the student's academic program
progress, data is needed from both the Student name file and Student performance file.
Sharing data from multiple and separate files is a complicated procedure especially when
there are many files involved.
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12. Introduction to Database Approach
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13. Definition: Database, Database system
Database:
It is a collection of interrelated data.
These can be stored in the form of
tables.
A database can be of any size and
varying complexity.
A database may be generated and
manipulated manually or it may be
computerized.
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14. Definition: Database Management system
Database System:
It is computerized system, whose overall purpose is to
maintain the information and to make that the
information is available on demand
Database Management System (DBMS):
It is a collection of programs that enables user to create
and maintain a database. In other words, it is general-
purpose software that provides the users with the
processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the
database for various applications.
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15. Purpose of Data base System
Reduced Data Redundancy – Most data or records are stored in only one file, which will greatly
reduce duplicate data that might lead to confusion and mishandling.
Improved Data Integrity – When users modify data in the database, they can directly make changes
to one file instead of multiple files. Therefore, the mismatch in different copies of same data will not
occur. This database approach increases the quality and data’s integrity by reducing the possibility of
causing inconsistencies.
Shared Data – The data in a database is shared among by multiple users who have access to the
system. Organizations that use databases typically have security settings to define who can access,
add, modify, and delete the data in a database.
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16. Purpose of Data Base System
Easier Access – The database approach allows nontechnical users to access, maintain and
even develop smaller database without professional assistance.
Reduced Development Time – It often is easier and faster to develop programs that use the
database approach.
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17. Difference between File System and DBMS
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18. Views of Data
DATA ABSTRACTION
Hide irrelevant data
Provide an abstract view of the data.
Developers hide irrelevant data from the user
This improves clarity and efficiency
In DBMS, data abstraction is performed in layers
which means there are levels of data abstraction
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19. Views of Data
“Schema” and “Instance” are key ideas in a database management system (DBMS)
that help organize and manage data
Instances
An Instance is the state of an operational database with data at any given time.
It contains a snapshot of the database. The instances can be changed by certain CRUD
operations, such as like addition, and deletion of data.
It may be noted that any search query will not make any kind of changes in the instances.
Example:
Let’s say a table teacher in our database whose name is School, suppose the table has 50 records so the instance of the
database has 50 records for now and tomorrow we are going to add another fifty records so tomorrow the instance
has a total of 100 records. This is called an instance
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20. Views of Data
Example:
Let’s say a table teacher in our database named school, the teacher table requires the name,
dob, and doj in their table so we design a structure as:
Teacher table
name: String
doj: date
dob: date
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21. Views of Data
Schema
Schema is the overall description of the database.
The basic structure of how the data will be stored
in the database is called schema.
Schema is of three types: Logical Schema, Physical Schema
and view Schema.
Logical Schema – It describes the database designed at a
logical level.
Physical Schema – It describes the database designed at the
physical level.
View Schema – It defines the design of the database at the
view level.
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22. Quiz
1. What is a traditional file system?
a) A database management system for storing and managing data
b) A method of storing and organizing files on storage devices
c) A network protocol for file sharing
d) A programming language for file manipulation
2.Which of the following is a disadvantage of traditional file systems?
a) Easy data sharing
b) Lack of data redundancy
c) High data security
d) Data inconsistency
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23. Quiz
3.What is a DBMS?
a) A hardware system for managing databases
b) A software system for managing databases
c) A programming language for querying databases
d) A protocol for transmitting data
4.Which of the following is not a type of database model?
a) Hierarchical
b) Network
c) Relational
d) Functional
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24. Quiz
5.What is the primary function of a file management system?
a) To manage and control file access
b) To optimize database queries
c) To provide relational data models
d) To enforce ACID properties
6.What does the acronym ACID stand for in database transactions?
a) Automatic, Consistent, Involuntary, Durable
b) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
c) Access, Control, Integrity, Dependency
d) Attribute, Constraint, Index, Domain
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25. Quiz
7.What is data abstraction in the context of databases?
a) A method of physically storing data
b) A process of hiding complex data structures from users
c) A type of database schema
d) A technique for optimizing queries
8.Which level of data abstraction provides a high-level view of the entire database?
a) Physical level
b) Logical level
c) View level
d) Conceptual level
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26. Quiz
9.Which of the following statements is true about a database schema?
a) It changes frequently
b) It defines the logical design of the database
c) It is a physical storage structure
d) It contains the actual data of the database
10.What is the difference between a schema and an instance in a database?
a) A schema is a subset of the database, while an instance is the entire database
b) A schema is the database structure, while an instance is the data in the database at a given time
c) An instance is the database structure, while a schema is the data in the database at a given time
d) A schema and an instance are the same things
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