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Culture1.0.ppt
- 1. Culture & Personality KimberleyA. Clow kclow2@uwo.ca http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/257e-570 Office Hour: Thursdays 2-3pm Office: S302
- 2. Outline What is Culture Approachesto Culture Comparative Approach Emic vs. Etic Types of Culture Evoked Transmitted Universal Summary
- 3. How Do WeCompare? In some ways We are like all other people We are like some others We are like nobody else How does culture shape who we are?
- 4. What is Culture? Definitions Sharedsystem of meaning that provide the standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating, communicating, and acting among those who share a language, a historic period, and a geographic location The way people understand their world and make sense of it through a shared system of meaning
- 5. Why Study Culture? Reasons Discoverwhether concepts of personality that are prevalent in one culture are also applicable in other cultures Discover whether cultures differ in the levels of particular personality traits Discover whether the factor structure of personality traits varies across cultures Discover whether certain features of personality are universal
- 6. Approaches to Culture Howto handle cultural differences Denial Deconstructionism Comparative Approach Three Major Types of Cultures Evoked Culture Transmitted Culture Cultural Universals
- 7. Culture in PersonalityTheories Psychodynamic Approach Freud’s Theory Jung’s Archetypes Learning Approach Allport Culture is part of what it means to be a person Trait Approach Do factors hold up across cultures?
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- 9. An Example Personality inSpain Do people use the same personality traits in the U.S. and Spain? Emic Approach Indigenous assessment of personality Spanish personality adjectives Etic Approach Imported assessment of personality Translated Big Five questionnaire
- 10. Resulting Factors Amazing 62Sickening 43 Superior 58 Terrifying 41 Formidable 56 Filthy 41 Resplendent 56 Greasy 39 Not special -35 Cruel 39 Mediocre -40 Wicked 38 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AGREEABLENESS Well-balanced 64 Easy-going 54 Moderate 54 Good-natured 49 Reasonable 53 Docile 46 Hasty -42 Stormy -45 Reckless -43 Unreconciling -47 Crazy -49 Unyielding -48 OPENNESS Bohemian 38 Mystical 40 Quaint 42 Gossiping -36 Disclosing -34 Nosy -30 Nosy -30 PLEASANTNESS Happy 54 Engergetic 53 Relaxed 48 Stressed –53 Depressed –54 Unhappy –56 Reckless -43 Unreconciling -47 Crazy -49 Unyielding -48 OPENNESS Bohemian 38 Mystical 40 Quaint 42 Gossiping -36 Disclosing -34 Nosy -30 PLEASANTNESS ENGAGEMENT Happy 54 Ardent 43 Engergetic 53 Seething 36 Relaxed 48 Intense 35 Stressed –53 Cold -34 Depressed –54 Idle -30 Unhappy –56 Unemotional -37 VE VALENCE NEGATIVE VALENCE 62 Sickening 43 58 Terrifying 41 ble 56 Filthy 41 ent 56 Greasy 39 ial -35 Cruel 39 e -40 Wicked 38 IENTIOUSNESS AGREEABLENESS anced 64 Easy-going 54 e 54 Good-natured 49 ble 53 Docile 46 -42 Stormy -45 -43 Unreconciling -47 -49 Unyielding -48 ESS n 38 40
- 11. Circumplex Model ofAffect CIRCUMPLEX MODEL OF AFFECT Aroused Engagement Fearful Hi Negative Hi Positive Enthusiastic Affect Affect Sad Unpleasantness Pleasantness Happy Lo Positive Lo Negative Sluggish Affect Affect Calm Disengagement Sleepy
- 12. Etic vs. Emic INDIGENOUSSPANISH BIG 5 IMPORTED BIG 5 Agree Consc Open Pleasant Engage Agreeableness 71 Conscientious. 60 Openness 22 Extraversion 75 45 Neuroticism -43 40
- 13. Evoked Culture A wayof considering culture that concentrates on phenomena that are triggered in different ways by different environmental conditions A universal underlying mechanism Environmental differences in activating that underlying mechanism Example Southern Culture of Honor
- 14. Southern Culture ofHonor
- 15. Transmitted Culture Representations (ideas,values, beliefs, attitudes) that exist originally in at least one person's mind that are transmitted to other minds through observation or interaction with the original person Might explain cultural differences in Morals & Values Self-Concepts
- 16. Etiquette: East vs.West Displays of Temper Tone of Voice Modesty vs. Pride Laughing Compliments Using First Names Touching Disclosures Offensive Gestures Agreeing Formality Face
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- 18. Structural Framework -USA Historical Background Cultural Practices Specific Episodes Psychological Tendencies Religion: Protestantism: Personal god Philosophy Descartes: I think, there- fore I am. Politics -Declaration of Independence -Bill of Rights Linguistics: Decontextua- lized "I" Advertisements: "Just do it", "Different is good" "Have it your way, right away" Legal System: - Free will - Reponsibility Guests told to "help them- selves" Children have own rooms, choose their own clothing Compliments to colleagues "Are you happy/having fun?" - Individual control and responsibility - Consistency - Positive and unique self
- 19. Structural Framework -Japan Historical Background Cultural Practices Specific Episodes Psychological Tendencies Religion: - Buddhism (compassion, Nirvana) - Confucianism (roles, respect for ancestors) Linguistics: Word for "self" = "my share" Proverbs: "a nail that stands out is hammered down" Legal System: - duty - remorse Host decides for the guest. Children eat, sleep, learn in groups. Compliments are refused. "Aren't you ashamed?" - Focus on group context - Self is context dependent - Improvement "Fitting in"
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- 23. Variation Within Cultures -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 LowHigh Identification America Indonesia -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 Low High Identification America Indonesia Individualism Collectivism
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- 25. Cultural Values Hofstede studiedIBM employees in 50 different countries Found four cultural value dimensions Power Distance Canada vs. India Uncertainty Avoidance Japan vs. Hong-Kong Individualism / Collectivism US vs. China Masculinity / Femininity Brazil vs. Mexico
- 26. A Different Take Trompenaars Individualismvs. Collectivism US vs. China Universalism vs. Particularism Germany vs. Hong-Kong Neutral vs. Affective Relationships Japan vs. Mexico Specific vs. Diffuse Relationships Achievement vs. Ascription UK vs. India
- 27. Cultural Universals Attempt toidentify features of personality that appear to be universal, or present in most or all cultures Some Examples Gender Stereotypes Emotion Personality Factors
- 28. Emotional Expressions Universality inEmotional Expressions
- 29. Summary Cultural psychology studiesthe influence of cultural factors on people’s personality Every approach to personality needs to account for cross-cultural differences Global cross-cultural differences do not imply uniformity within each culture Subcultures do exist! Individual differences are also present