The document summarizes the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which was negotiated in the 1970s and established in 1982. It divided ocean governance into zones of jurisdiction like territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. A key outcome was establishing that coastal nations have sovereign rights over resources in exclusive economic zones up to 200 nautical miles offshore, as advocated by Maltese diplomat Arvid Pardo, while balancing other nations' rights to navigation. The Convention aimed to provide an international legal framework for managing and conserving the world's oceans and their resources.

1. United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea

9. Hugo De Groot

10. Mare Liberum 1609

11. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

16. Arvid Pardo
February 1914-June 1999

18. Sea salt on Maio Island

20.  “Common heritage of mankind” UNCLOS Article, 136

21. Division of States at UNCLOS
 1) Latin American
 2) African
 3) Asian
 4) Eastern European
 5) Western European (Canada/US)
 Others

22. Single Negotiating Text
 Divided into four subgroups
 1) Discussion of sea bed/ocean floor beyond national
jurisdiction
 2) Territorial seas and straits for international use
 3) State responsibility of marine environment and
technological improvement
 4) Outline on how to settle future disputes

23. What did the Convention do?
 The 1973 Convention established :
 national baselines
 internal waters
 territorial waters,
 exclusive economic safe zones

24. Baselines
Baselines begin where the water meets the shore
If land is rough or marked with islands than the baseline
could be drawn around those islands

26. Internal Waters
 Any body of water within the defined baseline
 For example, bays, lagoons, streams etc

27. Territorial Waters
 12 nautical mile limit out wards from the baseline.
 Passage conditional on “innocent passage”

28. Innocent Passage
Convention definition:
“Passage without being prejudicial to peace.” Article 19

29. Most importantly however...
 Establishment of the exclusive economic zones
 Central to Pardo’s argument.

30. Oil!

31. EEZs Defined
 An area beyond the territorial sea where both costal
authority and the freedom of foreign nations are
governed by the Convention’s rules.

32. Costal Authority in EEZs
 Sovereign rights of exploring, exploiting, conserving
and managing living or non living natural resources.
(Article 56)
 While sovereign state is operating under Convention it
must act in a manner compatible with provisions of
the Convention. (Article 56)

33. Foreign Authority in EEZs
 Allowed to use sea in international lawful practices.
 Shall adure to rights and duties of the costal state
adopted by the Convention. (Article 58)

34. Aftermath....
 Successful in laying foundations for future
negotiations
 Brought issue of marine sustainability to an
international audience

35. 1982 Convention