This document provides an outline for a student's final year project proposal on determining the effects of different extraction methods on the antioxidant properties of curry leaves. The introduction discusses curry leaves and their antioxidant properties. The objectives are to determine how extraction methods affect antioxidant levels in curry leaves and to measure total phenolic, flavonoid, and individual flavonoid compounds. The literature review will cover topics like curry leaves, oxidation, antioxidants, extraction techniques, antioxidant assays, and previous related studies.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that are physiologically active. They are classified as true alkaloids derived from amino acids containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring, protoalkaloids derived from amino acids but lacking nitrogen in a ring, and pseudoalkaloids not derived from amino acids but containing nitrogen in a ring. Alkaloids are found distributed throughout plants, especially in families like Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, and Papaveraceae. They serve functions like protection from herbivores and as nitrogen sources for the plant. Alkaloids are typically isolated from plant material by extraction, concentration, acidification, alkalinization, and solvent partitioning
Spice as Medicine: Curry Leaf, Murraya koenigiiKevin KF Ng
Curry leaf is used as a flavoring agent and traditional medicine in India. Recent scientific observations in the laboratory showed that it contained phytochemicals which are beneficial for health.
bio-energy Profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation as bio-diesel sou...Omid Minooee
This document analyzes the profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation for biodiesel production in Mysore district, India. It aims to define the current development of biodiesel from Jatropha, identify the competitiveness of Jatropha biodiesel in domestic and international markets by estimating production costs and prices, derive the best scenario for integrating biodiesel into India's energy mix, and determine how much income can be generated for rural poverty reduction. The document reviews the literature on Jatropha cultivation requirements, expected yields and profitability analysis, and concludes that producing Jatropha pure plant oil can generate positive returns at crude oil prices between $85-115 per barrel.
The document discusses the Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera), highlighting its numerous uses and nutritional benefits. It notes that all parts of the Moringa tree - from its leaves to roots - can be used for nutrition, medicine, water purification, and more. Studies have found Moringa leaf powder to have several times the nutrition of common foods. The document advocates spreading knowledge about Moringa's potential to address issues like malnutrition and calls for more field research on its human health, agricultural, and industrial applications.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
This document reviews the anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of black seed (Nigella sativa). It summarizes research showing that N. sativa contains bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, the primary cause of gastric ulcers. Specifically, thymoquinone, the most abundant constituent of N. sativa essential oil, has demonstrated anti-H. pylori effects. Studies have found N. sativa extracts inhibit the growth of H. pylori in vitro and are effective in eradicating H. pylori infections in human patients. The review concludes that N. sativa possesses therapeutic properties that can help protect against gastric damage caused by H. py
Moringa is used for “tired blood” (anemia); arthritis and other joint pain
(rheumatism); asthma; cancer; constipation; diabetes; diarrhea; epilepsy;
stomach pain; stomach and intestinal ulcers; intestinal spasms; headache; heart
problems; high blood pressure; kidney stones; fluid retention; thyroid disorders;
and bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
Oil from moringa seeds is used in foods, perfume, and hair care products, and as a
machine.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of extracts from Catharanthus roseus against wound isolates. Key findings include:
1) Ethanolic extracts of C. roseus showed the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids in extracts.
2) Against various wound pathogens, ethanolic extracts were most effective against P. aeruginosa, followed by S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.
3) Thin layer chromatography identified brown spots in ethanolic extracts and yellow spots in
The document provides information on extracting curcumin from turmeric, including:
- Curcumin is the primary biologically active compound extracted from turmeric rhizomes.
- India is a major global producer and exporter of turmeric and accounts for over 80% of global curcumin production.
- The document outlines the market size and growth for curcumin extracts in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other applications and provides production and financial details for establishing a curcumin extraction plant in India.
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that are physiologically active. They are classified as true alkaloids derived from amino acids containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring, protoalkaloids derived from amino acids but lacking nitrogen in a ring, and pseudoalkaloids not derived from amino acids but containing nitrogen in a ring. Alkaloids are found distributed throughout plants, especially in families like Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, and Papaveraceae. They serve functions like protection from herbivores and as nitrogen sources for the plant. Alkaloids are typically isolated from plant material by extraction, concentration, acidification, alkalinization, and solvent partitioning
Spice as Medicine: Curry Leaf, Murraya koenigiiKevin KF Ng
Curry leaf is used as a flavoring agent and traditional medicine in India. Recent scientific observations in the laboratory showed that it contained phytochemicals which are beneficial for health.
bio-energy Profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation as bio-diesel sou...Omid Minooee
This document analyzes the profitability of Jatropha Curcas L. cultivation for biodiesel production in Mysore district, India. It aims to define the current development of biodiesel from Jatropha, identify the competitiveness of Jatropha biodiesel in domestic and international markets by estimating production costs and prices, derive the best scenario for integrating biodiesel into India's energy mix, and determine how much income can be generated for rural poverty reduction. The document reviews the literature on Jatropha cultivation requirements, expected yields and profitability analysis, and concludes that producing Jatropha pure plant oil can generate positive returns at crude oil prices between $85-115 per barrel.
The document discusses the Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera), highlighting its numerous uses and nutritional benefits. It notes that all parts of the Moringa tree - from its leaves to roots - can be used for nutrition, medicine, water purification, and more. Studies have found Moringa leaf powder to have several times the nutrition of common foods. The document advocates spreading knowledge about Moringa's potential to address issues like malnutrition and calls for more field research on its human health, agricultural, and industrial applications.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
This document reviews the anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of black seed (Nigella sativa). It summarizes research showing that N. sativa contains bioactive compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, the primary cause of gastric ulcers. Specifically, thymoquinone, the most abundant constituent of N. sativa essential oil, has demonstrated anti-H. pylori effects. Studies have found N. sativa extracts inhibit the growth of H. pylori in vitro and are effective in eradicating H. pylori infections in human patients. The review concludes that N. sativa possesses therapeutic properties that can help protect against gastric damage caused by H. py
Moringa is used for “tired blood” (anemia); arthritis and other joint pain
(rheumatism); asthma; cancer; constipation; diabetes; diarrhea; epilepsy;
stomach pain; stomach and intestinal ulcers; intestinal spasms; headache; heart
problems; high blood pressure; kidney stones; fluid retention; thyroid disorders;
and bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
Oil from moringa seeds is used in foods, perfume, and hair care products, and as a
machine.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of extracts from Catharanthus roseus against wound isolates. Key findings include:
1) Ethanolic extracts of C. roseus showed the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids in extracts.
2) Against various wound pathogens, ethanolic extracts were most effective against P. aeruginosa, followed by S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.
3) Thin layer chromatography identified brown spots in ethanolic extracts and yellow spots in
The document provides information on extracting curcumin from turmeric, including:
- Curcumin is the primary biologically active compound extracted from turmeric rhizomes.
- India is a major global producer and exporter of turmeric and accounts for over 80% of global curcumin production.
- The document outlines the market size and growth for curcumin extracts in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other applications and provides production and financial details for establishing a curcumin extraction plant in India.
This document summarizes several medicinal plants and their uses. It describes Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), which is used to treat fever, bronchitis, arthritis and more. Vitex negundo is used for throat/mouth disorders, asthma, rheumatism and tuberculosis. Rauvolfia serpentina was the first antihypertensive drug and is also used for cardiovascular diseases, schizophrenia and more. Catharanthus roseus contains compounds used to treat cancer. Withania somnifera is used for nervous disorders, stress, arthritis and diabetes. The document provides details on the family, uses, active compounds and pharmacological studies of these and several other plants.
Secondary metabolite part 3 by pooja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures found in plants that are extracted through processes like distillation and solvent extraction. They have many uses including as flavors, fragrances, and traditional medicines. Cinnamon and peppermint oils are two examples. Cinnamon oil is extracted from the bark of Cinnamomum trees and contains cinnamaldehyde as its main component. Peppermint oil comes from mint leaves and is composed primarily of menthol. Both have aromatic properties and therapeutic activities like digestive aid and pain relief effects. Volatile oils demonstrate the chemical complexity found in plant secondary metabolites.
This document summarizes information about olive oil, including the types of olive trees and varieties grown around the world. It discusses the production process from harvesting olives to extracting the oil. Key olive oil characteristics like acidity and sensory profiles are explained. The document also covers olive oil tasting experiences, food pairing tips, quality standards, potential health benefits, and common defects to watch for.
Ginger has been used medicinally for over 5,000 years and contains many health benefits. It helps soothe coughs and nausea. While safe for most people, pregnant women should consult their doctor before using ginger. Ginger contains anti-inflammatory properties and can help treat conditions like arthritis. It aids digestion and may help lower cholesterol levels and risk of cancer. Ginger can also help relieve stress, headaches, toothaches, and fever symptoms. Overall, ginger is a versatile herb that can be used to spice up foods or make tea for its numerous health-promoting effects.
This document describes a method for estimating total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Phenolic compounds are important plant antioxidants. The method involves preparing plant extracts in methanol and mixing them with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. The absorbance is then measured to determine the total phenol content based on a gallic acid standard curve. The total phenolic content measurement provides information about a plant's antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.
The document discusses primary and secondary metabolism in plants. Primary metabolism produces primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are essential for growth and survival. The pathways for primary metabolism are essentially the same across organisms. Secondary metabolism produces secondary metabolites that are not essential for growth but provide functions like defense against predators through toxicity, attracting pollinators or dispersing seeds. Secondary metabolites have more limited distribution between taxa and their roles are often unclear.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
This document describes a project to extract essential oil from coriander seeds using steam distillation. It provides background on essential oils and steam distillation, as well as motivation for focusing on coriander oil extraction. The process flow chart shows coriander seeds undergoing sun drying and then steam distillation, with the steam condensing and the oil and water separating. Key equipment for the steam distillation setup includes a steam generator, still, condenser, and separator.
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants through secondary metabolism. They include terpenes, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and alkaloids. Terpenes are the largest and most diverse group of plant secondary metabolites, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes. Phenolic compounds contain aromatic rings and include classes like flavonoids, lignins, and tannins. Glycosides are compounds formed by the bonding of a sugar and non-sugar moiety. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and provide plant defense against herbivores and pathogens. Many secondary metabolites play important roles in plant defense mechanisms and have uses
The document discusses several key factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants:
1. Light, temperature, humidity, altitude, rainfall, soil composition and fertilizer all impact plant growth and medicinal compound production. Light and temperature specifically affect photosynthesis and metabolic processes.
2. Altitude, rainfall, humidity and soil composition influence local climate conditions. Higher altitudes tend to have lower temperatures but more light. Soil must contain sufficient nutrients for optimal growth.
3. Fertilizers, whether biological, synthetic, or chemical, add necessary nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients to support plant health.
This document discusses the properties and uses of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), a common herb in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains several active ingredients like eugenol, thymol, beta-caryophyllene, and rosmarinic acid that give tulsi antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic effects. Tulsi can be used to relieve cough, fever, anxiety, diabetes and has liver protective properties. While generally safe, in some cases tulsi can cause infertility, skin issues, or interfere with drug metabolism. The document concludes that tulsi is a widely grown herb with many medicinal uses.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
Ultrasonication Assisted Extraction of Isolation Characterization of Berb...GuttiPavan
1. The project aims to isolate and characterize berberine from Anamirta cocculus stem through ultrasonication assisted extraction. The biological activities of the extracts will also be evaluated.
2. Berberine will be isolated through column chromatography and characterized using spectroscopy. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts and isolated berberine will be determined.
3. The project involves preparation of stem extracts, isolation of berberine, and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties to understand the biological potential of Anamirta cocculus stem.
Learn more about this super seed and how it helps to treat all sorts of medical conditions and diseases. Visit https://www.spicelife.cf/ for more details.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata) is an herb with carvone, limonene, and other constituents. It has carminative, antispasmodic, and anticancer properties and is used as a flavoring agent and to treat digestive disorders. Potential side effects include kidney and liver issues as well as skin irritation. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and breastfeeding or when taking iron or hormonal medications due to drug interactions and toxicity risks.
Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants.
Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll
Drugs from plants extraction, purification & analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
This document discusses the history and sources of drugs derived from plants. It covers how early civilizations used plants medicinally and how modern drug development has evolved. Key points include: natural substances like plants have long been used for medicines; in the 19th-20th centuries active compounds from plants started to be isolated and purified; many major drugs like aspirin, quinine, and taxol were developed from plant-derived compounds; modern techniques are used to extract, purify, and analyze active components from plants for drug development and treatments.
Clove is originated from Indonesia & Malacca islands. It is obtained by the leaves and bud of the clove it is red-brown in color. It is picked by hand the buds are dried until they brown and, then grinding them. Clove oil is colorless to pale yellow in color with a strong spicy smell.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This document provides instructions for determining leaf constants of Datura and Vinca leaves through quantitative microscopy. It describes how to calculate the vein islet number and vein termination number of Datura leaves, as well as the stomatal number and stomatal index of the lower epidermis of Vinca leaves. The procedures involve surface preparation of leaf pieces, examination under the microscope using a camera lucida to count structural features within delineated areas, and calculations to determine the constants based on the counts within a 1 mm2 area.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
This document discusses the role of elicitors in producing plant secondary metabolites through in-vitro culture conditions. It defines secondary metabolites and explains their economic importance. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of in-vitro production. The document classifies different types of elicitors and presents case studies demonstrating how elicitors like methyl jasmonate and chitosan can increase the production of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and terpenoids in plant species. It concludes that elicitors play a key role in enhancing in-vitro production of these high-value compounds.
This document summarizes several medicinal plants and their uses. It describes Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), which is used to treat fever, bronchitis, arthritis and more. Vitex negundo is used for throat/mouth disorders, asthma, rheumatism and tuberculosis. Rauvolfia serpentina was the first antihypertensive drug and is also used for cardiovascular diseases, schizophrenia and more. Catharanthus roseus contains compounds used to treat cancer. Withania somnifera is used for nervous disorders, stress, arthritis and diabetes. The document provides details on the family, uses, active compounds and pharmacological studies of these and several other plants.
Secondary metabolite part 3 by pooja khanparaPOOJA KHANPARA
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures found in plants that are extracted through processes like distillation and solvent extraction. They have many uses including as flavors, fragrances, and traditional medicines. Cinnamon and peppermint oils are two examples. Cinnamon oil is extracted from the bark of Cinnamomum trees and contains cinnamaldehyde as its main component. Peppermint oil comes from mint leaves and is composed primarily of menthol. Both have aromatic properties and therapeutic activities like digestive aid and pain relief effects. Volatile oils demonstrate the chemical complexity found in plant secondary metabolites.
This document summarizes information about olive oil, including the types of olive trees and varieties grown around the world. It discusses the production process from harvesting olives to extracting the oil. Key olive oil characteristics like acidity and sensory profiles are explained. The document also covers olive oil tasting experiences, food pairing tips, quality standards, potential health benefits, and common defects to watch for.
Ginger has been used medicinally for over 5,000 years and contains many health benefits. It helps soothe coughs and nausea. While safe for most people, pregnant women should consult their doctor before using ginger. Ginger contains anti-inflammatory properties and can help treat conditions like arthritis. It aids digestion and may help lower cholesterol levels and risk of cancer. Ginger can also help relieve stress, headaches, toothaches, and fever symptoms. Overall, ginger is a versatile herb that can be used to spice up foods or make tea for its numerous health-promoting effects.
This document describes a method for estimating total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Phenolic compounds are important plant antioxidants. The method involves preparing plant extracts in methanol and mixing them with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. The absorbance is then measured to determine the total phenol content based on a gallic acid standard curve. The total phenolic content measurement provides information about a plant's antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.
The document discusses primary and secondary metabolism in plants. Primary metabolism produces primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are essential for growth and survival. The pathways for primary metabolism are essentially the same across organisms. Secondary metabolism produces secondary metabolites that are not essential for growth but provide functions like defense against predators through toxicity, attracting pollinators or dispersing seeds. Secondary metabolites have more limited distribution between taxa and their roles are often unclear.
Medicinal value of plant Juglans regia including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
This document describes a project to extract essential oil from coriander seeds using steam distillation. It provides background on essential oils and steam distillation, as well as motivation for focusing on coriander oil extraction. The process flow chart shows coriander seeds undergoing sun drying and then steam distillation, with the steam condensing and the oil and water separating. Key equipment for the steam distillation setup includes a steam generator, still, condenser, and separator.
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants through secondary metabolism. They include terpenes, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and alkaloids. Terpenes are the largest and most diverse group of plant secondary metabolites, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes. Phenolic compounds contain aromatic rings and include classes like flavonoids, lignins, and tannins. Glycosides are compounds formed by the bonding of a sugar and non-sugar moiety. Alkaloids contain nitrogen and provide plant defense against herbivores and pathogens. Many secondary metabolites play important roles in plant defense mechanisms and have uses
The document discusses several key factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants:
1. Light, temperature, humidity, altitude, rainfall, soil composition and fertilizer all impact plant growth and medicinal compound production. Light and temperature specifically affect photosynthesis and metabolic processes.
2. Altitude, rainfall, humidity and soil composition influence local climate conditions. Higher altitudes tend to have lower temperatures but more light. Soil must contain sufficient nutrients for optimal growth.
3. Fertilizers, whether biological, synthetic, or chemical, add necessary nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients to support plant health.
This document discusses the properties and uses of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), a common herb in Ayurvedic medicine. It contains several active ingredients like eugenol, thymol, beta-caryophyllene, and rosmarinic acid that give tulsi antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic effects. Tulsi can be used to relieve cough, fever, anxiety, diabetes and has liver protective properties. While generally safe, in some cases tulsi can cause infertility, skin issues, or interfere with drug metabolism. The document concludes that tulsi is a widely grown herb with many medicinal uses.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
Ultrasonication Assisted Extraction of Isolation Characterization of Berb...GuttiPavan
1. The project aims to isolate and characterize berberine from Anamirta cocculus stem through ultrasonication assisted extraction. The biological activities of the extracts will also be evaluated.
2. Berberine will be isolated through column chromatography and characterized using spectroscopy. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of the extracts and isolated berberine will be determined.
3. The project involves preparation of stem extracts, isolation of berberine, and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties to understand the biological potential of Anamirta cocculus stem.
Learn more about this super seed and how it helps to treat all sorts of medical conditions and diseases. Visit https://www.spicelife.cf/ for more details.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata) is an herb with carvone, limonene, and other constituents. It has carminative, antispasmodic, and anticancer properties and is used as a flavoring agent and to treat digestive disorders. Potential side effects include kidney and liver issues as well as skin irritation. It should be used cautiously during pregnancy and breastfeeding or when taking iron or hormonal medications due to drug interactions and toxicity risks.
Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants.
Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll
Drugs from plants extraction, purification & analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
This document discusses the history and sources of drugs derived from plants. It covers how early civilizations used plants medicinally and how modern drug development has evolved. Key points include: natural substances like plants have long been used for medicines; in the 19th-20th centuries active compounds from plants started to be isolated and purified; many major drugs like aspirin, quinine, and taxol were developed from plant-derived compounds; modern techniques are used to extract, purify, and analyze active components from plants for drug development and treatments.
Clove is originated from Indonesia & Malacca islands. It is obtained by the leaves and bud of the clove it is red-brown in color. It is picked by hand the buds are dried until they brown and, then grinding them. Clove oil is colorless to pale yellow in color with a strong spicy smell.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This document provides instructions for determining leaf constants of Datura and Vinca leaves through quantitative microscopy. It describes how to calculate the vein islet number and vein termination number of Datura leaves, as well as the stomatal number and stomatal index of the lower epidermis of Vinca leaves. The procedures involve surface preparation of leaf pieces, examination under the microscope using a camera lucida to count structural features within delineated areas, and calculations to determine the constants based on the counts within a 1 mm2 area.
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
This document discusses the role of elicitors in producing plant secondary metabolites through in-vitro culture conditions. It defines secondary metabolites and explains their economic importance. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of in-vitro production. The document classifies different types of elicitors and presents case studies demonstrating how elicitors like methyl jasmonate and chitosan can increase the production of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and terpenoids in plant species. It concludes that elicitors play a key role in enhancing in-vitro production of these high-value compounds.
This document provides an introduction to bioproducts and bioseparations. It defines key terms like bioseparations and bioproducts. Bioproducts can come from whole cells, intracellular macromolecules, or extracellular products from microbial fermentations or cell culture. The choice of separation method depends on the nature and properties of the product. Bioproducts are sold based on their chemical activity. The design of large-scale purification requires defining the product, starting material properties, and possible separation steps. Common unit operations are discussed for each of the four stages of bioseparations. Characterization and stability considerations for different types of bioproducts like proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and particulate products
This study evaluated the antioxidant properties and phytochemical composition of extracts from the leaves of Stachys germanica subs cordigera briq. The leaves were extracted using solvents of increasing polarity in a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was highest in the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using several methods, and the ethyl acetate extract showed higher antioxidant potency than the reference BHT. The results suggest the plant extracts have potential as natural antioxidants for preventing disease.
The document analyzes the antioxidant properties of Stachys germanica subs cordigera briq leaves extracts. It finds that the extracts contain phytochemicals like flavonoids and polyphenols. The ethyl acetate extract has the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Antioxidant testing shows the ethyl acetate extract has significant free radical scavenging effects and reducing power, higher than the reference antioxidant BHT. The study concludes the plant leaves are a potential source of natural antioxidants.
1. The document discusses optimizing the recovery of tandem core virus-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells using improved lysis buffer conditions and a design of experiments approach. It evaluates parameters like detergent type and concentration, salt concentration, and solid content to minimize particle aggregation and maximize protein and product release.
2. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal lysis buffer, analyzing responses like product release, protein release, and particle size distribution. Results show that glycerol is not needed in the buffer and Triton-X100 is a better detergent than others tested.
3. A design of experiments approach is used to compare the effects of salt, solid content, deter
The document summarizes the use of biocatalysts in organic synthesis. It discusses how enzymes and whole cells can act as catalysts for chemical reactions, providing advantages like high selectivity and mild reaction conditions. It also classifies enzymes, describes some common biocatalytic reactions like oxidation, hydrolysis and isomerization, and provides industrial examples of biocatalyst use in producing drugs. The document concludes by reviewing the scope of biocatalysis in organic synthesis and listing references on the topic.
Isolation and identification of protease producing bacteriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the isolation and identification of protease-producing bacteria. It begins by introducing proteases and their importance in industrial applications. It then describes the common techniques used to isolate bacteria from samples, including streak plating and pour plating. After isolation, bacteria are identified using morphological, biochemical, and newer molecular characterization methods. The goal of the document is to provide information on isolating and identifying protease-producing bacteria specifically from soil, kitchen waste, and tannery sources.
This document discusses pharmaceutical waste water, its effects, and treatment methods. It notes that pharmaceutical waste water contains solvents, APIs, and other compounds that increase toxicity and harm aquatic life. Without proper treatment, waste water can develop antibiotic resistance in microbes, disrupt the endocrine system, and cause other environmental problems. The document then analyzes sample waste water from pharmaceutical companies and finds high levels of COD, BOD, TSS, TDS that exceed permissible limits. It recommends various treatment techniques like biological treatment, membrane processes, advanced oxidation, and hybrid systems to reduce waste and recover valuable compounds from waste water.
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe (Loranthus begwensis L.) harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees. The study found that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol content and stronger antioxidant effects, including higher DPPH radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing ability, compared to mistletoe from the breadfruit tree. However, mistletoe from the breadfruit tree showed higher ability to chelate Fe2+ ions. Overall, both mistletoe extracts displayed promising antioxidant properties, but the capacity varied depending on the host tree.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe Loranthus begwensis L. harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees.
2) The results showed that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol and ferric reducing content than mistletoe from the breadfruit tree.
3) Both mistletoe extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects, including scavenging of free radicals and chelating of iron ions. However, the antioxidant capacity was dependent on the host tree, with mistletoe from the kolanut tree generally showing higher antioxidant activity.
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of microorganisms from dairy effluent for use in activated sludge treatment. Fifteen bacterial isolates were obtained from dairy plant effluent samples. The isolates were characterized based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and enzymatic properties. Several isolates showed amylase, urease and gelatinase activity. Most isolates were able to utilize glucose and other carbohydrates. Through characterization, microorganisms were identified that could potentially break down dairy effluent organic pollutants in activated sludge treatment.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Syzygium jambos. Methanolic extracts and aqueous soluble fractions of S. jambos stem bark exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The chloroform and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions showed mild antimicrobial activity against several bacteria. The chloroform soluble fraction also demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging activity. Overall, S. jambos extracts displayed antioxidant and limited antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential for further investigation into their bioactive properties.
This document discusses protein extraction and fractionation techniques used in food proteomics. It begins by outlining various methods for disrupting plant cell walls including mechanical, ultrasonic, pressure and temperature-based techniques. It then describes approaches for solubilizing and precipitating proteins from foods using organic solvents and aqueous solutions. Key steps in a typical proteomics workflow are outlined including protein extraction, separation, identification and data analysis. The challenges of analyzing complex food proteomes due to heterogeneity and abundance differences are also noted. Finally, an integrated view of various extraction and fractionation methods employed in food proteomics is presented.
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
Inductive Toxic-Mopping (IT-m) and Carotenogenic Bioconversion Properties of ...iosrjce
Environmental impurities and degrading substances are major causes of pollution. On-going efforts
to cut the world’s carbon emission have been an uphill battle with the unknown. Because of the importance of
some photosynthetic bacteria, viable, efficient and environment-friendly biological remediation researches have
therefore become inevitably important. In search of these criteria, there was the need for the logical merger of
efficacy of the mop-up capability of the biological agents and productive beneficial end-results. We studied the
previously identified thermophilic species of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodocista pekingensis isolated from a
local hot spring in Malaysia. Inductive Toxic-mopping (IT-m) technique was used to assess the production of
bacteriocarotenoids by metabolic bioconversion process of eight toxic chemical compounds by Rhodocista
pekingensis. Results showed a positive response to four of the toxic chemical compounds with the production of
65±5 mg/L, 63±3 mg/L, 59±3 mg/L and 53±6 mg/L yields of raw bacteriocarotenoid in DMSO, Methanol,
Isopropyl alcohol and Dubai crude respectively when compared with 65±3 mg/l of raw bacteriocarotenoid
produced in the Control experiment. Four of the toxic compounds were efficient to trigger carotenogenic
processes needed in the production of beneficial bacteriocarotenoids, two were mild and two others were
inadequate to trigger a substantial process. The improvement in carotenoid production with the assimilated
toxic chemicals corroborated the efficiency of the Inductive Toxic-mopping Bioremediation pattern and
beneficial convertibility of chemical wastes by Rhodocista pekingensis
Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...Innspub Net
Monocrotophos is a organophosphate based insecticide used for crop protection. Monocrotophos use has induced heath issues and water pollution. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory aspects, it is essential to restrict the emissions and release of the highly acutely toxic chemical from the industrial processes and agricultural applications. In this review, we present the toxicity and decomposition in media such as vegetables, human tissues, animal tissues and rations, synthesis of the analytical procedures and materials used to determine the monocrotophos and identification of cis and trans isomers of monocrotophos. Also the main physical spectroscopic methods have been discussed in this review. The analytical techniques which are presented permit to select the best analytical conditions to detect monocrotophos. These methods are widely applicable for remaining organophosphate and other polar pesticides. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-5-number-1-july-2014-jbes/
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Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotophos - a ...
curry leaves Viva presentation.pdf
1. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS ON THE
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF CURRY LEAVES
(Murraya koenigii )
SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STM 4998 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
PROPOSAL PRESENTATION
NAME : PARITHYI A/P MURALI THARAN
MATRIC NUMBER : S43811
2. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Significance of study
1.4 Objectives
3. 1.1 Background of Study
Curry
Leaves
(Murraya
koenigii )
Also fondly known
as”daun kari or “curry
patta”(Verma, 2012).
Recent studies seem
to indicate that
Phytochemicals
largely contribute to
antioxidant
properties
(Salas,P.G.et al.,2010)
Extraction
techniques have
been used to extract
bioactive compounds
from various plant
materials (Gao &
Liu,2005).
4. The information about the secondary metabolite
content and the antioxidant and anticancer activity
of Malaysian curry leaf is still scarce. (Ghasemzadeh
et al.,2014)
In the nutraceutical industry, the extraction process is the
important step for the isolation of phytochemicals from herbs
and spices (Bak et al., 2012).
1.2 Problem Statement
5. Significance of
study
To further conduct studies to improve
antioxidant yield from the curry leaves
using different types of extraction
methods.
To further determine or measure
the maximum antioxidant capacity
of curry leaves .
1.3 Significance of study
6. To determine the effects of the different
extraction methods on the antioxidant properties
of curry leaves
To measure the Total Phenolic Compound (TPC)
and Total Flavonoid Compound (TFC) and
individual flavonoid present in curry leaves.
1.4 Objectives
7. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review
• 2.1 Curry Leaves
• 2.2 Oxidation
• 2.3 Antioxidants
• 2.4 Extraction Methods
• 2.5 Antioxidant Activity Assay
• 2.6 Identification and Characterization technique of antioxidants
• 2.7 Previous study
8. 2.1 Curry leaves
2.1.1 Taxonomy
2.1.2 Botany
2.1.3 Nutraceutical properties
2.1.4 Nutritional composition
2.2 Oxidation
2.2.1 Reaction mechanism of oxidation
2.2.2 Types of lipid oxidation
2.2.1 Auto-oxidation
2.2.2 Photo-oxidation
2.2.3 Effects of oxidation
2.3 Antioxidants
2.3.1 Natural antioxidants
2.3.1.1 Reaction mechanism of natural
antioxidants
2.3.2 Synthetic antioxidants
2.2.2.1 Reaction mechanism of
synthetic antioxidants
2.3.3 Characterization of antioxidants
2.4 Extraction methods
2.4.1 Soxhlet extraction
2.4.2 Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE)
2.4.3 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
2.4.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
2.4.5 Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)
2.4.6 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)
2.4.7 Ultrasonic/Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE)
2.4.8 Comparison Of Extraction Methods With Its
Respective Limitations And Strengths
2.5 Antioxidant Activity Assay
2.5.1 Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) Assay.
2.5.2 Conjugated Diene Assay
2.5.3 𝛽-Carotene Bleaching Assay
2.5.4 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay
2.5.5 Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.5.6 Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) Assay
2.5.7Comparison Of Antioxidant Activity Assay With Its
Respective Limitations And Strengths
2.6 Identification and Characterization technique of antioxidants
2.7 Previous study
Detailed Outline Of Literature Reviews
10. Kingdom Plantae– Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta– Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta– Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta– Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida– Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Sapindales
Family Rutaceae– Rue family
Genus Murraya J. Koenig ex L.– murraya
Species Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.– curry leaf tree
2.1.1 Taxonomy of curry leaves Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.
(USDA, Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.)
Table 1 : Taxonomy of curry leaves Murraya koenigii .
11. 2.1.2 Botany
• A small spreading shrub, about 2.5 metres high; the main
stem, dark green to brownish.(Singh,2014)
• Flowers, white, funnel-shaped, sweetly scented, stalked.
(Singh,2014)
• Leaves, exstipulate, bipinnately
compound, 30 cm long, each bearing 24
leaflets, having reticulate venation
(Singh,2014)
12. 2.1.3 Nutraceutical uses
• Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. koenigii were evaluated for the anti
candidal activity against the 30 candida albicans, in that no extract exhibited
any anticandidal activity . (Ajay. S et al.,2011)
2.1.3.2 Antifungal properties
2.1.3.1 Antibacterial properties
• The essential oil from Murraya koenigii leaves showed antibacterial effect
against B. subtilis, S.aureus, C. pyogenes, P. vulgaris and Pasteurella multocida.
(Saini et al.,2015)
13. 2.1.3.3 Antiprotozoal properties
• Ethanolic extracts (55 %) of Murraya koenigii whole plant excluding roots
showed antiprotozoal action against Ent. Histolytica, antispasmodic effect on
isolated guinea pig ileum.
(Saini et al.,2015)
2.1.3.4 Antimutagenic properties
• The antimutagenicity of M. koenigii benzene fraction has also been
demonstrated against indirect acting mutagens benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 2-
aminoflourene (2-AF) that infers their mutagenicity by microsomal activation
(Zahin, M. et al.,2013)
18. 2.2.1 Mechanism of oxidation
Initiation:
•RH + initiator → R
•ROOH + initiator → ROO•
Propagation:
R + O2 → ROO
ROO + RH → ROOH + R•
Termination:
R + R → R-R
ROO• + R → ROOH
Altemimi et al.,2017
19. 2.2.2 Types of oxidation
Oxidation
Auto-
oxidation
Photo-
oxidation
20. 2.2.2.1 Auto-oxidation (Free radical mediated oxidation)
In senescent phototrophic organisms, the mechanism of initiation of free-
radical oxidation seems to be the homolytic cleavage (catalyzed by some metal
ions) of photochemically produced hydroperoxides.(Rontani, J .F . et al.,2012)
(Shahidi, F., & Zhong, Y.,2010)
Figure 1 : The mechanism of auto-oxidation
21. 2.2.2.2 Photo-oxidation
• Oxidative stress caused by UVA irradiation initiates a series of cellular
responses that can result in cell death either viaapoptosis or necrosis
with modest UV doses.
(Laethem, A. V. et al.,2005)
(Jacobsen,c 2010)
Figure 2 : The mechanism of Photo-oxidation
22. 2.2.3 Effects of oxidative stress
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance
between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive
species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a
biological system to detoxify these reactive products.
When ROS production increases, they start showing
harmful effects on important cellular structures like
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Cells deploy an antioxidant defensive system based mainly
on enzymatic components, such as superoxide dismutase
(SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx),
ROS :
• they are generated
as metabolic by-
products by
biological systems.
• Superoxide radicals
(O2
•), hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2),
hydroxyl radicals
(•OH), and singlet
oxygen (O2)
Pizzino,G.,2017
23. 2.3Antioxidants
• Any substance that directly scavenges or indirectly acts to up-regulate antioxidant
defences or inhibit Reactive Oxygen Species production . (Khlebnikov et al.,2007)
2.3.1 Natural Antioxidants
• Natural antioxidants are found in numerous plant materials and commonly include an
aromatic ring as part of the molecular structure. Example: derivatives or isomers of
flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins, eugenol, coumarin, tocopherols, cinnamic
acid, phosphatides and polyfunctional organic acids (Simic,1981)
2.3.2 Synthetic Antioxidants
• Antioxidants that have synthetically tailored to meet specific requirements. Example:
BHA,BHT,TBHQ (Simic,1981)
24. Pietta (2000), Ratnam et al. (2006) and Godman et al. (2011)
2.3.1 Natural Antioxidants
Figure 3 : The classification of natural antioxidants
25. 2.3.1.1 Reaction mechanism of Natural Antioxidants
Nimse & Pal,2015
Figure 4 : The Reaction mechanism of natural antioxidants
27. 2.3.2.1 Reaction mechanism of Synthetic Antioxidants
Hameed et al.,2015
Figure 6 : The Reaction mechanism of synthetic antioxidants
28. Characterization
of antioxidants
Based
on their
activity
Based on
their
solubility
Based
on their
size
Non-
enzymatic
enzymatic
Water
soluble
Lipid
soluble
Small
molecule
antioxidants
Big
molecule
antioxidants
(Nimse & pal,2015)
2.3.3 Chracterization of antioxidants
30. 2.4.1 Soxhlet Extraction
Soxhlet extraction is a very useful tool for preparative purposes in which the analyte is
concentrated from the matrix as a whole or separated from particular interfering
substances. (Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 2000)
Strength
• Good recoveries, inexpensive system, easy to handle (Halfadji.A et al.,2013)
Limitations
• Soxhlet extraction allows use of large amount of sample(Avila V.L et al.,2000)
Shamsuddin et al.,2015
Figure 7 : The soxhlet extractor
31. 2.4.2 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
MAE utilizes microwave energy to facilitate partition of analytes from the sample matrix into
the solvent Trusheva B.et al.,(2007)
Strength
• Shorter extraction times , shorter cooling times and less use of solvent. (Colvin. D.et
al.,2018)
Limitations
• However, this method is limited to small molecule phenolic compounds (Colvin. D.et
al.,2018)
(Kusuma.H and Mahfud.M,2016)
Figure 8 : The Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) Instrument
32. 2.4.3 Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE)
UAE involves the use of ultrasound ranging from 20 kHz to 2000 kHz (Handa S.S.et al.,2008)
Strength
• benefits of UAE is mainly due reduction in extraction time and solvent
consumption (Azwanida.N.N 2015)
Limitations
• May destroy the integrity of phytochemicals in high frequencies
(Kaufmann.B and Christen.P ,2002 ), (Handa S.S.et al.,2008)
Molina R.R et al.,2016
Figure 9 : The Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) Instrument
33. 2.4.4 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using
supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. (Journal of Chromatography A, 2009)
Strength
• Aspects such as improved selectivity, higher extraction yields, better fractionation
capabilities, and lower environmental impacts (Sánchez A.P et al.,2014)
Limitations
• It complicates system thermodynamics and increases capital costs (Abbas, K.A.,2008)
(Sökmen,M et al.,2018)
Figure 10 : The Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) Instrument
34. 2.4.5 Accelerated Solvent extraction (ASE)
An automated rapid extraction technique that utilizes common solvents at elevated
temperature and pressure. (Mottaleb, M.A. & Sarker, S. D.,2012)
Strength
• ASE is faster, use less extraction fluids than the “classic” extraction techniques, and
can be readily be automated. (Możajska, H. G., et al., 2001)
Limitations
• high cost (Możajska,H.G., et al.,2001)
Sonya,2012
Figure 11 : The Accelerated Solvent extraction (ASE) Instrument
35. 2.4.6 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE)
SWE is a new and powerful technique at temperatures between 100 and 374oC and
pressure high enough to maintain the liquid state(Asl ,A.H. et al.,2013)
Strength
• Low price, safety and green character of water, good yields of target compounds
(Nastić,N.et al.,2018)
Limitations
• Applying higher water flow rates is increasing the extract volume (Asl ,A.H. et al.,2013)
(Machmudah,S et al.,2014)
Figure 11 : The Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) Instrument.
36. 2.4.7 Ultrasonic Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE)
A hybrid of both MAE with UAE to ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE), is
a complementary extraction technique with both advantages of MAE and UAE (Wang, Y
et al.,2018)
Strength
• Shorter extraction time, less volume of the solvents needed and higher yield (Lianfu,
Z., & Zelong, L.,2008)
Li,C et al.,2018
Figure 12 : The Ultrasonic Microwave Assisted Extraction (UMAE) Instrument.
37. 2.4.8 Strengths and limitations of extraction methods
Name of extraction methods Strengths Limitations
Soxhlet Extraction Good recoveries, inexpensive system, easy to
handle
large amount of sample
Microwave Assisted Extraction shorter extraction times , shorter cooling times
and less use of solvent
limited to small molecule phenolic
compounds
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction reduction in extraction time and solvent
consumption
May destroy the integrity of
phytochemicals in high frequencies
Supercritical Fluid Extraction improved selectivity, higher extraction yields,
better fractionation capabilities, and lower
environmental impacts
complicates system thermodynamics
and increases capital costs
Accelerated Solvent Extraction ASE is faster, use less extraction fluids than the
“classic” extraction techniques, and can be
readily be automated
high cost
Subcritical Water Extraction Low price, safety and green character of water,
good yields of target compounds and reduced
energy consumption
applying higher water flow rates is
increasing the extract volume and
consequently, lower concentration
of the final extracts
Ultrasonic Microwave Assisted
Extraction (UMAE)
Shorter extraction time, less volume of the
solvents , high yield
-
Table 5 : Strengths and limitations of extraction methods.
38. Associated with
lipid
peroxidation
• Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA)
Assay.
• Conjugated Diene Assay
• 𝛽-Carotene Bleaching Assay
Associated with
electron and
radical
scavenging
• 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) Assay
• Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant
Power (FRAP) Assay
• Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC)
Assay
Antioxidant
Activity Assay
2.5 Antioxidant activity Assay
Moon & Shibamoto,2009
39. 2.5.1 Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) Assay.
Strength
• Instrumentation is readily available, inexpensive, simple
(Ghani, M. A. et al.,2017)
Limitations
• lack acceptable reproducibility, and long reaction times
(Buenger et al.,2006)
Yahyavi, H. et al.,2016
Figure 13 : The Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) reaction.
40. 2.5.2 Conjugated Diene Assay.
Strength
• allows greater sensitivity, easily measurable
(Palmieri & Sblendorio, 2007)
Limitations
• difficulties in measuring conjugated dienes in biological materials
because many of the other substances present
(Palmieri & Sblendorio, 2007)
Goiris,K. et al.,2012
Figure 14 : The Conjugated Diene Assay.
41. 2.5.3 𝛽-Carotene Bleaching Assay.
Moon & Shibamoto,2009
Strength
• possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties.
(Stutz,H. et al.,2015)
Limitations
• Limited number of commercial standards imposes analytical
constraint, carcinogenic (Paliakov,E.M., et al.,2009)
Figure 14 : 𝛽-Carotene reaction with antioxidant
42. 2.5.4 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Assay
Strength
• Rapid, simple and inexpensive method
Limitations
• Time consuming and lengthy procedure (Shalaby & Shanab, 2013)
(Teixeira, J.et al.,2013)
Figure 15 : The reaction of DPPH
43. 2.5.5 Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
Strength
• It is simple, speedy, inexpensive, and robust does not required specialized
equipment. It can be performed using automated, semi-automated, or manual
methods.(Shalaby & Shanab, 2013)
Limitations
• FRAP cannot detect species that act by radical quenching (H transfer),
particularly SH group containing antioxidants like thiols, such as glutathione and
proteins.(Shalaby & Shanab, 2013)
(Danilewicz, J. C.,2015)
Figure 16 : The Ferric Reducing Activity
44. 2.5.6 Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) Assay
Strength
• Sensitive, rapid, high reproducibility and simple.
(Mihaljevi, B.et al.,1996)
Limitations
• When UV absorption around 500 nm is present, the results are overestimated
or not reliable
(Moon & Shibamoto, 2009)
(Verma,2013)
Figure 17 : The Ferric Thiocyanate Count Assay
45. Extraction Methods Strengths Limitations
Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) Assay. Instrumentation is readily
available, inexpensive, simple
lack acceptable reproducibility, and
long reaction times.
Conjugated Diene Assay allows greater sensitivity, easily
measurable
difficulties in measuring
conjugated dienes in biological
materials because many of the
other substances present
𝛽-Carotene Bleaching Assay possesses pronounced radical
scavenging properties.
Limited number of commercial
standards imposes analytical
constraint, carcinogenic
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) Assay
Rapid, simple and inexpensive
method
Time consuming and lengthy
procedure
Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power
(FRAP) Assay
simple, speedy, inexpensive, FRAP cannot detect species that
act by radical quenching
Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) Assay Sensitive, rapid, high
reproducibility and simple.
The results are overestimated or
not reliable, when UV absorption
around 500 nm is present
2.5.7 Comparison of antioxidant Activity Assay with its respective strength and limitations
Table 6 : Comparison of antioxidant Activity Assay with its respective strength and limitations.
46. 2.6 Assays for Separation and Quantification of phenolics and flavonoids
Assays for
Separation
and
Quantification
of phenolics
and
flavonoids
Gas
Chromatography
(GC)
Three layer
chromatography
(TLC) High Pressure
Liquid
Chromatography
(HPLC)
47. Assays Advantages Disadvantages
Gas Chromatography (GC) • useful,
• Accurate
• suitable
• Only applicable for volatile
compounds
Three layer chromatography
(TLC)
• Simple
• Applicable for non volatile
or less volatile compounds.
• Limited length of separation
High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC)
• Applicable for non volatile
or less volatile compounds.
• preferred technique for
both separation and
quantification of phenolic
compounds
• Expensive
Khoddami, A. et al.,2013
Table 7 : Comparison of Assays for Separation and Quantification of phenolics and flavonoids
48. Previous studies References
Curry leaves
• Azwanida, N.N.
et al.,2015
• Sain, S.C. et
al.,2015
• Medicinal plants are currently in considerable significance view due to their special attributes as a
large source of therapeutic phytochemicals that may lead to the development of novel drugs.
• This plant has been reported to have anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti
ulcer, positive inotropic and cholesterol reducing activities.
Extraction
• Sasidharan, S. et
al.,2011
• Ghasemzadeh,
A. et al.,2014
• Sasidharan, I. et
al.,2011
• Different solvent systems are available to extract the bioactive compound from natural products.
• The application of ultrasound helps develop interesting and novel methodologies in food
processing; these methodologies are often complementary to classical methods.
• The present work was carried out to study the effect of temperature and different solvents on the
antioxidant property of curry leaves
Antioxidants.
• Khoddami,A. et
al.,2013
• Ghasemzadeh,
A. et al.,2014
• Plant foods are rich sources of phenolics and flavonoids , which are molecules that can act as
antioxidants to prevent heart disease reduce inflammation lower the incidence of cancers and
diabetes as well as reduce rates of mutagenesis in human cells .
• To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies to optimize the flavonoid extraction
from the curry leaf and following that, improvement of the anticancer and antioxidant activities.
2.7 Previous Studies
Table 8 : Previous studies
52. 3.2.1 Overall View Of Experiment
Curry leaves
Freeze dried, Finely grind, secured in a bottle.
Ultrasonic Assisted
Extraction Microwave Assisted
EXtraction
Soxhlet
Extraction
Determination of Antioxidant activity
Antioxidant quantity
• Determination of Phenolic content
• Determination of flavonoid content
• Determination of individual flavonoid content
using HPLC
•
Antioxidant property
• (DPPH) method
• Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) method
• Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) method
53. 3.2.3 Sample preparation
The samples will be obtained
from Pasar Payang , Kuala
Terengganu
The samples will be thoroughly
washed and kept in 4℃.
The samples will be then freeze
and dried and finely grind and
then secured in dark bottles.
55. 3.2.4.1 Soxhlet Extraction
Finely ground 1g of crude curry leaves are placed
in a porous bag or “thimble” made of strong filter
paper, of the Soxhlet apparatus.
Heat the extracting solvent and condense it in a
condenser.
The condensed extract drips into the thimble
containing the crude drug, and extracts it by
contact.
When the level of liquid in chamber rises to the top
of siphon tube, the liquid contents of chamber
siphon is put into flask.
This process is continuous and is carried out until
a drop of solvent from the siphon tube does not
leave residue when evaporated.
Modified method from
AOAC 1995
56. Mix the Pre-treated and grinded curry leaves with
500 ml of conical flask containing 40 % methanol
Mix the 1g of curry leaves were with 20 ml of
methanol
Submerge the mixture into an ultrasonic cleaner
bath and leave about 6h to extract the samples.
Filter the extracted samples and centrifuge at 700
pm at 4℃ for 10 min.
Remove the methanol from the extract using rotary
evaporator and bottle the resulting extract in the
chiller for next analysis
3.2.4.2 Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE)
Chemat, F. et al.,2017
57. 3.2.4.3 Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
Make 80%v/v solution of ethanol.
Take 10-40ml of solvent per g curry leaves and
mix with 80%v/v solution of ethanol.
Irradiate the solution for 5-30min at 70– 130 °C
and 200–1000 W microwave power.
Destandau, E.et al.,2013
59. 3.2.5.1 2,2-dipehenyl -2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method
Adjust the extracts to 6mg/ml .
Add an aliquot of 3 ml of 0.025 % DDPH radical in
methanol containing 1 ml of sample of extract at 6mg/ml
Vortex the mixture and let it stand in dark room for 1 hour.
Measure the absorbance of the sample at 517 nm
Sample
12 mg sample extracts +
2 ml of methanol =
6mg/ml
1 ml of sample extracts
Negative control
(Without samples)
12 mg sample extract
+ 2 ml BHT= 6mg/ml
1 ml of BHT
12 mg sample extract
+ 2 ml 𝛼 - tocopherol
= 6mg/ml
1 ml of 𝛼 -
tocopherol
12 mg sample
extract
+ 2 ml ascorbic acid=
6mg/ml
1 ml of ascorbic acid
Positive control
Zhang & Hamauzu (2004)
60. Dissolve the samples in 4 ml of absolute ethanol (99.5%),added with 4.1 ml of
2.52 % linolenic acid in absolute ethanol
Mix with 8 ml of 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH7) and 3.9 ml of distilled water
Keep the mixture in crew cap and place it water bath shaker at 40 ℃
Add 0.1ml of samples with 9.7 ml of 75% ethanol and 0.1 ml of 30 %
ammonium thiocyanate.
3.2.5.2 Ferric Thiocynate (FTC) method
Sample
4 mg of BHT 4 mg of 𝛼 –
tocopherol
4 mg of ascorbic acid
Positive control Negative control
(Without samples)
4 mg of sample
61. Add 0.1 ml of 0.02M ferrous chloride in 3.5% Hydrochloric acid into
reaction mixture
After 3 min, measure the absorbance of the resulting red colour at 500
nm every 24 hour until the day the absorbance of the control reached
the maximum value.
Ferric Thiocynate (FTC) method cont’d
Osawa & Namiki (1981)
62. 3.2.5.3 Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) method
Add 1 ml of sample solution from FTC method with 2 ml
of 20% thrichloroacetric acid and 2 ml of 0.67 % 2-
thiobarbituric acid
Place the mixture in boling water at 100℃ for 10
minutes
Cool the mixture and centrifuge at 300 rpm for 20
minutes
Measure the absorbance of supernatant at 552 nm
Ottolenghi(1985),Kikuzaki & Nakatami
(1993)
63. 3.2.6.1 Determination of phenolic content
Add 1 mg sample with 1 ml of methanol , mix and vortex.
Add the sample with 4.5 ml of deionized distilled water and 5 ml
Follin Cialcalteau reagent.
Let it for 5 minutes in room temperature.
Add 5 ml of sodium carbonate and 2 ml of deionized distilled water.
Let the mixture for 1 h 30 min in the dark room and read the
absorbance at 750 nm
Kim et al.,2003
64. 3.2.6.2 Determination of flavonoid content
Add 50 mg/ml sample methanol with 1.5 ml methanol
Mix with 0.1 ml of 10 % of ammonium chloride
Add 0.1 ml of 1M potassium acetate
Mix with 2.8 ml of distilled water and incubate for 30 min
Read the absorbance at 415 nm
Ebrahimzadeh et al.,2009
65. 3.2.6.3Determination of individual flavonoid content using
(HPLC)
Add 2g of sample into 20 ml solvent ethanol and 6M HCL mixture and then
reflux for 2h at 90 ℃.
Filter the solution through 0.22 𝜇m filter paper and fill into small vials.
Conduct the analysis using HPLC system.
Kumar et al.(2008) , Chen et al.(2009)
66. Experimental unit (EU) Curry leaves
Factor (independent variables) Different types of extraction
Factor level (Treatment) 1. Soxhlet Extraction
2. Ultraviolet Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
Arrangement One level arrangement
Assignment Completely randomized design ( CRD)
Replication Triplicates
Total of (EU) ( 3 Treatment × 3 replications ) = 9 EU
Response ( dependent variable ) 1. Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) in curry leaves.
2. Total Flavonoid Compound (TFC) in curry leaves.
3. Individual flavonoid present in curry leaves.
Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA
3.3 Experimental design
Table 9 : Experimental Design
67. Statistical analysis will be carried out using
SPSS software at the confidence at α ≤ 0.05.
The result will express as mean ± standard
deviation.
Significant difference at (p< 0.05 ) will
perform by one-way ANOVA and Comparison
of mean will be carried out using Duncan post-
hoc test.
3.4 Statistical Analaysis
68. 4.0 Expected Results.
• The study showed that MAE not only shortened the extraction time, but
also showed better extraction yields compared with conventional thermal
extractions (heat reflux and Soxhlet)
(Mamoori & Janab,2018)
• The extracts contained substantial amounts of effective flavonoid
compounds such as myricetin, epicatechin, and quercetin.
• The curry leaf with the highest TF and TP contents also showed the highest
antioxidant activity as indicated by the FRAP and DPPH assays.
(Ghasemzadeh, A. et al.,2014)
69. 2019 2020
Activities FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN
Preliminary study
Choosing title
Background study
Literature review
Materials & Methods
Proposal presentation
Proposal submission
Sample and Chemical preparation
Extraction
Antioxidant activity assay
Statistical analysis
Thesis writing
Submission Thesis Draft
Final presentation
Thesis Submission
Ghant chart of research activities.
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