The document summarizes the background of two previous UN population conferences in 1974 and 1984 that produced recommendations addressed by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. It outlines the major targets set for 2015 and contents of the Programme of Action covering issues like gender equality, health, education, and international cooperation. It notes both progress made in reducing fertility and increasing access to family planning, as well as ongoing challenges around access to contraception and maternal mortality.

4. BackgroundBackground
 Two previous UN conferences on populationTwo previous UN conferences on population
concernsconcerns
 19741974 World Population Conference in BucharestWorld Population Conference in Bucharest
-produced the World Population Plan of Action-produced the World Population Plan of Action
 1984 International Conference on Population in1984 International Conference on Population in
Mexico CityMexico City
--88 further recommendations added to the Plan of Action88 further recommendations added to the Plan of Action
 The Plan of Action was the foundation for the draft ofThe Plan of Action was the foundation for the draft of
the Programme of Actionthe Programme of Action

5.  19921992 Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro Convention on Biological Diversity
-established international the relationship between-established international the relationship between
development and the environmentdevelopment and the environment
 5 regional population conferences from 1992-19935 regional population conferences from 1992-1993
-Asia and the Pacific-Asia and the Pacific
-Africa-Africa
-Europe and North America-Europe and North America
-Latin America and the Caribbean-Latin America and the Caribbean
-Arab States-Arab States
 Smaller sub-regional preparatory meeting and expertSmaller sub-regional preparatory meeting and expert
groupsgroups
 Round table discussion on important issuesRound table discussion on important issues
Shaping the Draft of the Programme of ActionShaping the Draft of the Programme of Action

7. Major targets for 2015Major targets for 2015
 Reproductive health services for allReproductive health services for all
 Universal primary educationUniversal primary education
 Closing the gap between female and maleClosing the gap between female and male
education by 2005education by 2005
 Reduction of infant mortality rate below 35 perReduction of infant mortality rate below 35 per
1000 live births, and under-five mortality rate1000 live births, and under-five mortality rate
below 45 per 1000 live births.below 45 per 1000 live births.
 Reduction of maternal mortality 75% belowReduction of maternal mortality 75% below
1990 levels1990 levels

8. Contents of the Programme of ActionContents of the Programme of Action
 Chapter IIIChapter III InterrelationshipsInterrelationships
between Population, Sustainedbetween Population, Sustained
Economic Growth andEconomic Growth and
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
 Chapter IV, Gender Equality,Chapter IV, Gender Equality,
Equity and Empowerment ofEquity and Empowerment of
WomenWomen
 Chapter V, The Family, ItsChapter V, The Family, Its
Roles, Rights, Composition andRoles, Rights, Composition and
StructureStructure
 Chapter VI, Population GrowthChapter VI, Population Growth
and Structureand Structure
 Chapter VII, ReproductiveChapter VII, Reproductive
Rights and Reproductive HealthRights and Reproductive Health
 Chapter VIII, Health, MorbidityChapter VIII, Health, Morbidity
and Mortalityand Mortality
 Chapter IX, PopulationChapter IX, Population
Distribution, Urbanization andDistribution, Urbanization and
Internal MigrationInternal Migration
 Chapter X, InternationalChapter X, International
MigrationMigration
 Chapter XI, Population,Chapter XI, Population,
Development and EducationDevelopment and Education
 Chapter XII, Technology,Chapter XII, Technology,
Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development
 Chapter XIII, National ActionChapter XIII, National Action
 Chapter XIV, InternationalChapter XIV, International
CooperationCooperation
 Chapter XV, Partnership withChapter XV, Partnership with
the Non-Governmental Sectorthe Non-Governmental Sector

9. Dr. Nafis Sadik, Secretary-General of the InternationalDr. Nafis Sadik, Secretary-General of the International
Conference on Population and DevelopmentConference on Population and Development
 ““You should not be modest about yourYou should not be modest about your
achievements. Compared with any earlierachievements. Compared with any earlier
document on population and development, thisdocument on population and development, this
Programme of Action is detailed in its analysis;Programme of Action is detailed in its analysis;
specific in its objectives; precise in itsspecific in its objectives; precise in its
recommendations and transparent in itsrecommendations and transparent in its
methodology. In our field, it represents amethodology. In our field, it represents a
quantum leap to a higher state of energy.”quantum leap to a higher state of energy.”

10. Verbal complaintsVerbal complaints
 AfghanistanAfghanistan
 Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam
 El SalvadorEl Salvador
 HondurasHonduras
 JordanJordan
 KuwaitKuwait
 Libyan Arab JamahiriyaLibyan Arab Jamahiriya
 NicaraguaNicaragua
 ParaguayParaguay
 the Philippinesthe Philippines
 Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic
 United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates
 YemenYemen
Written complaints.Written complaints.
 ArgentinaArgentina
 DjiboutiDjibouti
 the Dominican Republicthe Dominican Republic
 EcuadorEcuador
 EgyptEgypt
 GuatemalaGuatemala
 the Holy Seethe Holy See
 IranIran
 MaltaMalta
 PeruPeru

11. Progress madeProgress made
 1.3% annual growth rate as opposed to the 1.7%1.3% annual growth rate as opposed to the 1.7%
from 1975-1990from 1975-1990
 Almost universal reduction of fertility in 1990sAlmost universal reduction of fertility in 1990s
 Reproductive health programmes established inReproductive health programmes established in
many countriesmany countries
 Raising contraceptive use among couplesRaising contraceptive use among couples
indicating greater access to family planningindicating greater access to family planning
 Average life expectancy at birth in the worldAverage life expectancy at birth in the world
increased by about 2 yearsincreased by about 2 years

13. ChallengesChallenges
 UNFPA estimates that 137 million women whoUNFPA estimates that 137 million women who
want to use contraception cannot obtain itwant to use contraception cannot obtain it
 920 women die for every 100, 000 lives births in920 women die for every 100, 000 lives births in
Sub-Saharan Africa, as opposed to the 24/100,Sub-Saharan Africa, as opposed to the 24/100,
000 in Europe000 in Europe
 Lack of information on youth sex.Lack of information on youth sex.
-1.3 billion 10-19 year olds, the largest generation-1.3 billion 10-19 year olds, the largest generation
of teenager in historyof teenager in history
 Significantly falling short on spendingSignificantly falling short on spending

16. Journal of Public Health reviewJournal of Public Health review
OptimismOptimism
 Obama has removed theObama has removed the
Mexico City PolicyMexico City Policy
 The chance for aThe chance for a
combination of forces withcombination of forces with
HIV/AIDS objectivesHIV/AIDS objectives
 The Cairo conference hadThe Cairo conference had
the right ideasthe right ideas
ChallengesChallenges
 Abortion still a contestedAbortion still a contested
issueissue
 HIV/AIDS drives focus andHIV/AIDS drives focus and
money away from populationmoney away from population
concerns.concerns.
 Millennium DevelopmentMillennium Development
goals leave out many sexualgoals leave out many sexual
and reproductive healthand reproductive health
issuesissues

17. ConclusionConclusion
 The ICPD was a landmark eventThe ICPD was a landmark event
 Substantial changes have been affectedSubstantial changes have been affected
 Significant challenges remainSignificant challenges remain
 Hope for future changesHope for future changes