Medical Surgical Nursing

2. CURRENT BURDEN OF
DISEASES
PRESENTED BY
T. DEEPIKA
1ST
YEAR M.sc NURSING

3.  Introduction
 Define health
 Define disease
 Burden of disease
 Major health disease
 Major health problem
 Global burden of disease
 Communicable disease
 Non communicable disease
SYNOPSIS

4.  10 facts on the state of global health 2012
 International health regulations (IHR)
 Purposes and scope of IHR
 Effects of burden of disease
 Uses of burden of disease
 Measurement of burden of disease
 Basic facts recording DALY and QALY
 Difference between DALY and QALY
 Abstract
 Conclusion
CONTINUE

5. Population health was evaluated using
mortality based indicators only. In other words
the health of a population was determined by
how many people died and why the causes and
rates of death.
Although mortality based indicators
are useful they do not provide all the
information necessary to access the health of a
population or to compare the effectiveness
Of intervention to product or improve health.
INTRODUCTION

6.  Crucial
 Mortality
 Morbidity
TERMINOLOGY

7. Health is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well being , and
not Morley an absence of disease or infirmity.
-WHO
DEFINE HEALTH

8. A condition in which body
health is impaired , a departure
from a state of health an alteration
of human body interrupting the
performance of vital function.
- Webster
DEFINE DISEASE

9. Burden of disease is the burden that a
particular area measured by cost , morbidity
and mortality.
The Indian state level disease burden in
initiative was launched in October 2015 to
address the crucial knowledge gap with
support from the ministry of health and
family welfare of government of India.
BURDEN OF DISEASE

10. Disease burden is the impact of a health
problems as measured by financial
cost , mortality , morbidity , or other
indicators. Its often quantified in terms
of
QUALITY ADJUSTED LIVE YEARS (QALY)
DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIVE YEARS
(DALY)
YEARS LOST DUE TO DISABILITY(YLDS)
MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS

11. The global burden of disease (GBD)-it is
comprehensive regional and
assessment of mortality and disability.
Developed in 1990 by the WHO
Provide information and projections
about disease burden on a global scale.
Its has three specific aims;
GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE

12.  To systematically incorporate information's on
non fetal outcomes into outcomes into the
assessment of health status
 To ensure that all estimate and projections were
derived on the basis of objective epidemiology
and demographic methods which were not
influenced by advocates.
 To measure the burden of disease using a metric
that could also be used to assess the cost
effectiveness of interventions the metric chosen
was DALY.
CONTINUE

13. GLOBAL BURDEN DISEASE

15. o Malaria
o Dengue
o HIV and AIDS
o Covid 19
o Tuberculosis
o Viral hepatitis
o Chicken box
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

16. MALARIA
Malaria is life threatening diseases
spread to humans by some types of
mosquitoes. It is preventable and
curable.
According to the latest world malaria
report there were 247 million cases of
malaria in 2021compared to 245 million
cases in2020.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

17. TUBERCULOSIS
A potentially serious infectious
bacterial disease that mainly affects the
lungs . Its caused by a bacterium called
mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its attach any
part of the body such as the kidney, spine,
and brain.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

18. DENGUE
Dengue (break bone fever) is a viral
infection that spreads from mosquitoes
to people. It is more common in tropical
and subtropical climates.
In WHO has reported the cases
increased from 5,05,430 cases in 2000
to 5.2 million in2019
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

19. HIV AND AIDS
Human Immuno deficiency virus(HIV
) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune
system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)is the most advanced stage of the disease.
In 2023 -6,30,000 people died from HIV
related causes and 1.3 million people acquired
HIV.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

20. COVID -19
The impact of corona virus in India largely
disruptive. It affect the people in different
ways. Due to corona virus about 94000
people are decreased in India.
In 22 march 2021, a 403,269,879 total
number of vaccine doses have been
administered.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

22.  In India 63% of all death occur due to non
communicable disease. It includes
 Cardio vascular disease
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 Cancer
 Mental health disorder
 Accident and injuries
 Environmental sanitation problem
 Nutritional problem
 Population problems
 obesity
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

23. CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASES
According to recent estimate
cases of cardiovascular disease are about
37 million in 2020 and number of death
due to cardiovascular diseases will also
more.
The death rate is estimated about 272
/ 1lakh population in India .
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

24.  DIABETES
• India has an estimate 77million people
with diabetes.
• The number is projected to grow by 2045 to
become 134 million according
to international diabetes federation (IDF)
• The prevalence of diabetes in the population is
8.9%
• According to WHO 2%of all death in India are
due to diabetes.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

25. HYPERTENSION
Responsible for 13% of death in world
wide
over 26% of adults in world had
hypertension in 2000 expected to jump
to 30% by 2025.
2/3 with HTN live in developing world.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

26. CANCER
India Is likely to have over 17.3 lakh
new cases of cancer and over 8.8
lakh death by 2020 with cancer of
breast , lung and cervix topping the
list
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

27. MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
With out anticipating a corona virus
pandemic , the WHO earlier predicted
that by 2020. 20% of the population will
suffer from mental illness.
That means 200 million people in India
have mental illness and the situation
likely to be worsen.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

28. ACCIDENT AND INJURIES
According to WHO , RTI will be
the third leading cause of mortality
and morbidity by 2020 among the
total DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIVE
YEARS (DALY) 13% due to injuries.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

29.  Environmental sanitation problems
The main problems are lack of safe
water supply and excreta disposal .
These has been a growing concern
about the impact of new problems
resulting;
Population exptosion
Urbanization
Industrialization
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

30. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM
It includes malnutrition , anemia,
blindness , low birth weight .
From anemia 60-80% of pregnant women are
anemic. 20-0% of maternal death are
attributed to anemia.
About <0.35 % of total blindness in India is
attributed to nutritional deficiency.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

31. POPULATION PROBLEMS
The population problem is
one of the biggest problems of
country which affects all aspects of
development especially health care,
sanitation, housing , education and
employment.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

32. GLOBALIZATION
 The increasing interconnectedness of
countries and the openness of borders to ideas
, people , commerce and financial capital.
(Lancet, 2003)
 Refers to every aspect of life: Cultural ,
social , psychological and political
creates both negative and positive impacts on
society and its health
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

33. Other causes:
 Tobacco use
 Alcohol
 Overweight , physical inactivity
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Physical inactivity is estimated to cause 2 million deaths
worldwide annually.
Globally a causal factor in
1. 10-16 % of causes of breast cancer , colon cancer and
diabetes
2. 22% of ischemic heart disease
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

34. ILLNESS:
Top 4 causes of illness worldwide include
1. Diarrheal disease
2. Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract
infections .
3. Except in Africa which has high level of
malaria.
4. Complications of pregnancy
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

35.  Life expectancy at birth increased globally by 6
years since 1990
 Around 6.6 million children under the age of 5 die
each year
 Cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of
death in the world
 Preterm birth is the leading killer of new born
babies worldwide
 Most HIV/AIDS deaths occur in Africa
 Everyday about 800 women die due to
complications of pregnancy and child birth
10 FACTS ON THE STATE OF GLOBAL
HEALTH 2012

36.  Mental health disorders such as depression are
among the 20 leading causes of disability
worldwide
 Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year
 Almost 1 in 10 adults has diabetes
 Nearly 3500 people die from road traffic
crushes every day
10 FACTS ON THE STATE OF GLOBAL
HEALTH 2012

37.  Since 15 June 2007,the world has been
implementing the international health
regulation (2005)
 Under the international health regulations
2005(1 HR 2005) the world health organization
is to establish case definition for the following
four critical disease
1. Small pox
2. Poliomyelitis due to wild type poliovirus
3. Human influenza caused by a new subtype
4. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATION
(IHR)

38. The purpose and scope of these
regulations are:
To prevent ,protect against ,
control and provide a public health
response to the international spread of
disease in ways that are commensurate
with and restricted to risks to public
health.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF IHR

39. Personal
 Body
 Relationships
 Work
Social
 Community development
 Social services
 Health care system
EFFECTS OF BURDEN OF DISEASE

40. National :
 Economy
 Productivity
 Education
Uses of burden of disease:
 To compare population health across
communities.
 To provide a full picture of which disease
Injuries and risk factors contribute the most
to poor health.
CONTINUE

41.  The burden of disease is measured by
health adjusted life years (HALY).it helps
in estimate the burden of disease
 The measure the combined effects of
mortality and morbidity in population
allowing for comparisons between
illness and interventions
MEASUREMENT OF BURDEN OF
DISEASE

42.  Both Daly and QALY are based on the latest
epidemiological data
 The data must be assess for diagnostic
accuracy
 The data collected from
 Reportable disease registers
 Healthcare administration databases
 Census
 National and local surveillance data
BASIC FACTS REGARDING DUTY AND
QALY

43. DALY QALY
Measure disease burden in
population
Analyze clinical interventions
The goal of DALY is to minimize the
bad gap in health
The goal of QALY is to maximize
the good quality of life
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DALY AND QALY

44.  Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and
response on routine childhood vaccination
coverage and equity in Northern Nigeria: a
mixed methods study
Background: Based on 2021 data, Nigeria had the
second largest number of zero-dose children
globally estimated at over 2.25 million, concentrated
in the northern part of the country due to factors
some of which are socio cultural. This study analyse
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and response
on childhood vaccination in Northern Nigeria.
JURNALS

45.  Methods: Using a mixed methods sequential study
design in the most populous northern states of
Kaduna and Kano, quantitative routine
Immunization data for the period 2018-2021 and
qualitative data collected through 16 focus group
discussions and 40 key informant interviews were
used.
 Results: Mean Penta 1 coverage declined in Kaduna
from 69.88% (SD=21.02) in 2018 to 59.54%
(SD=19.14%) by 2021, contrasting with Kano where
mean Penta 1 coverage increased from 51.87%
(SD=12.61) to 56.32% (SD=17.62%) over the same
period.
CONTINUE

46.  The Global burden of disease (GBD)provides
detailed data on disease ,injuries and risk
factors that are essential inputs for evidence
based policy making.
 This collaborative project shows that the
world’s health is undergoing rapid change .
 Non communicable disease and disability
caused a greater share of health loss in 2010
compared to 1990 in most regions of the world.
CONCLUSION

47.  https://ncci .ca/publications/ understanding _
the_ measurement
 https://www.who.int/docs
National commission on macro economics and
health burden of disease in India
https://www.who.int/macrohealth/action/ NCMH
burden of disease
BIBLIOGRAPHY

48.  Sourav goswami –burden of
disease in India
Available from
https://www.slideshare,net
/burden of disease analysis
BIBLIOGRAPHY

49. Dadari 1.sharkey,A.,Hoare, 1.,and lzurieta R
2023 . Analysis of the impact of covid 19
pandemic and response on routine childhood
vaccination coverage and equity in northern
Nigeria, a mixed methods study BMJ
open ,13(10), e076154
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen -2023-076154
JOURNAL REFERENCE