The document summarizes the operation of the LVR-15 research reactor in the Czech Republic after its conversion from HEU to LEU fuel in September 2011. It describes the various irradiation and experimental facilities in operation from 2012-2013, including facilities for silicon neutron transmutation doping, material testing, isotope production, neutron beams, and boron neutron capture therapy. It discusses the reactor's use for irradiation of uranium targets for molybdenum production and evaluates the technical and economic impacts of using LEU fuel.
BIO-CAP-UK: Air/Oxy Biomass Combustion with CO2 Capture Technology, UK Study - presentation by Karen Finney in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Effect of ordering of PtCu3 electrocatalyst structure on the stability for ox...Nejc Hodnik
Presentation at the 10th European Symposium on Electrochemical Engineering, Sardinia, Italy
September 28, 2014 to October 02, 2014
Authors:
Nejc Hodnik1,2, C. Jeyabharathi1,3, K. Phani3, A. Rečnik4, M. Bele2, S. Hočevar2, M. Gaberšček2 and K. Mayrhofer1
1Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering
Electrocatalysis Group
2National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
3CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India
4Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Presentation given by Hao Liu of the University of Nottingham on "Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
BIO-CAP-UK: Air/Oxy Biomass Combustion with CO2 Capture Technology, UK Study - presentation by Karen Finney in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Effect of ordering of PtCu3 electrocatalyst structure on the stability for ox...Nejc Hodnik
Presentation at the 10th European Symposium on Electrochemical Engineering, Sardinia, Italy
September 28, 2014 to October 02, 2014
Authors:
Nejc Hodnik1,2, C. Jeyabharathi1,3, K. Phani3, A. Rečnik4, M. Bele2, S. Hočevar2, M. Gaberšček2 and K. Mayrhofer1
1Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering
Electrocatalysis Group
2National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
3CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India
4Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Presentation given by Hao Liu of the University of Nottingham on "Effective Adsorbents for Establishing Solids Looping as a Next Generation NG PCC Technology" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This presentation describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Recent Developments in Organic Polymers Based- Photovoltaic Cellstheijes
In this review article, the uses of organic polymers to make photovoltaic cells have been discussed. The focus is mainly on discussing organic polymer based photovoltaic (OPVs) solar cells, the development of new device technologies and donor polymers that are being researched on. The recent development in this field has led to improved OPV performances with power conversion efficiencies as phenomenal as 9%. However for commercial application of this kind of OPVs, an improved device structure and cost effective processing methods are required. This article reports the polymer design criteria, energy level matching, nano-morphing of polymer/acceptor blend films and local dipole moments of the polymer chains that have been developed in the research that took place over the past 4 years. We emphasize the importance of developing new methods for designing polymers with improved physical properties and development of new technologies to fully understand the fundamentals of OPV mechanisms, which will help improve the power conversion efficiency of the OPV.
Energy Efficient Full Adder Cell Design with Using Carbon Nanotube Field Effe...VLSICS Design
Full Adder is one of the critical parts of logical and arithmetic units. So, presenting a low power full adder
cell reduces the power consumption of the entire circuit. Also, using Nano-scale transistors, because of
their unique characteristics will save energy consumption and decrease the chip area. In this paper we
presented a low power full adder cell by using carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs).
Simulation results were carried out using HSPICE based on the CNTFET model in 32 nanometer
technology in Different values of temperature and VDD.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This presentation describes about recent progress in bringing down the cost of Hydrogen fuel cells. Around 3 papers were summarised and all of them belong to a timespan of 2012-2013.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Recent Developments in Organic Polymers Based- Photovoltaic Cellstheijes
In this review article, the uses of organic polymers to make photovoltaic cells have been discussed. The focus is mainly on discussing organic polymer based photovoltaic (OPVs) solar cells, the development of new device technologies and donor polymers that are being researched on. The recent development in this field has led to improved OPV performances with power conversion efficiencies as phenomenal as 9%. However for commercial application of this kind of OPVs, an improved device structure and cost effective processing methods are required. This article reports the polymer design criteria, energy level matching, nano-morphing of polymer/acceptor blend films and local dipole moments of the polymer chains that have been developed in the research that took place over the past 4 years. We emphasize the importance of developing new methods for designing polymers with improved physical properties and development of new technologies to fully understand the fundamentals of OPV mechanisms, which will help improve the power conversion efficiency of the OPV.
Energy Efficient Full Adder Cell Design with Using Carbon Nanotube Field Effe...VLSICS Design
Full Adder is one of the critical parts of logical and arithmetic units. So, presenting a low power full adder
cell reduces the power consumption of the entire circuit. Also, using Nano-scale transistors, because of
their unique characteristics will save energy consumption and decrease the chip area. In this paper we
presented a low power full adder cell by using carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs).
Simulation results were carried out using HSPICE based on the CNTFET model in 32 nanometer
technology in Different values of temperature and VDD.
A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJ journal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded. The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3) suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...aeijjournal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJjournal2
This can be implied that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell. The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3) suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
1. Centrum vyzkumu Rez
CZECH COUNTRY REPORT PART II: LVR-15 REACTOR OPERATION AFTER HEU - LEU CONVERSION - IRRADIATION TEST PROJECT
Jiri Rychecky
05 June 2013
2. 1
CZECH COUNTRY REPORT: LVR-15 IRRADIATION TEST PROJECT - Introduction Only the LEU fuel is used for reactor operation since September 2011. The purpose of this test project is to demonstrate that the new LEU converted reactor core is able to irradiate LEU vs. HEU materials and samples, a key capability for future use of the research reactor. 20 operational cycles were performed since Sept. 2011 with various core configurations Production of NTD Si ingots have been increased more than two times - the second NTD facility was installed on Jan.2013. Irradiation of U targets for Mo production also increased more than two times due the HFR Petten is temporarily shut down. Two rigs with samples for material testing were irradiated.
4. Irradiation and Experimental Facilities The following irradiation and experimental facilities were in operation on 2012 - 2013 Pneumatic rabbit system for activation analyses 2 facilities for Si NTD (new one was installed on Jan. 2013) 2 irradiation rigs for material testing probes 3 vertical irradiation channels for production of radioactive isotopes (Ir, Sm, etc.) at peripheral positions 6 neutron beams (horizontal channels) for physical research Experiments for BNCT on thermal column Up to 4 irradiation channels for irradiation of U targets for Mo99 production inside the central neutron trap 2 irradiation channels inside Be for irradiation of Ir targets
5. Sept. 2011- K132 start LEU, Jan. 2012 – TW3 Rig
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D E F G H
core_layout ern@cvrez.cz
B
B
B B
B B
B
B
B
B PR
B
B B
B
B B
B
B
B
02 03 01 12 09
08
11
10
05 04 06 07
Ir
Ir
B void
B
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D E F G H
core_layout ern@cvrez.cz
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B PR
B
B
B B
B
B
B
B
B
02 03 01 12 09
08
11
10
05 04 06 07
Ir Ir
B B void
EFDA
TW3
Si
void void
6. June 2012 -K143, Dec. 2012 - K147 – NTD Si, Mo
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D E F G H
core_layout ern@cvrez.cz
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B PR
B
B
B
B
B B
B
B
B
02 03 01 12 09
08
11
10
05 04 06 07
Ir
B void
B
EFDA
TW3
Si
Ir
II
I 0
7. Jan. 2013 - K148 - 2 Si+Mo, May 2013 - K150 – BNCT + Ir
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D E F G H
core_layout ern@cvrez.cz
B
B
B
B B
B
B
PR
B
B
B
B
B
02 03 01 12 09
08
11
10
05 04 06 07
Ir
Ir
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B B void
SPND
DN 3"
SPND
DN 4"
void
II II
II II
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D E F G H
core_layout ern@cvrez.cz
B
B
B
B B
B
B
PR
B
B
B
B
03 01 09
08
11
10
05 04 06 07
Ir Ir
B
B
B
B
B B
B void
B
B
02 12
B
0
0
0
void void
SPD
SPND
DN3"
SPND
DN4"
8. Conclusions During the reactor operation the condition of the fuel gladding was performed. The samples of the primary water were used for checking of non leakage of the fuel assemblies. No leakage of the fission products was detected. The measurement of gas releases from ventilation chimney also was deeply below limits as well. The manipulation with the IRT-4M FAs was without problems. But the manipulation has to be performed carefully because the cladding of the fuel is very thin. The regular operation of the reactor LVR-15 with LEU was continued on 2012 - 2013. Experiences gained more than 1.5 year of operation showed that the LVR-15 operation with LEU cores is possible and the impacts are not so high except economical impacts.
9. Conclusions
Thermal neutrons flux was decreased about 7-10% on started configuration with fresh fuel, but another 10% is decreasing when the average burn was higher Fast neutrons flux will decrease for 5 %. It is possible to cancel losses of thermal neutrons by making neutron traps and/or increasing reactor power by 20%. At present research is carried out on improvement of reactor parameters, and magnification of a thermal neutrons flux.
11. Beam Tubes and BNCT Facility
Introduction Horizontal channels generally represent one of major reactor LVR-15 utilization (their spatial disposition is visible on Fig. 2). BNCT Facility of the LVR-15 research reactor is a facility intentionally built for the development of a Boron Neutron Capture Therapy method, which is aimed at the treatment of a glioma type brain tumor. The facility consists of a neutron horizontal beam with Al and AlF3 filters (collimators), irradiation chamber and control room (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The scheme of the BNCT channel can be found on Fig. 1. The whole facility is still regularly used, although medicinal research at the LVR- 15 reached its peak during 2001 when five patients were irradiated as a part of clinical trial.
12. Fig. 1 Horizontal Channels on LVR-15
powderdiffractometerdepth profilingn- capturestrain scannerinterferometerboron capture therapySANS texturediffractometer102 m stress/straindiffractometer
14. Experiments on BNCT Facility At present, medicinal research at the BNCT beam is aimed at study of boron deposition inside the tumor cells. Effectiveness of different boron compounds is investigated and experiments usually include works with living animals (young laboratory rats) and tissue samples. Also, the beam is used mostly as a source of neutrons for detector testing or material irradiation, beside the medicinal research. The non-medicinal activities are more important during several last years
17. A typical spectrum for the former HEU core is visible on the BNCT horizontal beam
BNCT NRI Beam, 14.08.20011.E+051.E+061.E+071.E+081.E+091.E-081.E-071.E-061.E-051.E-041.E-031.E-021.E-011.E+001.E+01Energy [MeV] Neutron Fluence Rate per Unit of Lethargy [1/cm^2s] STAYSLSANDCalculationBASACFMCNP 0 cm orig. spectrum HoIn3fMCNP 0 cm opr. spectrum HpIn3f
18. Experiments on BNCT Facility (2) The question of the impact of HEU to LEU transition to beam energy spectrum and neutron fluence rates is very important for the Research Centre Rez, because the information about real dose, which irradiated sample (material) received, is necessary for proper experiment evaluation. Most of the time, it is also requested by customers before any official cooperation can even start.
20. Irradiation of rats on BNCT Epithermal Beam Six day-old rats were used as biological models. Sodium borocaptate (BSH, 100 μg 10B/g b.w.) was injected into forebrain ventricles. 10B-phenylalanine-fructose complex (BPA) was applied subcutaneously. Both 10B carriers were from Katchem, Prague. Animals were irradiated in a polyethylene holder (Fig. 8) for 5 to 7.5 min and were sacrificed anesthetized by CO2 enriched atmosphere 8 hours or 3 days later. The experiments were carried out in compliance with EU and Czech legislation for animal protection. The brain and intestine were processed by routine histological protocol and examined microscopically.
22. Conclusion - BNCT horizontal beam Operation of BNCT epithermal beam and results of the BNCT beam measurement demonstrated, that the transition from HEU enrichment to LEU enrichment brought no significant change, which would require doing countermeasures. The results reveal that the conversion of the reactor has only minor influence on the spectral parameters of the beam and on the beam intensity as well. The very important fact is that active core K141 was not only first LEU core designed for BNCT, but also a first BNCT LEU core with installed central trap for molybdenum production. Ability to simultaneously operate epithermal beam and central trap further increases flexibility of the reactor LVR-15 utilization.
23. Conclusions - Final Results of our experience show that IRT-4M type FA is quite good and the fuel is reliable for LVR-15 operation but maybe it is not the optimal low enriched fuel suitable especially for economical reasons. As U9MoAl fuel has higher density (5,40 g/cm3), than UO2-Al (2,51 g/cm3 ), then active core could be compiled compact and neutron flux will not decrease compared to HEU core In connection with this, relevance of research works of UMo, or other types of low enriched on U-235 fuel for the research reactors remain. Additional losses of thermal neutrons (10-20%) are expecting after conversion of the HEU targets for Mo production
24. Conclusions - Final Shortcoming of low enriched IRT-4M type FA is its smaller inserted positive reactivity at replacement of burnt FA with a fresh one and relative low U-235 burn up - IRT-2M type FA U-235 burn up could reach 65 %, compare IRT-4M - 45% - 50%. IRT-4M fuel using leads to increase the price of the FA by factor 3. So, the budget for new fuel could be too high for reactor operation from economical point of view in next years. The next increasing of the financial demands will be also when the reactor power would be risen up to 12 MW. So, we can solve the technical impacts of the conversion, but we will have difficulties to solve the economical one.
25. Looking into the future Reactor power increasing up to 12 MW (2013) Refurbishment of the I & C system (2013) Conversion of the HEU targets for Mo production to LEU one (2014 - 2015 ) Funding of the LVR-15 operation – looking for the new sources and new projects (high temperature loops, irradiation for fusion etc.)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION