Adaptation is a genetically fixed condition of a species or subspecies or of a specific group of organism, which favours survival in a particular environment. ... On the other hand acclimatisation is a temporary biological response to environmental stress, and the response is withdrawn once the stress is removed.
Definition: Accumulation of fluid in Reinke’s space
Synonyms
Bilateral diffuse polyposis, Smoker’s polyps, Polypoid corditis, Polypoid degeneration of vocal cords, Localized hypertrophic laryngitis
10% of benign laryngeal lesions of larynx
This document discusses several topics related to science, technology, and human flourishing. It first defines eudaimonia as human flourishing and explains how humans find meaning by building the world. Next, it describes how several philosophers viewed science as a social endeavor that benefits society. It also notes that science is persuasive when it can produce results. The document then discusses the Millennium Development Goals and issues with equating growth to development. Finally, it considers humanity's condition before and after the Common Era, noting improvements in factors like mortality, lifespan, and GDP over time.
The Town Planning Agency of Le Havre and Seine Estuary area (AURH) is an expert on territorial development combining observation, planning and prospective approach to help on territory's development. AURH is participating actively in the town planning and economic project of the Seine Valley from Paris to the Port of Le Havre. The aim of this project is to give to Paris an opening to the sea so as to remain a global city.
Koalas are marsupials that live in eucalyptus forests in eastern Australia. They have undergone significant declines due to habitat loss and hunting. Koalas have adaptations like thick fur and claws that help them survive in hot forests and climb trees to find food. Rising temperatures due to climate change threaten koalas by reducing food quality and hydration, and increasing risks from vehicles as they search farther afield. Protecting coastal habitats is important for koala conservation as inland areas grow too hot.
Adaptations help organisms survive in different environments. Physical adaptations are anatomical traits that evolve over generations through natural selection to increase reproductive success. For polar bears, physical adaptations include large furry feet that distribute their weight on ice and hollow hairs in their fur that trap air for insulation. Desert plants have adaptations like waxy coatings and shallow roots to reduce water loss, while desert animals avoid heat through nocturnal activity and dissipate heat through structures like enlarged ears. Boreal forest trees shed snow easily and retain needles through winter for photosynthesis when conditions allow.
Polar bears and other Arctic animals have several physical and behavioral adaptations that help them survive in the harsh Arctic environment. Physical adaptations include thick fur, fat layers, large paws, and camouflaged white or brown coats. Behavioral adaptations involve hibernation, caching food, sheltering underground or in dens, and migrating to avoid extreme weather. All of these adaptations are crucial for Arctic species to endure cold temperatures, find food and shelter, and reproduce.
The document summarizes various adaptations that allow animals to survive in arid desert environments. It discusses physiological adaptations like water and fat storage, coloration, size and shape. It also describes behavioral adaptations such as aestivation, seasonal migration and activity patterns. Key animal examples mentioned include camels, kangaroo rats and fennec foxes. The adaptations allow desert animals to avoid dehydration and regulate water balance while enduring high temperatures and lack of water.
The document summarizes various adaptations that allow animals to survive in arid desert environments. It discusses how camels, kangaroo rats, and fennec foxes adapt through specialized physiological and behavioral traits like storing water, being nocturnal to avoid heat, and having light-colored fur. The document also examines general desert adaptations like water and fat storage, cryptic coloring, and minimizing water loss through specialized kidneys, skin, and respiratory systems.
Definition: Accumulation of fluid in Reinke’s space
Synonyms
Bilateral diffuse polyposis, Smoker’s polyps, Polypoid corditis, Polypoid degeneration of vocal cords, Localized hypertrophic laryngitis
10% of benign laryngeal lesions of larynx
This document discusses several topics related to science, technology, and human flourishing. It first defines eudaimonia as human flourishing and explains how humans find meaning by building the world. Next, it describes how several philosophers viewed science as a social endeavor that benefits society. It also notes that science is persuasive when it can produce results. The document then discusses the Millennium Development Goals and issues with equating growth to development. Finally, it considers humanity's condition before and after the Common Era, noting improvements in factors like mortality, lifespan, and GDP over time.
The Town Planning Agency of Le Havre and Seine Estuary area (AURH) is an expert on territorial development combining observation, planning and prospective approach to help on territory's development. AURH is participating actively in the town planning and economic project of the Seine Valley from Paris to the Port of Le Havre. The aim of this project is to give to Paris an opening to the sea so as to remain a global city.
Koalas are marsupials that live in eucalyptus forests in eastern Australia. They have undergone significant declines due to habitat loss and hunting. Koalas have adaptations like thick fur and claws that help them survive in hot forests and climb trees to find food. Rising temperatures due to climate change threaten koalas by reducing food quality and hydration, and increasing risks from vehicles as they search farther afield. Protecting coastal habitats is important for koala conservation as inland areas grow too hot.
Adaptations help organisms survive in different environments. Physical adaptations are anatomical traits that evolve over generations through natural selection to increase reproductive success. For polar bears, physical adaptations include large furry feet that distribute their weight on ice and hollow hairs in their fur that trap air for insulation. Desert plants have adaptations like waxy coatings and shallow roots to reduce water loss, while desert animals avoid heat through nocturnal activity and dissipate heat through structures like enlarged ears. Boreal forest trees shed snow easily and retain needles through winter for photosynthesis when conditions allow.
Polar bears and other Arctic animals have several physical and behavioral adaptations that help them survive in the harsh Arctic environment. Physical adaptations include thick fur, fat layers, large paws, and camouflaged white or brown coats. Behavioral adaptations involve hibernation, caching food, sheltering underground or in dens, and migrating to avoid extreme weather. All of these adaptations are crucial for Arctic species to endure cold temperatures, find food and shelter, and reproduce.
The document summarizes various adaptations that allow animals to survive in arid desert environments. It discusses physiological adaptations like water and fat storage, coloration, size and shape. It also describes behavioral adaptations such as aestivation, seasonal migration and activity patterns. Key animal examples mentioned include camels, kangaroo rats and fennec foxes. The adaptations allow desert animals to avoid dehydration and regulate water balance while enduring high temperatures and lack of water.
The document summarizes various adaptations that allow animals to survive in arid desert environments. It discusses how camels, kangaroo rats, and fennec foxes adapt through specialized physiological and behavioral traits like storing water, being nocturnal to avoid heat, and having light-colored fur. The document also examines general desert adaptations like water and fat storage, cryptic coloring, and minimizing water loss through specialized kidneys, skin, and respiratory systems.
Marine mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, walruses and otters. They belong to three orders - Cetacea, Sirenia, and Carnivora. Species diversity is highest around 40 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. Marine mammals have adaptations for aquatic living like streamlined bodies, insulation from blubber, hearing adapted for underwater sound localization. Threats include hunting, pollution, vessel strikes, noise, and effects of climate change like warming oceans. Laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act aim to protect these species.
This document summarizes key aspects of desert ecosystems. It describes deserts as regions that receive less than 250mm of annual precipitation and experience large fluctuations in day and night temperatures. The four main types of deserts - hot, semi-arid, coastal, and cool - are outlined based on their temperature and precipitation patterns. Adaptations that allow plants and animals to survive the arid conditions, such as thickened stems and burrowing, are also summarized. Finally, the document provides an example of the Imperial Valley, which has been transformed from desert land into a productive farming region through irrigation.
This document provides information about subtropical deserts. It begins with an introduction that defines subtropical deserts and their location between 15-30 degrees north and south latitude. It then covers the physical characteristics of subtropical deserts, including their warm temperatures and low precipitation. The document discusses adaptations of plants and animals to the harsh desert environment, including adaptations like waxy coatings and nocturnal behavior. It provides examples of worldwide locations of subtropical deserts and describes the plant and animal life commonly found in these deserts, including cacti, foxes and kangaroo rats. It concludes with an overview of the food web in subtropical desert ecosystems.
Subpolar regions include areas just outside the Arctic and Antarctic Circles with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. While subpolar climates exist in both hemispheres, most land in these latitudes in the southern hemisphere benefits from ocean moderation. Common subpolar regions include parts of Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, northern China, Mongolia, and Siberia. These areas have semi-permanent low pressure systems and experience fur, fishing, and resource booms and busts throughout their history.
The tundra biome covers a fifth of the Earth's surface and is characterized by an extreme cold climate, low biodiversity, simple vegetation structure, and a short growing season. Plants and animals in the tundra have adaptations to survive the harsh conditions like growing close to the ground, changing fur color seasonally, and producing antifreeze compounds. The nutrient cycle is also slowed by the cold temperatures and permafrost. Human activities like overhunting and climate change have negatively impacted the fragile tundra ecosystem.
The tundra biome covers a fifth of the Earth's surface and is characterized by an extreme cold climate, low biodiversity, simple vegetation structure, and a short growing season. Plants and animals in the tundra have adaptations to survive the harsh conditions like small stature, insulation, and camouflage. Nutrient cycling is slow due to the cold temperatures and short growing season. The Arctic and alpine tundras share similarities but also have distinctions in location, permafrost, and precipitation. Human activities like overhunting have negatively impacted tundra wildlife populations.
Bird migration is the seasonal journey undertaken by many bird species between breeding and wintering grounds. Over millions of years, environmental changes caused by ice ages shaped birds' migratory habits through natural selection. Physiological and environmental cues trigger migration, prompting birds to accumulate fat stores and prepare for long flights. Migration allows birds to access nesting and food opportunities while escaping harsh weather, lack of resources, and other threats. However, migratory birds now face increasing human threats including habitat destruction and pollution that hinder their long journeys.
The document summarizes the 6 major physical regions of Canada:
1. The Canadian Arctic is located within the Arctic Circle and has jagged mountains and flat snow covered terrain. Glaciers formed much of the landscape. The climate is harsh with below freezing winter temperatures and summer averages of 13°C. Polar bears are at risk of extinction due to shrinking Arctic ice.
2. The Interior Plains is located in western central Canada with hills, forests, and river valleys. It formed from sediments deposited in an ancient sea. It has short, cold winters and hot summers ideal for agriculture like wheat and cattle farming.
3. The Appalachian Highlands are located in northeast Canada with old
The document provides information about the tundra biome. It describes the tundra as a vast, cold region characterized by treeless vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil. It exists in the northernmost regions of the world and at high elevations. Plants and animals in the tundra are adapted to harsh conditions like freezing temperatures, short growing seasons, and nutrient-poor soil. Examples are given of the specific locations and characteristics of the Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine tundra biomes.
South Carolina 6th Grade Education Standards
6-1.1: Explain the characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups and their relationship to the natural environment
6-1.2: Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the domestication of plants and animals, the impact of irrigation techniques, and subsequent food surpluses.
The document summarizes the lifestyles and adaptations of various indigenous Arctic peoples, including the Inuit (Eskimo) of North America and Greenland, Aleut of the Bering Strait, and Nganasan of Siberia. It focuses on two Inuit groups: the coastal Tareumiut who live in permanent villages and hunt whales, and the inland Nunamiut who hunt caribou and seals in small family groups. Both groups emphasize family relations and sharing food. The document also discusses the 1922 film Nanook of the North and how it portrayed the lifestyle of an Inuit group similar to the Nunamiut.
The document summarizes the peoples who inhabit Arctic coastal and inland regions, with a focus on two Inuit groups: the Tareumiut and Nunamiut. The Tareumiut are coastal dwellers who live in permanent villages and hunt whales, seals, and other sea mammals. The Nunamiut are inland hunters who live a more nomadic lifestyle in small family groups and primarily hunt caribou and seals. Both groups have sophisticated technologies for surviving in the harsh Arctic climate, such as parkas, kayaks, and igloos.
This document discusses six types of terrestrial animals and their adaptations to different environments. It describes reptiles, birds, amphibians, insects, earthworms, and mammals. It then explains how animals are adapted to specific biomes like deserts, Arctic tundra, tropical forests, taiga forests, and temperate deciduous forests through physical traits and behaviors. Traits like camouflage, insulation, and hibernation help animals survive in their native habitats.
The Plateau peoples lived in the interior region of British Columbia between the Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains. They inhabited forests and areas along rivers and lakes, with boreal forests dominating. Their society was egalitarian, with men making decisions. Women gathered plants and cared for families, while men hunted and fished, using tools made from stone, bone and wood. Salmon was a primary food source. They lived in pit houses in winter and tipis or tule mat lodges in summer. The Plateau peoples had distinct cultures and languages but shared similarities in subsistence and village life.
11/2/2014
1
Community Ecology I
Stability, Resilience
WFC 10 – D. A. Kelt
A biological community is defined by the species that occupy a
particular locality and the interactions among those species.
A Primer of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed. R. B. Primack 2004
Community Ecology is the study of biological communities.
In what ways are communities organized, structured, predictable?
In what ways are they not?
Note the difference between “habitat” and “community.”
The former refers to a physical location,
whereas the latter refers to constituent species.
Many communities may appear very similar.
Coniferous Forest
near Mt. Rainier
central Oregon
King’s Canyon National Park
Sandy Desert
Sahara Desert
Simpson Desert (Australia)
Death Valley, California
Thus, there may be great variation
from point to point in these
communities
One major way in which they differ is
in composition – the particular species
that occur at a site.
Example: Burrowing
mammals
N. Amer. - Gopher
Asia - Zokor
Australia – Marsupial mole
S. Amer. – Tuco tuco
Africa – Mole rat
Ecologically similar species in different
regions with different evolutionary origins.
N. Amer. - Gopher
Asia - Zokor
Australia – Marsupial mole
S. Amer. – Tuco tuco
Africa – Mole rat
11/2/2014
2
Often true at smaller spatial scales as well . . .
Geomys
Eastern Pocket Gophers
Cratogeomys
Yellow-faced Pocket Gophers
Pappogeomys
Southern Pocket Gophers
Thomomys
Western Pocket Gophers
4 genera of North American
pocket gophers
From a conservation perspective we are interested in how
stable a community is in the face of anthropogenic abuses.
Stability – often portrayed in simple cartoon fashion as follows:
So, given all this variation, how are communities structured,
and how do they respond to disturbance?
Global Stability Local Stability
Stability may be measured by a community’s fluctuation over time.
Communities often remain stable over time.
However, they may be perturbed by some external force.
What happens then?
The American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
made up >40% of trees in mature eastern
deciduous forest.
Chestnut blight – introduced to New York City in ca. 1900
By 1950 only 1 remaining large tree in North America
What impact did this enormous loss have on
the biota of eastern North America?
Perhaps surprisingly, essentially no impact.
Eastern deciduous forests are very diverse – maples, oaks, hickories, catalpa, etc. Loss of American chestnut led to NO major changes in animal or plant communities.
Black bears may have suffered from loss of mast.
Thus, this was a relatively minor perturbation
from the perspective of the community – it
evidently shifted to a different local stable point.
Seven butterfly/moth species were specialists on
American chestnut, and have gone extinct.
Another 49 Lepidopterans simply shifted their hosts.
11/2/2014
3
Pollution – another
perturbation that can
result in ecological
deteriorat.
The Inuit lived in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the northern United States. They used resources from the Arctic environment to survive harsh winters and short summers. In winter, they fished through holes cut in sea ice and hunted ocean animals. In summer, they hunted migrating caribou for meat and skins for clothing and shelter. They built shelters from animal skins and snow blocks, and used kayaks, dog sleds, walrus tusks, seal skins, and other materials to obtain food, travel, and keep warm in the Arctic.
This document provides an overview of the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It discusses how plants and animals have evolved and adapted to changing climates over hundreds of millions of years by migrating to new areas. However, current climate change is occurring too rapidly for many species to adapt. The document highlights several species and ecosystems that are threatened by climate change, such as coral reefs and Arctic species. It emphasizes that biodiversity is important to human economies and well-being.
1. The ocean can be divided into horizontal and vertical zones based on depth and distance from land, with the epipelagic zone located at the top within 200 meters of the surface where sunlight and photosynthesis occur.
2. Below the epipelagic zone is the mesopelagic zone from 200-1000 meters where low light levels prevent photosynthesis, and many species have bioluminescence. The bathypelagic zone extends from 1000-4000 meters with no sunlight and low nutrients.
3. Marine organisms can be classified as plankton, nekton, or benthos depending on their lifestyle as floaters, swimmers, or bottom dwell
Marine mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, walruses and otters. They belong to three orders - Cetacea, Sirenia, and Carnivora. Species diversity is highest around 40 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. Marine mammals have adaptations for aquatic living like streamlined bodies, insulation from blubber, hearing adapted for underwater sound localization. Threats include hunting, pollution, vessel strikes, noise, and effects of climate change like warming oceans. Laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act aim to protect these species.
This document summarizes key aspects of desert ecosystems. It describes deserts as regions that receive less than 250mm of annual precipitation and experience large fluctuations in day and night temperatures. The four main types of deserts - hot, semi-arid, coastal, and cool - are outlined based on their temperature and precipitation patterns. Adaptations that allow plants and animals to survive the arid conditions, such as thickened stems and burrowing, are also summarized. Finally, the document provides an example of the Imperial Valley, which has been transformed from desert land into a productive farming region through irrigation.
This document provides information about subtropical deserts. It begins with an introduction that defines subtropical deserts and their location between 15-30 degrees north and south latitude. It then covers the physical characteristics of subtropical deserts, including their warm temperatures and low precipitation. The document discusses adaptations of plants and animals to the harsh desert environment, including adaptations like waxy coatings and nocturnal behavior. It provides examples of worldwide locations of subtropical deserts and describes the plant and animal life commonly found in these deserts, including cacti, foxes and kangaroo rats. It concludes with an overview of the food web in subtropical desert ecosystems.
Subpolar regions include areas just outside the Arctic and Antarctic Circles with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. While subpolar climates exist in both hemispheres, most land in these latitudes in the southern hemisphere benefits from ocean moderation. Common subpolar regions include parts of Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, northern China, Mongolia, and Siberia. These areas have semi-permanent low pressure systems and experience fur, fishing, and resource booms and busts throughout their history.
The tundra biome covers a fifth of the Earth's surface and is characterized by an extreme cold climate, low biodiversity, simple vegetation structure, and a short growing season. Plants and animals in the tundra have adaptations to survive the harsh conditions like growing close to the ground, changing fur color seasonally, and producing antifreeze compounds. The nutrient cycle is also slowed by the cold temperatures and permafrost. Human activities like overhunting and climate change have negatively impacted the fragile tundra ecosystem.
The tundra biome covers a fifth of the Earth's surface and is characterized by an extreme cold climate, low biodiversity, simple vegetation structure, and a short growing season. Plants and animals in the tundra have adaptations to survive the harsh conditions like small stature, insulation, and camouflage. Nutrient cycling is slow due to the cold temperatures and short growing season. The Arctic and alpine tundras share similarities but also have distinctions in location, permafrost, and precipitation. Human activities like overhunting have negatively impacted tundra wildlife populations.
Bird migration is the seasonal journey undertaken by many bird species between breeding and wintering grounds. Over millions of years, environmental changes caused by ice ages shaped birds' migratory habits through natural selection. Physiological and environmental cues trigger migration, prompting birds to accumulate fat stores and prepare for long flights. Migration allows birds to access nesting and food opportunities while escaping harsh weather, lack of resources, and other threats. However, migratory birds now face increasing human threats including habitat destruction and pollution that hinder their long journeys.
The document summarizes the 6 major physical regions of Canada:
1. The Canadian Arctic is located within the Arctic Circle and has jagged mountains and flat snow covered terrain. Glaciers formed much of the landscape. The climate is harsh with below freezing winter temperatures and summer averages of 13°C. Polar bears are at risk of extinction due to shrinking Arctic ice.
2. The Interior Plains is located in western central Canada with hills, forests, and river valleys. It formed from sediments deposited in an ancient sea. It has short, cold winters and hot summers ideal for agriculture like wheat and cattle farming.
3. The Appalachian Highlands are located in northeast Canada with old
The document provides information about the tundra biome. It describes the tundra as a vast, cold region characterized by treeless vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil. It exists in the northernmost regions of the world and at high elevations. Plants and animals in the tundra are adapted to harsh conditions like freezing temperatures, short growing seasons, and nutrient-poor soil. Examples are given of the specific locations and characteristics of the Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine tundra biomes.
South Carolina 6th Grade Education Standards
6-1.1: Explain the characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups and their relationship to the natural environment
6-1.2: Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the domestication of plants and animals, the impact of irrigation techniques, and subsequent food surpluses.
The document summarizes the lifestyles and adaptations of various indigenous Arctic peoples, including the Inuit (Eskimo) of North America and Greenland, Aleut of the Bering Strait, and Nganasan of Siberia. It focuses on two Inuit groups: the coastal Tareumiut who live in permanent villages and hunt whales, and the inland Nunamiut who hunt caribou and seals in small family groups. Both groups emphasize family relations and sharing food. The document also discusses the 1922 film Nanook of the North and how it portrayed the lifestyle of an Inuit group similar to the Nunamiut.
The document summarizes the peoples who inhabit Arctic coastal and inland regions, with a focus on two Inuit groups: the Tareumiut and Nunamiut. The Tareumiut are coastal dwellers who live in permanent villages and hunt whales, seals, and other sea mammals. The Nunamiut are inland hunters who live a more nomadic lifestyle in small family groups and primarily hunt caribou and seals. Both groups have sophisticated technologies for surviving in the harsh Arctic climate, such as parkas, kayaks, and igloos.
This document discusses six types of terrestrial animals and their adaptations to different environments. It describes reptiles, birds, amphibians, insects, earthworms, and mammals. It then explains how animals are adapted to specific biomes like deserts, Arctic tundra, tropical forests, taiga forests, and temperate deciduous forests through physical traits and behaviors. Traits like camouflage, insulation, and hibernation help animals survive in their native habitats.
The Plateau peoples lived in the interior region of British Columbia between the Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains. They inhabited forests and areas along rivers and lakes, with boreal forests dominating. Their society was egalitarian, with men making decisions. Women gathered plants and cared for families, while men hunted and fished, using tools made from stone, bone and wood. Salmon was a primary food source. They lived in pit houses in winter and tipis or tule mat lodges in summer. The Plateau peoples had distinct cultures and languages but shared similarities in subsistence and village life.
11/2/2014
1
Community Ecology I
Stability, Resilience
WFC 10 – D. A. Kelt
A biological community is defined by the species that occupy a
particular locality and the interactions among those species.
A Primer of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed. R. B. Primack 2004
Community Ecology is the study of biological communities.
In what ways are communities organized, structured, predictable?
In what ways are they not?
Note the difference between “habitat” and “community.”
The former refers to a physical location,
whereas the latter refers to constituent species.
Many communities may appear very similar.
Coniferous Forest
near Mt. Rainier
central Oregon
King’s Canyon National Park
Sandy Desert
Sahara Desert
Simpson Desert (Australia)
Death Valley, California
Thus, there may be great variation
from point to point in these
communities
One major way in which they differ is
in composition – the particular species
that occur at a site.
Example: Burrowing
mammals
N. Amer. - Gopher
Asia - Zokor
Australia – Marsupial mole
S. Amer. – Tuco tuco
Africa – Mole rat
Ecologically similar species in different
regions with different evolutionary origins.
N. Amer. - Gopher
Asia - Zokor
Australia – Marsupial mole
S. Amer. – Tuco tuco
Africa – Mole rat
11/2/2014
2
Often true at smaller spatial scales as well . . .
Geomys
Eastern Pocket Gophers
Cratogeomys
Yellow-faced Pocket Gophers
Pappogeomys
Southern Pocket Gophers
Thomomys
Western Pocket Gophers
4 genera of North American
pocket gophers
From a conservation perspective we are interested in how
stable a community is in the face of anthropogenic abuses.
Stability – often portrayed in simple cartoon fashion as follows:
So, given all this variation, how are communities structured,
and how do they respond to disturbance?
Global Stability Local Stability
Stability may be measured by a community’s fluctuation over time.
Communities often remain stable over time.
However, they may be perturbed by some external force.
What happens then?
The American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
made up >40% of trees in mature eastern
deciduous forest.
Chestnut blight – introduced to New York City in ca. 1900
By 1950 only 1 remaining large tree in North America
What impact did this enormous loss have on
the biota of eastern North America?
Perhaps surprisingly, essentially no impact.
Eastern deciduous forests are very diverse – maples, oaks, hickories, catalpa, etc. Loss of American chestnut led to NO major changes in animal or plant communities.
Black bears may have suffered from loss of mast.
Thus, this was a relatively minor perturbation
from the perspective of the community – it
evidently shifted to a different local stable point.
Seven butterfly/moth species were specialists on
American chestnut, and have gone extinct.
Another 49 Lepidopterans simply shifted their hosts.
11/2/2014
3
Pollution – another
perturbation that can
result in ecological
deteriorat.
The Inuit lived in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the northern United States. They used resources from the Arctic environment to survive harsh winters and short summers. In winter, they fished through holes cut in sea ice and hunted ocean animals. In summer, they hunted migrating caribou for meat and skins for clothing and shelter. They built shelters from animal skins and snow blocks, and used kayaks, dog sleds, walrus tusks, seal skins, and other materials to obtain food, travel, and keep warm in the Arctic.
This document provides an overview of the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It discusses how plants and animals have evolved and adapted to changing climates over hundreds of millions of years by migrating to new areas. However, current climate change is occurring too rapidly for many species to adapt. The document highlights several species and ecosystems that are threatened by climate change, such as coral reefs and Arctic species. It emphasizes that biodiversity is important to human economies and well-being.
1. The ocean can be divided into horizontal and vertical zones based on depth and distance from land, with the epipelagic zone located at the top within 200 meters of the surface where sunlight and photosynthesis occur.
2. Below the epipelagic zone is the mesopelagic zone from 200-1000 meters where low light levels prevent photosynthesis, and many species have bioluminescence. The bathypelagic zone extends from 1000-4000 meters with no sunlight and low nutrients.
3. Marine organisms can be classified as plankton, nekton, or benthos depending on their lifestyle as floaters, swimmers, or bottom dwell
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. TOPICS COVERED
Cultural Adaptations Due To
Environmental Stresses
CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HOT
CLIMATE STRESS
Example 1 – Nomads Of The Sahara
Desert
Example 2 - Bedouin Tribe
Example 3- The Tuaregs
Example 4 – The Bejas
2.
CULTURAL RESPONSE TO COLD CLIMATE
STRESS
Example 1- Inuit
Example 2 – Eskimos
Example 3 – Naukan People
CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HIGH ALTITUDES
STRESS
Example 1 – Tibetans
Example 2 - Sherpa People
Example 3 – People Of Andes
Example 4 – Ethiopians
3. CULTURAL ADAPTATIONS DUE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES
FEW ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES INVOLVES
ARCTIC ZONES – Cold, Low temperatures, Low biological productivity
HIGH ALTITUTES – Mountains, Hypoxia, High neonate mortality
ARID LANDS – Deserts, Low Rainfall, Low biological productivity
GRASSLANDS – Plains, Dry seasons, Cyclic drought
HUMID TROPICS – Forests, Great diversity of species, High rainfall, Solar
radiations
THESE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES ARE SOLVED BY BRINGING CULTURAL
CHANGES. EG- USE OF COAT TO AVOID COLD.
3.
4. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HOT
CLIMATE STRESS
Heat stress refers to heat in excess of what the body can tolerate without
suffering physiological impairment. It generally occurs at temperatures above
35°C, in high humidity
4.
5. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HOT
CLIMATE STRESS
HOT CLIMATE – It pertains to the creation and maintenance of favourable
environmental conditions near the individual – microclimate, different from those
in general areas.
The Ideal microclimates involves
Lowered skin temperatures
A vapour pressure gradient favouring evaporative heat loss,
Protection from conductive and radiation heat gain.
5.
6. Example 1 – Nomads Of The Sahara
Desert
Nomads, which means that they live in one place for a short amount of time and
then move around in search of more productive land.
Many of the people in the Sahara keep cattle and form little farms where they
grow as much food as they can to feed themselves and their family. This farming
is called subsistence farming. The land is very dry so it is difficult for people to
grow food, but they do manage and people have been living this way for
thousands of years.
They constructed a system of fine nets above their houses. These nets capture
moisture when the fog from the mountains passes over the desert. They
condense (produce water droplets) on the net and these droplets drip
downwards into large containers and through drains, which feed the village.
People here can now have showers, cook food and grow crops
6.
7. Example 2 - Bedouin Tribe
They live in desert areas in the Middle East. Their traditional lifestyle
has adapted to these extremely arid conditions.
Their tents are built to allow air to circulate within them, keeping them
cool. Animal hair is used to insulate them, to keep the tent cool during
the day and warmer at night.
Loose fit white and high permeability of the clothing fabrics to water
vapour offer a compromise between two functions i.e. keeping heat
out without locking water vapours. Natural fibres such as cotton and
wool are more permeable to water vapour than most synthetic fabrics.
7.
8. Example 3- The Tuaregs
The epitome of life in the desert are the Tuaregs, who for centuries have
spent their lives riding their dromedaries along the Saharan tracks.
Water is carried in scooped-out and sun-dried pumpkins, whose decorated
surfaces hint at the groups who produced them.
Most tuareg men wear protective amulets that contain verses from the
koran. Tuareg men begin wearing a veil at age 25, which conceals their
entire face excluding their eyes. It is believed that men began wearing the
veil to protect their faces from the Sahara sands
8.
9. Example 4 - The Bejas
The Bejas have always inhabited the large expanses of the Nubian
desert. Most Bejas (approximately 1.5 million overall) live in the north-
east of Sudan. They are called “Fuzzy-Wuzzies” because of their frizzy
hair
The desert-adapted person can sweat freely but must deal with the water
loss involved; hence, he is usually thin but not tall.
This adaptation minimizes both water needs and water loss.
Skin pigmentation is moderate since extreme pigmentation is good
protection from the sun but allows absorption of heat, which must be lost
by sweating.
Adaptation to night cold is also common in desert-adapted people.
9.
10. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO COLD
CLIMATE STRESS
Cold stress occurs by driving down the skin temperature, and eventually the
internal body temperature. When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-
related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death
may result.
10
11. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO COLD
CLIMATE STRESS
Human physiological responses to cold combine factors that increase heat
retention with those that enhance heat production.
Fat layer provides an insulator layer throughout the body.
Himalayan populations of India wear several layers of cloth to combat cold, but
extremities remain of cold stress.
11
12. Example 1- Inuit
The Inuit people live in the far northern areas of Alaska, Canada, Siberia,
and Greenland.
The typical materials for making homes such as wood and mud are hard to
find in the frozen tundra of the Arctic. The Inuit learned to make warm
homes out of snow and ice for the winter. During the summer they would
make homes from animal skin stretched over a frame made from driftwood
or whalebones. The Inuit word for home is "igloo".
The Inuit needed thick and warm clothing to survive the cold weather. They
used animal skins and furs to stay warm. They made shirts, pants, boots,
hats, and big jackets called anoraks from caribou and seal skin. They would
line their clothes with furs from animals like polar bears, rabbits, and foxes.
12
13. Example 2 – Eskimos
Laminar armour from hardened leather reinforced by wood and bones worn
by native Siberians and Eskimos
To survive the cold weather the Eskimos needed to wear warm clothing.
Some of this clothing were big furry boots with tunics and trousers over
them. They wore caribou skin with stockings and parkas and other animal
skins like oxen, polar bear, and birds. In summer they wore seal skin mostly.
They used a shelter called an igloo. An igloo is a round looking house made
of ice blocks and snow. All igloos had to have a little hole in the roof to let
the smoke from the fire get out of the igloo. Inside the igloo they had many
interesting things. For instance, they sat and slept on a platform made of
snow that was covered with animal skins. They had racks for hanging
things, and lamps hung from the ceiling for heat and light. To make the
lamps, they burned oil from blubber of seals and other sea mammals
13
14. Example 3 – Naukan People
The Naukan, also known as the Naukanski, are a Siberian Yupik people and
an indigenous people of Siberia. They live in the Chukotka Autonomous
Region of eastern Russia.
Their food sources primarily relied on seals, whales, whale blubber, walrus,
and fish, all of which they hunted using harpoons on the ice.
Clothing consisted of robes made of wolfskin and reindeer skin to acclimate to
the low temperatures.
People living in colder regions drink more alcohol, drinking is known to
increase feelings of warmth because alcohol increases the flow of blood to the
skin.
14
15. Example 4 - Aborigines
Indigenous Australians are people who are descended from groups
that lived in Australia and surrounding islands before British
colonisation. They include the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
peoples of Australia
Aborigines were observed to rely more heavily upon energy-efficient
vasomotor changes, appearing to defend body temperature primarily
by increasing peripheral tissue insulation.
People with this genotype have a propensity to store fat, using it during
periods of famine. It is possible that protracted geographic isolation, in
combination with lifestyle and a unique envi-ronment, may have
resulted in the natural selection of those possessing a metabolically
effi cient genotype, and a less intense shivering response.
15
16. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HIGH
ALTITUDES STRESS
Altitude stress, also known as an acute mountain sickness (AMS), is caused by
acute exposure to low oxygen level at high altitude which is defined as elevations
at or above 1,200 m and AMS commonly occurs above 2,500 m. Altitude stress
with various symptoms including insomnia can also be experienced in airplane.
16
17. CULTURAL RESPONSE TO HIGH
ALTITUDES STRESS
A high altitude environment exerts multiple stresses on human which include
Hypoxia,
More intense solar radiation,
Cold,
Low Humidity,
Wind,
A reduced nutritional base,
Rough terrain
Of these, hypoxia exerts greater degree of stress on physiological functions.
17
18. Example 1 – Tibetans
At high altitudes, there is less air for people to breath and more
ultraviolet radiation, two factors that make living in such places rather
difficult.
Indigenous highlanders living in the Tibetan Plateau in Asia, have
evolved three distinctly different biological adaptations for surviving in the
oxygen-thin air found at high altitude.
Tibetans compensate for low oxygen content much differently. They
increase their oxygen intake by taking more breaths per minute than
people who live at sea level.
The yak is the most important domesticated animal for Tibet highlanders
in Qinghai Province of China, as the primary source of milk, meat and
fertilizer.
18
19. Example 2 - Sherpa People
Sherpa is one of the ethnic groups native to the most mountainous
regions of Nepal and the Himalayas.
Men wear long-sleeved robes called kitycow, which fall to slightly below
the knee. Chhuba is tied at the waist with a cloth sash called kara,
creating a pouch-like space called tolung which can be used for storing
and carrying small items. Traditionally, chhuba were made from thick
home-spun wool, or a variant called lokpa made from sheepskin. Chhuba
are worn over raatuk, a blouse (traditionally made out of bure, white raw
silk), trousers called kanam, and an outer jacket called tetung. Women
traditionally wear long-sleeved floor-length dresses of thick wool called
tongkok.
The house style depends on the lay of the land: old river terraces, former
lake beds or mountain slopes. There are stone single-story, 1 1⁄2-story
(on a slope), and the two-story houses, with ample room for animals.
Many well-to-do families will have an annex shrine room for sacred
statues, scriptures and ritual objects. The roof is sloping and is made
from local natural materials, or imported metal. There's space in the roof
to allow for fire smoke to escape. There may be an internal or external
outhouse for making compost.
19
20. Example 3 – People Of Andes
High altitudes experience long, cold winters. The higher the altitude, the
longer and colder the winters will be and the more house heating is
required. Stone or adobe constructions are used.
The people of the Andes maintain what John Victor Murra calls "vertical
control", in which groups of people use kinship and other arrangements
to access the resources of a range of ecological zones at different
elevations, and thus to access a variety of crops and animals. This
gives more security than dependence on a single resource.
Hypoxia exerts greater degree of stress on physiological functions. At
high altitudes we see rather slow paced activities to avoid high oxygen
requirement.
20
21. Example 4 – Ethiopians
More than 140 million people worldwide are estimated to live at an
elevation higher than 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above sea level, of
which 13 million are in Ethiopia.
People of Ethiopia, have been living at these high altitudes for
generations and are protected from hypoxia as a consequence of
genetic adaptation.
Highland Ethiopians exhibit elevated haemoglobin levels, like
Andeans and lowlander peoples at high altitudes, but do not exhibit
the Andean’s increased in oxygen-content of haemoglobin.
The Ethiopian highlanders are immune to the extreme dangers
posed by high-altitude environment, and their pattern of adaptation
is definitely unique from that of other highland peoples.
21