2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
3. Ⅰ. Introduction
최근 연구에서 알 수 있듯이 CNN의 성공적인 행보를 걷고 있음. 그러나 label된 데이터의 양이 많아야 한
다는 전제조건은 CNN 적용의 큰 걸림돌이 요소였음.
• 그래서 기존의 샘플을 사용하여 새로운 샘플을 만드는 Data augmentation을 제안.
=정확한 label을 유지하면서 새롭게 생성하는 것이 주요과제.
• 보통 이미지 연구에선 스케일링, 회전, 변환, 자르기, 지우기 및 이미지의 뒤틀림 등을 사용해
data augmentation을 하였지만 다른 도메인에선 다른 방법을 써야함.
• For example , scaling of the acceleration data may change their labels because some
labels are differentiated by the intensity of motion
• 이 연구는 웨이러블 센서로부터 파킨슨 병(이하 PD) 환자들의 the problem of motor(운동)
state detection 다룰 것임.
4. Ⅰ. Introduction
• PD 환자들은 보통 *hypo-bradykinesia과 **dyskinesia을 경험함.
• 도파밍성 치료를 받아 bradykinesia를 완화시키는데 투약량이 과해질 경우 dyskinesia를 유발
시킴
• 그러므로 치료를 위한 적절한 투약량 결정이 필요한데 보통 환자들의 자기보고 그리고 주치의
의 관찰에 의존하고 있음.
• 웨어러블 센서 기반 평가 process를 자동화 시키려면 많은 수의 label된 Data 가 필요한데 the
collecting and labelling process가 너무 어렵고 시간이 많이 걸림.
• Large variability due to various symptom pattern, irrelevant motion interference, and
noisy labels 때문에 더 challenging 한 과제라고 소개.
*hypo-bradykinesia (운동완서) : 운동이 비 정상적으로 완만하고, 육체적 정신적 반응이 둔한 것
** dyskinesia (운동이상): 수의적인 움직임이 감소되고 불수의적인 움직임(틱이나 무도증 등)이 나타나는 현상.
5. Ⅰ. Introduction
• A set of approaches for data augmentation of wearable sensor datasets for CNN-
based classification.
• Application to the task of PD motor state classification, using a clinician-labeled
dataset of 25 PD patients in daily living conditions.
• Experimental comparison of various data augmentation methods.
6. Ⅱ. Related work
과거 웨어러블 관련 연구가 있었지만 어쩔 수 없는 손의 움직임 때문에 모두 제한적.
• Estimates the severity of tremor, bradykinesia and dyskinesia with multiple
accelerometers using support vector machines (SVMs)
• applies a CNN to the classification of bradykinesia present and absent states based on
the wearable sensor data collected during several motor tasks.
• PD관련 딥러닝 연구도 있었음 . restricted Boltzmann machine(RBM)을 주로 사용하다 최근
엔 간편성 때문에 Drop out과 Data augmentation을 더 많이 씀.
= 결론만 말하면 Data augmentation이 regularization으로 쓰이기 시작하기 때문에 machine
learning의 중요한 preprocessing으로 부상함.
하지만 웨어러블 센서에 대한 standardized data augmentation methods는 연구되지 않았음.
7. Ⅲ. Explanation
A. Challenges in PD data
• Bradykinesia (운동완서) : 운동이 비 정상적으로 완만하고, 육체적 정신적 반응이 둔한 것
• => Bradykinesia can also be accompanied by tremor, which changes the reading of a
wearable sensor significantly.
• => It become a major source of mispredictions and the confusion between
bradykinesia and a patient who is voluntarily at rest
8. Ⅲ. Explanation
A. Challenges in PD data
• Dyskinesia (운동이상): 수의적인 움직임이 감소되고 불수의적인 움직임(틱이나 무도증 등)이
나타나는 현상.
• Bradykinesia 보단 알아차리기 쉽다.
• nonrhythmic and flowing movements 을 보여준다는 점에서 떨림과는 다른데 그래도 이 역
시 오판의 요소가 될 수 있음.
9. Ⅲ. Explanation
A. Challenges in PD data
• Dyskinesia (운동이상): 수의적인 움직임이 감소되고 불수의적인 움직임(틱이나 무도증 등)이
나타나는 현상.
• Bradykinesia 보단 알아차리기 쉽다.
• nonrhythmic and flowing movements 을 보여준다는 점에서 떨림과는 다른데 그래도 이 역
시 오판의 요소가 될 수 있음.
10. Ⅲ. Explanation
A. Challenges in PD data
• 그리고 디자인 패턴과 전문가의 label이 명백히 불일치 하게 만드는 몇가지 요소가 있음
• dyskinesia state인데 의자 등을 잡아서 손은 움직이지 않을 때
• Changes in the motor state within fixed length windows. = 중간에 패턴이 바뀜.
• 평가와 무관한 자발적인 움직임
11. Ⅲ. Explanation
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
• 저자 역시 보통 이미지 인식의 argumentation과는 다르다는 것을 인지하기에 target task에
벗어나지 않는 신중한 접근을 언급함.
• 특히나 웨어러블 센서데이터는 육안으로 확인하기 어려워 , 이미지인식과 달리 data
argumentation의 결과에 대한 평가가 어려움
• 따라서 체계적인 비교실험을 통해 다양한 data argumentation 효과를 평가해야한다고 함.
12. Ⅲ. Explanation
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
• One factor that can introduce label-invariant variability of wearable sensor data are
differences in sensor placement between participants. For example, an upside-down
placement of the sensor can invert the sign of the sensor readings. However, different
sensor placements do not change the labels, thus, they can be regarded as label-
preserving transformations. Therefore, data can be augmented by applying arbitrary
rotations to the existing data as a way of simulating different sensor placements.
= 센서 placement의 차이는 sign에는 영향을 줄수 있지만 label에는 영향을 주지 않는다 .
13. Ⅲ. Explanation
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
• Another factor that can introduce unnecessary variability is the temporal location of
activity events, for example, the appearance of tremor. Since the fixed size window
segmentation is arbitrary, the location of the observed symptom in the window does not
have any meaning. In other words, the same PD data can be represented differently
based on the choice of window localization. thus, we may augment data by perturbing
the location of the windows or events.
= the temporal location of activity events를 바꾸는 방법
= fixed side window가 원래 임의로 설정한 것이므로 window 안에서 증상의 location은 아무런
의미가 없다.
= event나 window의 location에 변화를 줘서 data를 늘려도 무방
14. Ⅲ. Explanation
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
따라서 Augmentation 중 데이터 label을 바꾸지않는 방법들을 제안.
• Jittering = 데이터 값에 약간의 노이즈를 추가하는 방법
• Scaling = 객체를 확대하거나 축소하는 선형 변형
• Cropping = 잘라내기를 사용하여 화면 비율변경
• Rotating = Angle에 변화를 주는 법
• Permutation = 1분 크기의 신호를 random N segment로 나눠 그 순서를 랜덤하게 바꿔주는
방법
• Sampling (Wraping)
15.
16. Ⅳ. Experiment
A. Data Preparation
실험 집단 : 27명의 환자들
착용 장비 : Microsoft Band2
실험 내용 : 일상생활에서 아무것도 요구하지 않은 채 수행됨
Acceleration and gyroscope data는 약 62.5Hz에서 수집됨 그리고 Acceleration만으로
classification에 활용됨.
웨어러블 센서와 기록 장치 사이의 무선 통신으로 인해 샘플링 간격이 불규칙한 경우가 많으므로
이 경우 휴대 전화는 120Hz에서 일정한 간격으로 다시 샘플링됨.
17. Ⅳ. Experiment
A. Data Preparation
결과물로 1 분 분량의 window는 7200 개의 샘플을 가져야 하지만 일부 창은 누락 된 데이터로
인해 샘플 수가 적습니다. 동일한 길이의 입력을 생성하기 위해 우리는 60 초 대신 58 초 데이터를
사용하도록 window를 자릅니다. 즉, 모든 입력은 7200보다는 6960 샘플을 사용합니다.
PD 환자의 운동 상태는 웨어러블 센서 데이터를 수집하는 동안 임상 전문가에 의해 1 분 간격으로
분류됩니다. 219 시간의 데이터에서 154 시간의 데이터가 전문가의 직접적인 관찰 하에 표시됩
니다. 보행 및 누워서 하는 활동 중 수집 된 50 시간의 데이터는 제한된 관찰로 인해 교육 데이터에
서 제거됩니다.
18. Ⅳ. Experiment
A. Data Preparation
증상이 없는 데이터를 제거하여 운동 지연 및 운동 장애 운동 상태의 두 가지 분류 문제로 문제를
단순화합니다.
각 환자의 수집 데이터 범위: 9분 ~ 273분
12명은 bradykinesia and dyskinesia / 13명은 bradykinesia or dyskinesia
공정한 평가를 위해 양쪽 집단의 비교적 큰 표본을 가진 5 명의 환자를 시험 환자로 선택하고 다른
20 명의 환자는 훈련 환자로 선택했음.
결과적으로 20 명의 훈련 환자의 3530 분 데이터 (bradykinesia : 1715, dyskinesia : 1815)가
훈련 데이터로 사용되었고 나머지 5 명의 환자의 1090 분 데이터 (bradykinesia : 442,
dyskinesia : 648)가 테스트로 사용
20. Ⅳ. Experiment
B. The CNN architecture
RNN이 아닌 CNN을 사용한 이유
= to reduce the number of parameters
7 layer CNN 16-32-64-64-64-64-64 feature map
Convolution size : 4*1, 4*1, 3*1, 3*3, 3*3, 3*3, 3*1
Activation function: ReLu + Softmax(output layer)
Fully connected layers : GAP(global averaging pooling layer) -> to reduce the number of
parameters
*the CNN architectures for the cropping and sampling data augmentation experiments
are 6-layer CNNs, which consist of 32-64-64-64-64-64 feature maps.
21. Ⅳ. Experiment
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
따라서 Augmentation 중 데이터 label을 바꾸지않는 방법들을 제안.
• Jittering = 데이터 값에 약간의 노이즈를 추가하는 방법
• Scaling = 객체를 확대하거나 축소하는 선형 변형
• Cropping = 잘라내기를 사용하여 화면 비율변경
• Rotating = Angle에 변화를 주는 법
• Permutation = 1분 크기의 신호를 random N segment로 나눠 그 순서를 랜덤하게 바꿔주는
방법
• Sampling (Wraping)
22. Ⅴ. Result
Rotation과 Permutation의 조합이 가장 좋은 성능
Rotation은 센서의 부착 방향이든가, 팔의 포즈에 따른 신호의 다양성(variability)을 상쇄 시켜줌.
Permutation은 1분 크기의 신호를 random N segment로 나눠 그 순서를 랜덤하게 바꿔주는 방
법인데, 이를 통해 "증상은 1분 중 어디에도 나타날 수 있음"을 간략하게 재현.
결과: 76.7%(No augmentation)이던 성능을 92.0%(Rotation and Permutation)로, 약
15% 가량 향상
한계: 정상인 상태 신호의 크기가 imbalance하게 너무 크고 , 다양한 활동을 포함해서 모든 레이
블의 영향을 삼켜버린다.
23.
24. 1.1 페이지 제목
Ⅲ. Explanation
24 / 14
B. Augmentation Methods for Wearable Sensor Data
따라서 Augmentation 중 데이터 label을 바꾸지않는 방법들을 제안.
• Jittering = 데이터 값에 약간의 노이즈를 추가하는 방법
• Scaling = 객체를 확대하거나 축소하는 선형 변형
• Cropping = 잘라내기를 사용하여 화면 비율변경
• Rotating = Angle에 변화를 주는 법
• Permutation = 1분 크기의 신호를 random N segment로 나눠 그 순서를 랜덤하게 바꿔주는
방법
• Sampling (Wraping)
25. Ⅵ. Conclusion
Automatic classification algorithm for PD motor state monitoring을 개발.
limited data availability, large inter-patient and inter-class variability, noisy labels, and
interference by irrelevant motion signals 때문에 도전적인 과제였음.
하지만 7-layer CNN and the combination of rotational and permutational data
augmentation methods 덕분에 분류 정확도를 76%에서 92%로 올림
26. Reference
Data Augmentation ofWearable Sensor Data for Parkinson’s Disease Monitoring using Convolutional
Neural Networks (Terry Taewoong Um , 2017 , ICMI2017 )