Today stakeholders becomes more and more aware of the ecological and social footprints adopted by multinational companies (MNCs) worldwide, accountability, transparency and governance issues are considered to be main stream agenda in the corporate boardroom discussion. Sustainability reporting evaluates the performance of company’s based on three distinct parameters such as economic, environmental and societal. Triple Bottom Line Reporting (subsequently refer to as TBLR) goes beyond the traditional way of reporting mechanism and encourages businesses to give closer attention to the whole impact of their commercial activities, over &above their financial performance. John Elkington strove to measure sustainability during the mid-1990s by encompassing a new framework to measure performance in corporate America. This accounting framework, called the triple bottom line (TBL), went beyond the traditional measures of profits, return on investment, and shareholder value to include environmental and social dimensions. The Corporate Triple Bottom Line (subsequently refer to as CTBL) Reporting is based on three pillars-(i) environmental, (ii) social, (iii) social causes. Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) disclosure items are handpicked from the annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports of the sample units after a thorough examination of the contents of annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports.
The level of Triple Bottom Line reporting in India is in its infancy and still evolving. The three dimensions for TBL Reporting in India are people, planet and profit, which lead to sustainable development. Present study highlights the CTBL Reporting indicators, CTBL Reporting indictors in India and the limitations of CTBL Reporting.
Corporate social reporting discloses social and environmental information relating to an organisation’s interaction with its community, shareholders, physical and social environment to outsiders through corporate annual reports. Triple Bottom Line Reporting (subsequently refer to as TBLR) goes beyond the traditional way of reporting mechanism and encourages businesses to give closer attention to the whole impact of their commercial activities, over and above their financial performance. The Corporate Triple Bottom Line Reporting is based on three pillars - (i) environmental, (ii) social, (iii) economic causes. In this study, Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) disclosure items are handpicked from the annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports of the sample units after a thorough examination of the contents of annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports. The level of Triple Bottom Line reporting in India is in its infancy and still evolving. The three dimensions for TBL Reporting in India are people, planet and profit, which lead to sustainable development. We have considered listed companies of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) comprising BSE 500 index as our population. Considering time and resource constraints, it was decided to restrict the survey only power generating companies (15 units) among those 500 units. Accordingly, annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports for these 15 numbers of listed power companies were planned to be reviewed. For measuring the extent of corporate triple bottom line reporting in annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports of the companies, we have constructed a weighted disclosure index based on the previous empirical studies. The study evaluated the combined corporate triple bottom line disclosure score value of the sa
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a societal and ecological agreement between the community and
businesses. TBL “captures the essence of sustainability by measuring the impact of an organization’s
activities on the world ... including both its profitability and shareholder values and its social, human
and environmental capital” (Savitz, 2006). TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from traditional
reporting frameworks, as besides financial part it also includes ecological (or environmental) and
social measures where it is difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. But with the
current breakdown of confidence in financial reporting, large companies are facing increasing
demands and expectations from stakeholders and are being held more accountable for their
performance and actions. TBL approach is a proactive step in providing shareholders with increased
transparency and a broader framework for decision-making. It’s a great way for companies to
disclose meaningful non-financial results. TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps:
People, Planet and Profits.
Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBLR) reflects a corporation’s greater transparency and
accountability in its public reporting, communication and disclosure with regard to how the corporate
entity performs in its environmental, social and economic dimensions (Lewis, 2011). TBLR
incorporates presenting what the business is doing well, along with areas that need improvement.
Reporting in this way demonstrates a drive towards increased transparency, which can mitigate
concerns by stakeholders on hidden information. Everyone involved in the process of TBL, including
employees and external stakeholders, can increase their knowledge of the company and expand their
relationships with other stakeholders in the company. Participating in a learning environment is
beneficial and necessary for a business to meet the goals of sustainability. The process of building a
Page 3
sustainable environment can lead to other disclosures on how the business world can lend a helping
hand in protecting the natural resources that are quickly evaporating.
Assessing financial vulnerability of cooperativeAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that explores using the Tuckman-Chang model to predict financial vulnerability in cooperatives. The model was originally intended for non-profit organizations but the authors find it may also be applicable to cooperatives, which have characteristics of both non-profits and for-profit businesses. The document provides background on cooperatives worldwide and in Malaysia, reviews literature on assessing financial health in different types of organizations, and introduces the Tuckman-Chang financial vulnerability prediction model.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes how Chinese companies operating in Shanghai incorporate social, environmental, and economic measures into their strategic performance measurement systems. The researchers surveyed 81 Chinese companies. Their findings show that while more companies are promoting sustainability measures as part of their long-term business strategies, the effective integration of these non-financial measures varies across companies. The researchers examine what factors determine the differences in how companies incorporate sustainability measures into their performance systems and business strategies.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
Stakeholder pressures created the legal implications to the companies for the CSR activities and its reporting. CSR is gaining the importance in the field of research. The aim of the study is to provide the review of the development in the field of CSR. The analysis is carried out to understand the areas of the researches in CSR. In total 95 studies from various countries are selected. It is carried out by explaining various studies in the field of CSR to know the definition, the areas of researches and research methods used.
11.corporate social responsibility and financial performance in developing ec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and financial performance of listed companies in Nigeria. The study uses financial data from 40 Nigerian companies to analyze the impact of CSR on two measures of financial performance: return on equity and return on assets. The results show CSR has a positive and significant relationship with both financial performance measures. This finding adds to other research supporting the view that CSR can positively impact corporate financial results. The document provides context on the development of CSR in Nigeria and reviews different perspectives in the existing literature regarding the relationship between CSR and financial performance.
The document discusses key concepts in organization theory and management. It defines organizations and discusses how they are goal-oriented and designed systems that are linked to their external environment. It also examines theories of organizations, the role of management, and challenges facing public organizations, especially in developing countries.
Corporate social reporting discloses social and environmental information relating to an organisation’s interaction with its community, shareholders, physical and social environment to outsiders through corporate annual reports. Triple Bottom Line Reporting (subsequently refer to as TBLR) goes beyond the traditional way of reporting mechanism and encourages businesses to give closer attention to the whole impact of their commercial activities, over and above their financial performance. The Corporate Triple Bottom Line Reporting is based on three pillars - (i) environmental, (ii) social, (iii) economic causes. In this study, Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) disclosure items are handpicked from the annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports of the sample units after a thorough examination of the contents of annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports. The level of Triple Bottom Line reporting in India is in its infancy and still evolving. The three dimensions for TBL Reporting in India are people, planet and profit, which lead to sustainable development. We have considered listed companies of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) comprising BSE 500 index as our population. Considering time and resource constraints, it was decided to restrict the survey only power generating companies (15 units) among those 500 units. Accordingly, annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports for these 15 numbers of listed power companies were planned to be reviewed. For measuring the extent of corporate triple bottom line reporting in annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports/sustainability reports of the companies, we have constructed a weighted disclosure index based on the previous empirical studies. The study evaluated the combined corporate triple bottom line disclosure score value of the sa
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a societal and ecological agreement between the community and
businesses. TBL “captures the essence of sustainability by measuring the impact of an organization’s
activities on the world ... including both its profitability and shareholder values and its social, human
and environmental capital” (Savitz, 2006). TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from traditional
reporting frameworks, as besides financial part it also includes ecological (or environmental) and
social measures where it is difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. But with the
current breakdown of confidence in financial reporting, large companies are facing increasing
demands and expectations from stakeholders and are being held more accountable for their
performance and actions. TBL approach is a proactive step in providing shareholders with increased
transparency and a broader framework for decision-making. It’s a great way for companies to
disclose meaningful non-financial results. TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps:
People, Planet and Profits.
Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBLR) reflects a corporation’s greater transparency and
accountability in its public reporting, communication and disclosure with regard to how the corporate
entity performs in its environmental, social and economic dimensions (Lewis, 2011). TBLR
incorporates presenting what the business is doing well, along with areas that need improvement.
Reporting in this way demonstrates a drive towards increased transparency, which can mitigate
concerns by stakeholders on hidden information. Everyone involved in the process of TBL, including
employees and external stakeholders, can increase their knowledge of the company and expand their
relationships with other stakeholders in the company. Participating in a learning environment is
beneficial and necessary for a business to meet the goals of sustainability. The process of building a
Page 3
sustainable environment can lead to other disclosures on how the business world can lend a helping
hand in protecting the natural resources that are quickly evaporating.
Assessing financial vulnerability of cooperativeAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that explores using the Tuckman-Chang model to predict financial vulnerability in cooperatives. The model was originally intended for non-profit organizations but the authors find it may also be applicable to cooperatives, which have characteristics of both non-profits and for-profit businesses. The document provides background on cooperatives worldwide and in Malaysia, reviews literature on assessing financial health in different types of organizations, and introduces the Tuckman-Chang financial vulnerability prediction model.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes how Chinese companies operating in Shanghai incorporate social, environmental, and economic measures into their strategic performance measurement systems. The researchers surveyed 81 Chinese companies. Their findings show that while more companies are promoting sustainability measures as part of their long-term business strategies, the effective integration of these non-financial measures varies across companies. The researchers examine what factors determine the differences in how companies incorporate sustainability measures into their performance systems and business strategies.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
Stakeholder pressures created the legal implications to the companies for the CSR activities and its reporting. CSR is gaining the importance in the field of research. The aim of the study is to provide the review of the development in the field of CSR. The analysis is carried out to understand the areas of the researches in CSR. In total 95 studies from various countries are selected. It is carried out by explaining various studies in the field of CSR to know the definition, the areas of researches and research methods used.
11.corporate social responsibility and financial performance in developing ec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and financial performance of listed companies in Nigeria. The study uses financial data from 40 Nigerian companies to analyze the impact of CSR on two measures of financial performance: return on equity and return on assets. The results show CSR has a positive and significant relationship with both financial performance measures. This finding adds to other research supporting the view that CSR can positively impact corporate financial results. The document provides context on the development of CSR in Nigeria and reviews different perspectives in the existing literature regarding the relationship between CSR and financial performance.
The document discusses key concepts in organization theory and management. It defines organizations and discusses how they are goal-oriented and designed systems that are linked to their external environment. It also examines theories of organizations, the role of management, and challenges facing public organizations, especially in developing countries.
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that are relevant to research on corporate sustainability. It describes theories of social contract, corporate hypocrisy, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, accountability theory, and shareholder theory. Social contract theory suggests that without trust between citizens and government, tax collection will decrease. Stakeholder theory argues that firms should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders. Institutional theory proposes that business practices are influenced by societal norms and pressures.
The document summarizes a research paper on environmental regulation in the presence of asymmetric information. It discusses:
1) A model with a firm, regulatory agency, and regulator, where the firm has private information about its costs and the agency can be influenced by interest groups.
2) The objective of maximizing social welfare by setting pollution levels and firm output/prices while dealing with asymmetric information.
3) How interest groups like environmentalists or industry lobbyists could influence the agency and distort the optimal regulatory outcome.
4) The welfare functions of consumers, firms, agencies and regulators that are used to analyze regulatory policies under symmetric and asymmetric information scenarios.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This chapter introduces the study of industrial relations and outlines three main perspectives: pluralist, unitarist, and radical. It defines industrial relations and discusses approaches like neo-institutionalism, human resource management, and the labor process theory. It also notes criticisms of each perspective and emphasizes different aspects of the employment relationship. The chapter aims to move beyond a limited view of IR focusing only on conflict between unions and employers.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document summarizes a study on management strategies and workplace industrial relations in the construction industry. It examines the relationship between employees and management through a survey of construction firms in New South Wales, Australia. The study found that 81.5% of variables showed no significant difference between management and employee perceptions, while 18.5% showed a significant difference regarding job satisfaction. Factor analysis identified that management's job satisfaction is associated with self-managing teams with minimum supervision.
Corporate social reporting practices in india between privatemonikamishra37
This study examines the differences in corporate social reporting between public and private sector companies in India. The study analyzed 120 companies, stratified by ownership, to compare their corporate social reporting practices. An ANOVA test revealed that public sector companies disclosed significantly more social information than private sector companies. The study concludes that while most companies report social information voluntarily, making it mandatory could improve consistency and comparability. It also suggests including corporate social reporting topics in business curricula.
Present status of corporate environmental accounting (cea) in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the present status of corporate environmental accounting (CEA) practices among textile companies in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand managers' opinions on CEA, pressures to adopt CEA, current CEA conditions, and limitations to establishing CEA. A questionnaire survey found that managers are positive about environmental issues but few companies fully adopt CEA due to various problems. Prior literature showed that Bangladeshi companies provide little environmental cost quantification and disclosure in an ununiform manner.
Gender disparities in expenditure of income from tobacco in urambo district, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on gender disparities in the expenditure of income from tobacco farming households in Tanzania. The study found that men spent a significantly higher proportion (35.2%) of household tobacco income on themselves compared to what women (12.1%) and children (10%) spent. This indicates inequitable spending of tobacco income between men and other household members. The researchers applied Adams' equity theory to analyze inputs (labor contribution) and outputs (income expenditure) between men and women. Key factors found to contribute to the disparity included patriarchal norms, women's humility, and fear of divorce if they challenged men's control over income. The results support providing more gender education and financial management training to promote
The document discusses various approaches and models for industrial relations strategy, including unitary, pluralistic, and Marxist approaches. It also summarizes several change management models that can be applied to industrial relations, such as Kurt Lewin's three-step model of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing; the Burke-Litwin model; sociotechnical systems theory; and open systems planning. Finally, it discusses the importance of managing people and highlights several practices of successful organizations, such as employment security, selective hiring, and extensive training.
The document summarizes a study on the social responsibility of Islamic banks in Aqaba, Jordan. It examines the banks' commitment to social responsibility in regards to human resources, customers, and local society. The study found that the banks were generally committed to social responsibility for human resources and customers, except for some aspects like social programs for employees and addressing customer complaints quickly. For local society, the banks did not participate enough in activities like supporting universities, establishing health centers and schools, or providing educational scholarships. The study recommends that Islamic banks in Aqaba address these issues to fully realize their positive social role.
This document discusses several key concepts in industrial relations and human resource management. It begins by defining the traditional scope of industrial relations as focusing on male, unionized workers in manual industries. It then contrasts this with a more modern focus on a diverse workforce. Several models for understanding employment relationships are presented, including unitary, pluralist, and Marxist perspectives. Frameworks like the input-output model, systems approach, and social action theory are examined for analyzing industrial relations. The document also reviews trends in the economic, social, political, and legal environments that have shaped the development of industrial relations in different time periods.
Dunlop’s system theory (1958) – theories of industrial relations - industria...manumelwin
In this perspective, Dunlop analyzes industrial relations systems as a subsystem of society.
An industrial relations system at any one time in its development is regarded as comprised of certain actors, certain contexts, an ideology which binds the industrial relations system together and a body of rules created to govern the actors at the workplace and work community.
This document outlines several approaches to industrial relations including psychological, sociological, human relations, Gandhian, human resource management, action theory, unitary, pluralist, Marxist/radical, Weber's social action, socio-ethical, and Oxford approaches. It provides more detail on the psychological, sociological, and human resource management approaches. The psychological approach examines the perceptions and attitudes of union leaders and executives. The sociological approach looks at sociological factors that shape industrial relations. The human resource management approach recognizes that workers want various freedoms and that treating them as objects can increase tensions in the workplace.
The document discusses key aspects of industrial relations including definitions, approaches, objectives, and key parties. It covers the unitary, pluralist, Marxist, and human relations approaches to industrial relations. Discipline and grievance procedures are also summarized, outlining the stages of each process. Key takeaways are that industrial relations encompasses employment relationships and aims to maximize productivity through cooperation and rules to maintain harmony between employers and employees.
The document discusses the various environmental forces that influence organizations, including political/legal, economic, technological, competitive and cultural factors in both the general environment and task environment. It describes how factors such as government regulations, economic conditions, technology changes, competitors, customers and suppliers can impact organizations and business strategy. Environmental uncertainty and turbulence are also addressed.
The approaches & theories of i rppt dr. kokilakokilasaxena
Industrial relations encompasses processes regulating workplace relations between employers, employees and their representatives. It includes interactions between individuals in workplaces where employees provide labor in exchange for employer rewards, as well as institutions governing workplace relations. Approaches to defining industrial relations include viewing it as consisting of institutions establishing rules, social psychological interactions, or being influenced by class divisions in capitalism. Theories of industrial relations include human relations theory prioritizing workers' needs, systems theory analyzing industrial relations' actors and rules, and labor process theory arguing that technology diminishes workers' control and autonomy.
- The document discusses organizational change in the federal government. It notes that federal agencies face continuous change due to new missions, more stakeholders, and limited resources. Managing change effectively is critical but remains challenging.
- It summarizes several articles that were part of a forum on driving meaningful change in government. The articles address topics like improving the change process, the role of leadership and performance management in change, and developing talent to enable change.
- Two key ideas discussed are that managing change in a large organization like the federal government is incredibly complex, and that managing change well provides an opportunity to develop the workforce, increase engagement, and improve mission effectiveness.
The system approach views industrial relations as a system of interacting parts. John Dunlop developed this approach in the 1950s. Key elements of Dunlop's system model include actors (employers, employees, unions/courts), contexts (technological, economic, societal), ideology, and rules. The actors interact and negotiate within this environment framework. Features include actors located within an environment, interacting/negotiating, and interdependence where no single actor can act autonomously. A stable system requires congruence between each actor's views of other actors' roles and the overall system. Criticisms include focusing on structure over processes, formal over informal rules, and being static rather than dynamic.
Industrial relations encompasses the relationships between management and workers, including aspects like trade unionism, collective bargaining, dispute resolution, and labor law compliance. The key actors are management, workers and their representatives, and the government. Industrial relations aims to regulate these relationships to arrive at solutions that balance conflicting interests like profits and social welfare. A sound industrial relations system maintains harmonious cooperation between these groups to facilitate economic efficiency while also addressing workers' needs.
This document discusses social responsibility accounting, which aims to define a company's financial position from a social perspective by reporting on economic, social, and environmental performance. It reports a "triple bottom line" of economic vitality, social responsibility, and environmental responsibility. Companies that follow social responsibility accounting may report on issues like employee health, emissions rates, resource use, and ethical initiatives. Benefits include identifying sustainability risks and benefits, encouraging stakeholder partnerships, and highlighting how social and environmental costs can decline over time. There are several frameworks and reporting formats that provide guidance on social responsibility accounting methodology.
The document discusses the triple bottom line (TBL) framework which evaluates organizational or business performance across three dimensions: social, environmental and financial. The TBL framework originated in the 1990s and differs from traditional accounting approaches by including ecological and social measures. It considers a company's responsibilities to extend beyond shareholders to stakeholders. The three pillars of TBL are people, planet and profits. While TBL provides a comprehensive sustainability assessment, challenges include difficulty quantifying social and environmental factors and potential management conflicts between short-term profits and long-term sustainability goals.
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that are relevant to research on corporate sustainability. It describes theories of social contract, corporate hypocrisy, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, accountability theory, and shareholder theory. Social contract theory suggests that without trust between citizens and government, tax collection will decrease. Stakeholder theory argues that firms should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders. Institutional theory proposes that business practices are influenced by societal norms and pressures.
The document summarizes a research paper on environmental regulation in the presence of asymmetric information. It discusses:
1) A model with a firm, regulatory agency, and regulator, where the firm has private information about its costs and the agency can be influenced by interest groups.
2) The objective of maximizing social welfare by setting pollution levels and firm output/prices while dealing with asymmetric information.
3) How interest groups like environmentalists or industry lobbyists could influence the agency and distort the optimal regulatory outcome.
4) The welfare functions of consumers, firms, agencies and regulators that are used to analyze regulatory policies under symmetric and asymmetric information scenarios.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This chapter introduces the study of industrial relations and outlines three main perspectives: pluralist, unitarist, and radical. It defines industrial relations and discusses approaches like neo-institutionalism, human resource management, and the labor process theory. It also notes criticisms of each perspective and emphasizes different aspects of the employment relationship. The chapter aims to move beyond a limited view of IR focusing only on conflict between unions and employers.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
This document summarizes a study on management strategies and workplace industrial relations in the construction industry. It examines the relationship between employees and management through a survey of construction firms in New South Wales, Australia. The study found that 81.5% of variables showed no significant difference between management and employee perceptions, while 18.5% showed a significant difference regarding job satisfaction. Factor analysis identified that management's job satisfaction is associated with self-managing teams with minimum supervision.
Corporate social reporting practices in india between privatemonikamishra37
This study examines the differences in corporate social reporting between public and private sector companies in India. The study analyzed 120 companies, stratified by ownership, to compare their corporate social reporting practices. An ANOVA test revealed that public sector companies disclosed significantly more social information than private sector companies. The study concludes that while most companies report social information voluntarily, making it mandatory could improve consistency and comparability. It also suggests including corporate social reporting topics in business curricula.
Present status of corporate environmental accounting (cea) in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the present status of corporate environmental accounting (CEA) practices among textile companies in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand managers' opinions on CEA, pressures to adopt CEA, current CEA conditions, and limitations to establishing CEA. A questionnaire survey found that managers are positive about environmental issues but few companies fully adopt CEA due to various problems. Prior literature showed that Bangladeshi companies provide little environmental cost quantification and disclosure in an ununiform manner.
Gender disparities in expenditure of income from tobacco in urambo district, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on gender disparities in the expenditure of income from tobacco farming households in Tanzania. The study found that men spent a significantly higher proportion (35.2%) of household tobacco income on themselves compared to what women (12.1%) and children (10%) spent. This indicates inequitable spending of tobacco income between men and other household members. The researchers applied Adams' equity theory to analyze inputs (labor contribution) and outputs (income expenditure) between men and women. Key factors found to contribute to the disparity included patriarchal norms, women's humility, and fear of divorce if they challenged men's control over income. The results support providing more gender education and financial management training to promote
The document discusses various approaches and models for industrial relations strategy, including unitary, pluralistic, and Marxist approaches. It also summarizes several change management models that can be applied to industrial relations, such as Kurt Lewin's three-step model of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing; the Burke-Litwin model; sociotechnical systems theory; and open systems planning. Finally, it discusses the importance of managing people and highlights several practices of successful organizations, such as employment security, selective hiring, and extensive training.
The document summarizes a study on the social responsibility of Islamic banks in Aqaba, Jordan. It examines the banks' commitment to social responsibility in regards to human resources, customers, and local society. The study found that the banks were generally committed to social responsibility for human resources and customers, except for some aspects like social programs for employees and addressing customer complaints quickly. For local society, the banks did not participate enough in activities like supporting universities, establishing health centers and schools, or providing educational scholarships. The study recommends that Islamic banks in Aqaba address these issues to fully realize their positive social role.
This document discusses several key concepts in industrial relations and human resource management. It begins by defining the traditional scope of industrial relations as focusing on male, unionized workers in manual industries. It then contrasts this with a more modern focus on a diverse workforce. Several models for understanding employment relationships are presented, including unitary, pluralist, and Marxist perspectives. Frameworks like the input-output model, systems approach, and social action theory are examined for analyzing industrial relations. The document also reviews trends in the economic, social, political, and legal environments that have shaped the development of industrial relations in different time periods.
Dunlop’s system theory (1958) – theories of industrial relations - industria...manumelwin
In this perspective, Dunlop analyzes industrial relations systems as a subsystem of society.
An industrial relations system at any one time in its development is regarded as comprised of certain actors, certain contexts, an ideology which binds the industrial relations system together and a body of rules created to govern the actors at the workplace and work community.
This document outlines several approaches to industrial relations including psychological, sociological, human relations, Gandhian, human resource management, action theory, unitary, pluralist, Marxist/radical, Weber's social action, socio-ethical, and Oxford approaches. It provides more detail on the psychological, sociological, and human resource management approaches. The psychological approach examines the perceptions and attitudes of union leaders and executives. The sociological approach looks at sociological factors that shape industrial relations. The human resource management approach recognizes that workers want various freedoms and that treating them as objects can increase tensions in the workplace.
The document discusses key aspects of industrial relations including definitions, approaches, objectives, and key parties. It covers the unitary, pluralist, Marxist, and human relations approaches to industrial relations. Discipline and grievance procedures are also summarized, outlining the stages of each process. Key takeaways are that industrial relations encompasses employment relationships and aims to maximize productivity through cooperation and rules to maintain harmony between employers and employees.
The document discusses the various environmental forces that influence organizations, including political/legal, economic, technological, competitive and cultural factors in both the general environment and task environment. It describes how factors such as government regulations, economic conditions, technology changes, competitors, customers and suppliers can impact organizations and business strategy. Environmental uncertainty and turbulence are also addressed.
The approaches & theories of i rppt dr. kokilakokilasaxena
Industrial relations encompasses processes regulating workplace relations between employers, employees and their representatives. It includes interactions between individuals in workplaces where employees provide labor in exchange for employer rewards, as well as institutions governing workplace relations. Approaches to defining industrial relations include viewing it as consisting of institutions establishing rules, social psychological interactions, or being influenced by class divisions in capitalism. Theories of industrial relations include human relations theory prioritizing workers' needs, systems theory analyzing industrial relations' actors and rules, and labor process theory arguing that technology diminishes workers' control and autonomy.
- The document discusses organizational change in the federal government. It notes that federal agencies face continuous change due to new missions, more stakeholders, and limited resources. Managing change effectively is critical but remains challenging.
- It summarizes several articles that were part of a forum on driving meaningful change in government. The articles address topics like improving the change process, the role of leadership and performance management in change, and developing talent to enable change.
- Two key ideas discussed are that managing change in a large organization like the federal government is incredibly complex, and that managing change well provides an opportunity to develop the workforce, increase engagement, and improve mission effectiveness.
The system approach views industrial relations as a system of interacting parts. John Dunlop developed this approach in the 1950s. Key elements of Dunlop's system model include actors (employers, employees, unions/courts), contexts (technological, economic, societal), ideology, and rules. The actors interact and negotiate within this environment framework. Features include actors located within an environment, interacting/negotiating, and interdependence where no single actor can act autonomously. A stable system requires congruence between each actor's views of other actors' roles and the overall system. Criticisms include focusing on structure over processes, formal over informal rules, and being static rather than dynamic.
Industrial relations encompasses the relationships between management and workers, including aspects like trade unionism, collective bargaining, dispute resolution, and labor law compliance. The key actors are management, workers and their representatives, and the government. Industrial relations aims to regulate these relationships to arrive at solutions that balance conflicting interests like profits and social welfare. A sound industrial relations system maintains harmonious cooperation between these groups to facilitate economic efficiency while also addressing workers' needs.
This document discusses social responsibility accounting, which aims to define a company's financial position from a social perspective by reporting on economic, social, and environmental performance. It reports a "triple bottom line" of economic vitality, social responsibility, and environmental responsibility. Companies that follow social responsibility accounting may report on issues like employee health, emissions rates, resource use, and ethical initiatives. Benefits include identifying sustainability risks and benefits, encouraging stakeholder partnerships, and highlighting how social and environmental costs can decline over time. There are several frameworks and reporting formats that provide guidance on social responsibility accounting methodology.
The document discusses the triple bottom line (TBL) framework which evaluates organizational or business performance across three dimensions: social, environmental and financial. The TBL framework originated in the 1990s and differs from traditional accounting approaches by including ecological and social measures. It considers a company's responsibilities to extend beyond shareholders to stakeholders. The three pillars of TBL are people, planet and profits. While TBL provides a comprehensive sustainability assessment, challenges include difficulty quantifying social and environmental factors and potential management conflicts between short-term profits and long-term sustainability goals.
The document discusses the triple bottom line (TBL) framework for measuring sustainability performance across three dimensions: social, environmental and financial. It provides examples of how businesses, nonprofits and governments have incorporated TBL measurements and indicators into their strategies and decision-making. Specifically, it outlines two regional economic development initiatives - in Cleveland, Ohio and Grand Rapids, Michigan - that have adopted TBL approaches to encourage sustainable economic growth through cooperation across multiple stakeholders.
The triple bottom line (TBL) refers to an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: financial, social and environmental. It measures organizational success beyond just financial measures, considering how activities affect people and the planet. The TBL consists of three bottom lines: profit (economic value), people (social value), and planet (environmental value). While it aims to benefit stakeholders rather than just shareholders, the TBL faces criticism such as being difficult to apply in monetary terms and potentially diverting business attention away from core competencies.
The document summarizes an instrumental theory of social and environmental accounting (SEA) at the organizational and societal levels of analysis. At the organizational level, the effectiveness of SEA is measured by whether it maximizes the firm's utility by setting the level of SEA where marginal costs equal marginal benefits. At the societal level, effectiveness is measured by the level of SEA that achieves the greatest social efficiency by maximizing aggregate societal well-being relative to costs. The paper then analyzes potential benefits and costs of SEA based on signaling theory and transaction cost economics for both reporting organizations and stakeholders. It concludes by discussing how political governance systems may influence SEA and provides suggestions for future research.
The effectiveness of social and environmental accounting (SEA) depends on two key objectives: 1) meeting stakeholders' non-financial information needs, and 2) enhancing business performance. At a societal level, the most effective SEA maximizes social efficiency by weighing overall societal costs and benefits. At an organizational level, the most effective SEA is the level that equalizes marginal costs and benefits for the reporting organization. The paper reviews economic theories on the costs and benefits of SEA for reporting organizations and society, presents empirical evidence on financial benefits to organizations, and discusses how political systems influence SEA. It concludes by suggesting future research directions.
The document provides a review of social responsibility accounting and reporting practices from the 1970s to present. It discusses how stakeholders demanded greater accountability from companies in the 1970s, leading to the emergence of social accounting. Social accounting aims to account for a company's full societal impact. The document then reviews the evolution of social accounting literature and early practices, including some of the first social reports published by companies in the 1970s. It outlines how social reporting has developed over time and varies between countries and industries.
A value added approach by triple bottom line for Sustainable DevelopmentTapasya123
This document discusses the triple bottom line (TBL) approach for measuring corporate sustainability performance across economic, environmental and social dimensions. It begins by defining TBL and its focus on people, planet and profit. It then explains the need for TBL due to issues like environmental degradation, resource depletion and unfair business practices. Key points made include: TBL evaluates impacts on stakeholders rather than just shareholders; it assesses intangible assets not captured by traditional accounting; and it requires companies to report on broader performance measures. The document also provides examples of economic, environmental and social variables used in TBL scorecards and discusses how different industries are applying TBL principles.
A Value Added approach by Triple Bottom line for Sustainable Developmentprofessionalpanorama
In the era of 21st century, a Triple Bottom Line not only measure profits as earlier,
but also measures the social, environmental and economic dimensions of an entity
through its activities and processes. It is a new way of evaluating a company’s impact
of their actions on both local as well as global scale for the survival and longevity
of an organisation. Due to uncertainty and unpredictability, corporate values are in
move from traditional to human and societal values. It is the first and foremost
responsibility of profit, non-profit or government sector to fulfill the various obligations
of their stakeholders as well as the planet we are living on. Traditional Accounting
methods do not take in consideration the intangible assets (human capital and intellectual
capital) and risks. Though, these factors are also the main attributes that affect
organisations accountability. Thus, there is a need of the hour to develop a system
of accounting that may include intangible assets and risks. There lies a major reason
for emergence of triple bottom line. Triple bottom line is thinking holistically, exploring
the inter-related relationships between the economic, social and environment that is
People + Planet + Profit (3 P’s). The companies aiming for sustainability need to
perform not against a traditional single, financial bottom line but against the triple
bottom line. This paper focuse on how triple bottom line approach change the way
of evaluating and reporting the performance of corporations. This paper emphasis
on how a value addition in financial bottom line changed into triple bottom line.
The document introduces the concept of a triple bottom line model, which measures a company's performance not only through financial means but also through social and environmental impacts. A triple bottom line approach encourages companies to consider stakeholders, local communities, employees and the public good in their operations alongside profit. Reporting through a triple bottom line framework is becoming more common and can help companies reduce harms from their operations while creating greater economic, social and environmental value.
This document discusses corporate social and environmental auditing. It explores whether such auditing is done due to perceived responsibility or regulatory requirements. The document reviews literature on social and environmental auditing definitions. It discusses theories like legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory that underpin social and environmental accounting. It also examines drivers for corporate social and environmental disclosures like ethical purposes, compliance, investor confidence and risk management. The document calls for accounting regulatory bodies to establish standards for social and environmental auditing.
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsi.pdfvicky309441
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, can you write around
200-500 words of reflection based on those theories from the article above, here are some written
suggestions you can apply, thank you very much! The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How
Does It Work? Timothy F. SLAPER, Ph.D.: Director of Economic Analysis, Indiana Business
Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business TANYA J. HALl: Economic
Research Analyst, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of
Business ustainability has been an performance: social, environmental putting a dollar value on
wetlands often mentioned goal of and financial. This differs from or endangered species on
strictly businesses, nonprofits and traditional reporting frameworks philosophical grounds.
Others governments in the past decade, yet as it includes ecological (or question the method of
finding measuring the degree to which an environmental) and social measures the right price for
lost wetlands or organization is being sustainable or that can be difficult to assign endangered
species. pursuing sustainable growth can be appropriate means of measurement. Another
solution would be to difficult. The TBL dimensions are also calculate the TBL in terms of an
John Elkington strove to measure commonly called the three Ps: people, index. In this way, one
eliminates sustainability during the mid-1990s planet and profits. We will refer to the
incompatible units issue and, by encompassing a new framework these as the 3Ps. as long as
there is a universally to measure performance in Well before Elkington introduced accepted
accounting method, allows corporate America. 1 This accounting the sustainability concept as
"triple for comparisons between entities, framework, called the triple bottom line,"
environmentalists e.g., comparing performance betwee bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
wrestled with measures of, and companies, cities, development traditional measures of profits,
return frameworks for, sustainability. projects or some other benchmark. on investment, and
shareholder Academic disciplines organized An example of an index that value to include
environmental and around sustainability have multiplied compares a county versus the social
dimensions. By focusing on over the last 30 years. People inside nation's performance for a
variety of comprehensive investment results - and outside academia who have components is the
Indiana Business that is, with respect to performance studied and practiced sustainability
Research Center's Innovation Index. along the interrelated dimensions would agree with the
general Themains some subjectivity of profits, people and the planet__ definition of Andrew
Savitz for even when using an index however. triple bottom line reporting can TBL. The TBL
"captures the essence For example, how are the index be an important tool to support of
sustainability by measuring the components weighted? Would each .
This document discusses frameworks and indices for assessing sustainability. It begins by introducing common types of sustainability assessment tools, focusing on indicators and indices. It then outlines several widely-used sustainability frameworks, including the Triple Bottom Line framework and pressure-state-response model. Next, it describes the process for constructing sustainability indices, including selecting indicators, standardizing data, assigning weights, and aggregating the results. It notes that indicator selection and weighting are often inconsistent due to a lack of standardized requirements. Finally, it argues that sustainability frameworks can effectively guide indicator selection for both standalone indicators and composite indices.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Evaluation Of The Co-Operative Business Model Within The Context Of The Gl...Ashley Smith
This document discusses the application of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting guidelines to agricultural cooperatives. It uses a case study of Agri-Com Cooperative Ltd in South Africa to evaluate how well cooperatives can report on their economic, environmental and social performance based on the GRI framework. The study found that the cooperative business model aligned well with the GRI guidelines and their focus on triple bottom line reporting. It suggests that cooperatives are well positioned to adopt the GRI framework for sustainability reporting given their inherent principles of social responsibility and stakeholder interests over profits. The document provides background on sustainable development, an overview of the GRI guidelines and reporting framework, and analyses Agri-Com's performance based on the
This document summarizes and analyzes a paper that presents a microeconomic model of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The model explores how assumptions about costs and benefits affect a firm's CSR behavior through the accumulation of goodwill capital over time. The model characterizes the equilibrium level of CSR investment that balances marginal costs and benefits. Comparative statics and dynamics are examined to understand how the equilibrium responds to changes in parameters. The model aims to provide testable hypotheses about the relationship between economic performance and CSR for empirical studies.
Weekly LecturesWeek 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, a.docxhelzerpatrina
Weekly Lectures/Week 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability.htmlMGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom line--social, environmental, and financial performance factors.
Learning Objectives:Understand what corporate ethics is.Discuss the theories of corporate responsibility and environmental sustainability.Examine the changing role of strategic human resources management in international businessAnalyze the triple bottom line to improve the performance and success of a business.Introduction
After numerous corporate scandals in the 1990s and 2000s, firms began paying more attention to corporate ethics, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. This commitment people, the planet, and economic value is exemplified by three theories: corporate social responsibility, the triple bottom line, and stakeholder theory (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Although economic performance is certainly important to a firm’s stakeholders, “increasingly though, it seems clear that noneconomic accomplishments, such as reducing waste and pollution, for example, are key indicators of performance as well. … Increasingly, evidence is mounting that attention to a triple bottom line is more than being “responsible” but instead just good business” (Economic, social, and environmental performance,” 2012). Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is “a general name for any theory of the corporation that emphasizes both the responsibility to make money and the responsibility to interact ethically with the surrounding community. … Corporate social responsibility is also a specific conception of that responsibility to profit while playing a role in broader questions of community welfare” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). The triple bottom line “is a form of corporate social responsibility dictating that corporate leaders tabulate bottom-line results not only in economic terms (costs versus revenue) but also in terms of company effects in the social realm, and with respect to the environment” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Stakeholder theory
is the mirror image of corporate social responsibility. Instead of starting with a business and looking out into the world to see what ethical obligations are there, stakeholder theory starts in the world. It lists and describes those individuals and groups who will be affected by (or affect) the company’s actions and asks, “What are their legitimate claims on the business?” “What rights do they have with respect to the company’s actions?” and “What kind of responsibilities and obligations can they justifiably impose on a particular business?” In a single sentence, stakeholder theory affirms that those whose lives are touched by a corporation hold a right and obligation to participate in di ...
An impact of social audits on corporate performance, analyses of nigerian man...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of corporate social responsibility on the profitability of firms in Nigeria. The study analyzed data from 10 randomly selected Nigerian manufacturing firms from 1999-2008. The results showed that firms invested less than 10% of annual profits in social responsibility. A statistical analysis found that corporate social responsibility accounted for about 62% of the variation in firm performance. The study concluded that laws should be enacted to require firms to comply with social responsibility obligations and that more attention should be given to social accounting and costs.
E waste is the serious problem of technology boom in india-convertedserampore college
Electronic waste or E-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, consumer electronics, phones, medical equipments, toys and other items that have been discarded by their original users-Waste also include waste which is generated during manufacturing or assembling of such equipments
As per Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Wasted published by MoEF & CPCB in March, 2008- E-waste is defined as the wastes generated from used electronic devices and household appliances which are not fit for their for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycle or disposal.
In the draft E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 to be finalized and notified by MoEF e-waste is defined as waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part listed in schedule -1 and scraps or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded.
As per Basel Action Network (1992) “E-waste encompasses a broad and growing range of electronic devices ranging from large households devices such as refrigerators, cell phones, personal stereos, and consumer electronics to computers which have been discarded by their users.” As per StEP(2005) E-waste refers to “...the reverse supply chain which collects products no longer desired by a given consumer and refurbishes for other consumers, recycles. Or otherwise processes wastes.”
A Study on Mental Accounting:
Its’ Role in Personal Financial Planning of Households’
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Mutual funds in Indian Financial Markets and Secured Investmentsserampore college
The present study explain various types of mutual funds in Indian Financial Markets and the various security measures to protect the investors' interest.
There is growing evidence that suggests that Environmental, Social and corporate Governance (ESG) factors, when integrated into investment analysis and decision making, it may offer investors potential long–term performance advantages. The number of companies disclosing information on their environmental, social and governance performance has grown very significantly in recent years. For large multinational companies, disclosure of ESG information has become a mainstream phenomenon It has become shorthand for investment methodologies that embrace ESG sustainable factors as a means of helping to identify companies with superior business models. ESG factors offer portfolio managers added insight into quality of a company’s management, culture, risk portfolio and other characteristics. By taking advantage of the increased level of scrutiny associated with ESG analysis, managers’ portfolios seek to identify companies based on performance indicators like
• Whether that company exhibits leadership in their industries.
• Whether that company is better managed and more forward thinking.
• Whether that company is better at anticipating and mitigating risk, meet positive standards of corporate responsibility.
• Whether that company is focused on the long term.
The applications of Sustainable Accounting, Reporting and Standardizations have taken a slow pace. The process began during early 1970s when it focused on social responsibility. During mid-late 1970s, it was shifted to employees and unions. 1980s saw explicit pursuit of economic goals with a thin veneer community concern and redefinition of employee rights as the major theme. In the 1990s attention shifted to environmental concern. Slowly, ‘environment reporting’, ‘triple bottom line reporting’, ‘sustainability reporting’ came into light.
Mobile banking is a new tool to give all services to customer on their mobile. The earliest mobile banking services were offered over SMS. In 1999, the first European banks offer mobile banking to their customers with the use of WAP enabling mobile. Now, Banks use this service to attract the potential customers.
The expansion of Mobile Banking industry in last 5 years has a great impact on the economic growth of the banking sector in India. The rural mobile connections have reached the 46.5 million mark as against 42.2 million in the previous years(according to Aite Group’s report ). This study is undertaken to provide a systematic analysis of
Problems and prospects of internet banking in indiaserampore college
Internet Banking System is a system that has been developed in order to help clients with the day-to-day transactions. Internet banking allows customers of a financial institution to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by the institution, which can be a retail or virtual bank.
C.S.R Extending its commitment to various organizations ,stakeholders including the society with an integrated approach towards operating in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner.
CSR has a long history associated with it impacts on organizations behavior. CSR is originally considered an American and European concept. During the 1990s the idea of CSR became almost universally approved, also CSR was coupled with strategy literature and finally, in the 2000s.
In India as in the rest of the world there is a growing realization the capital markets and corporations are. After all, created by society and must therefore serve it, not merely profit from it. And those consumers and citizens campaigns can make all the difference.
For over 50 years, Hindalco has worked in the hinterlands of India to better the quality of life of the underprivileged sections of society. This study is undertaken to provide a systematic analysis of:
A study on the growth of BPO industry in India.This paper contains the different aspects of BPO industry in India and The main reasons behind th egrowth of BPO industry in India,
CRYPTOCURRENCY REVOLUTIONIZING THE FINANCIAL LANDSCAPE AND SHAPING THE FUTURE...itsfaizankhan091
Cryptocurrency, a digital or virtual form of currency that uses cryptography for security, has revolutionized the financial landscape. Originating with Bitcoin's inception in 2009 by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, cryptocurrencies have grown from niche curiosities to mainstream financial instruments, reshaping how we think about money, transactions, and the global economy.
The birth of Bitcoin marked the beginning of the cryptocurrency era. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and controlled by central banks, Bitcoin operates on a decentralized network using blockchain technology. This technology ensures transparency, security, and immutability of transactions, fundamentally challenging the centralized financial systems that have dominated for centuries.
Bitcoin was conceived as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, aimed at providing an alternative to the traditional banking system plagued by inefficiencies, high fees, and lack of transparency. The underlying blockchain technology, a distributed ledger maintained by a network of nodes, ensures that every transaction is recorded and cannot be altered, thus providing a secure and transparent financial system.
June 20, 2024
CRYPTOCURRENCY: REVOLUTIONIZING THE FINANCIAL LANDSCAPE AND SHAPING THE FUTURE
Cryptocurrency: Revolutionizing the Financial Landscape and Shaping the Future
Cryptocurrency, a digital or virtual form of currency that uses cryptography for security, has revolutionized the financial landscape. Originating with Bitcoin's inception in 2009 by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, cryptocurrencies have grown from niche curiosities to mainstream financial instruments, reshaping how we think about money, transactions, and the global economy.
#### The Genesis of Cryptocurrency
The birth of Bitcoin marked the beginning of the cryptocurrency era. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and controlled by central banks, Bitcoin operates on a decentralized network using blockchain technology. This technology ensures transparency, security, and immutability of transactions, fundamentally challenging the centralized financial systems that have dominated for centuries.
Bitcoin was conceived as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, aimed at providing an alternative to the traditional banking system plagued by inefficiencies, high fees, and lack of transparency. The underlying blockchain technology, a distributed ledger maintained by a network of nodes, ensures that every transaction is recorded and cannot be altered, thus providing a secure and transparent financial system.
#### The Proliferation of Altcoins
Following Bitcoin's success, thousands of alternative cryptocurrencies, or altcoins, have emerged. Each of these altcoins aims to improve upon Bitcoin or serve specific purposes within the digital economy. Notable examples include Ethereum, which introduced smart contracts – self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement
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“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
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During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
5 Compelling Reasons to Invest in Cryptocurrency NowDaniel
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1. 1
A Study of Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) Reporting
With Special Reference to Its’ Indicators in India and
The Disadvantages of CTBL Reporting
Sudipta Saha Roy
Assistant Professor in Commerce
Serampore College, Serampore, Hooghly
E-mail:sudiptasaharoy@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Today stakeholders becomes more and more aware of the ecological and social footprints
adopted by multinational companies (MNCs) worldwide, accountability, transparency and
governance issues are considered to be main stream agenda in the corporate boardroom
discussion. Sustainability reporting evaluates the performance of company’s based on three
distinct parameters such as economic, environmental and societal. Triple Bottom Line Reporting
(subsequently refer to as TBLR) goes beyond the traditional way of reporting mechanism and
encourages businesses to give closer attention to the whole impact of their commercial activities,
over &above their financial performance. John Elkington strove to measure sustainability during
the mid-1990s by encompassing a new framework to measure performance in corporate
America. This accounting framework, called the triple bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
traditional measures of profits, return on investment, and shareholder value to include
environmental and social dimensions. The Corporate Triple Bottom Line (subsequently refer to
as CTBL) Reporting is based on three pillars-(i) environmental, (ii) social, (iii) social causes.
Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) disclosure items are handpicked from the annual
reports/corporate social responsibility reports of the sample units after a thorough examination of
the contents of annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports.
The level of Triple Bottom Line reporting in India is in its infancy and still evolving. The three
dimensions for TBL Reporting in India are people, planet and profit, which lead to sustainable
development. Present study highlights the CTBL Reporting indicators, CTBL Reporting
indictors in India and the limitations of CTBL Reporting.
Key words: Triple Bottom Line Reporting, Environmental, Social, Economic,
1.0 Introduction
The TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: social,
environmental and financial. This differs from traditional reporting frameworks as it includes
ecological (or environmental) and social measures that can be difficult to assign appropriate
means of measurement. The TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps: people,
planet and profits. We can refer to these as the 3Ps.
The ‘triple bottom line’ is variously described as:
➢ social, environmental and economic performance;
➢ sustainable development, sustainable environment, sustainable communities;
➢ impact on society, the environment, and economic sustainability;
➢ economic, environmental and social sustainability;
2. 2
➢ economic prosperity, environmental quality, and social justice;
➢ economic growth, ecological balance and social progress;
➢ economic growth, social progress and environmental health;
➢ economy, environment, equity;
➢ Profit, people, planet (or planet, people, profit).
At its narrowest, the term ‘triple bottom line’ is used as a framework for measuring and reporting
corporate performance against economic, social and environmental parameters. At its broadest,
the term is used to capture the whole set of values, issues and processes that companies must
address in order to minimise any harm resulting from their activities and to create economic,
social and environmental value. This involves being clear about the company’s purpose and
taking into consideration the needs of all the company’s stakeholders—shareholders, customers,
employees, business partners, governments, local communities and the public. (Sustainability
2003: website)
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) reporting is a method used in business accounting to further expand
stakeholders‟ knowledge of the company. It goes beyond the traditional, financial aspects and
reveals the company’s impact on the world around it. There are three main focuses of TBL:
“people, planet, and profit ("Global Reporting Initiative," 2006).” It is a “concerted effort to
incorporate economic, environmental and social considerations into a company’s evaluation
and decision making processes” (Wang & Lin, 2007). This type of reporting establishes
principles by which a company should operate to concentrate on the total effect of their actions
(both positive and negative.).
2.0 Literature Review
Oman and Mac Donal (2003) argue on both conceptual and practical ground that the TBL is an
unhelpful addition to current discussion of corporate social responsibility. Vanclay (2004) argued
that impact assessment, especially social impact assessment, offers far more to those concerned
about social justice and human welfare than does TBL.Mitchell, Curtis and Davidson (2007)
conclude in their study that TBL reporting can enable organizations to better manage their
response to the sustainability challenges when TBL reporting is approached as iterative learning
cycle. Hasan,Goran and Rahaman (2010) pointed out the contribution of TBL as sustainable
corporate performance is that it principally stress the connection between current business and
social orientations and forth-coming planet-orientation ,which is a spectrum not previously
addressed seriously from a business perspective either in practice or literature, because there has
not been any obvious call for it Slaper and Tanyaj (2011) pointed out the concept of TBL can be
used regionally by communities to encourage economic development growth in a sustainable
manner. .Jackson, Boswell and Davis (Nov.2011) stated that in today’s corporate world
accountability is a necessity .This requires companies to extend their information beyond
financial data .TBL connects the financial reporting with the business’s everyday activities in
away that provides a broader awareness of the impact of the business upon society. Dutta
(April,2012) identified the critical need based development a new conceptual basis for
generating accounting information in order to support multi-stakeholders interests and
relationship and explains the logical development of an integrated sustainability reporting system
3. 3
founded upon the TBL of an organization’s economic ,environmental and social performance.
Ekwueme,Egbunike and Onyali (2013) recommends the adoption of sustainability reports for
organizations seeking sustainable corporate performance .The improved transparency and
accountability levels of traditional financial reports through inclusion of TBL principles could
serve as a Labyrinth Safeguarding Corporations against legal hassle and surmounting stakeholder
pressure.
3.0 History of Triple Bottom Line Reporting
The ‘triple bottom line’ (TBL) concept was evolved by Elkington in 1994 to expand the
environmentalist agenda of those working towards sustainability so that it more explicitly
incorporates a social dimension (Elkington, 2004). He used the phrase as the basis for his book
Cannibals with Forks (Elkington, 1998), where he explains that TBL refers to the three bottom
lines of “economic prosperity, environmental quality, and social justice” (ibid. p. ix). For
Elkington, it is the “social justice” dimension that completes the triple bottom line, and is the
element of sustainability that businesses “preferred to overlook” (ibid., p. 71). Corporate social
responsibility started to spread more dramatically towards the end of the 20th century when
worries about the environment were beginning to grow (Stanislavská, Margarisová & Štastná,
2010), especially in connection with climatic changes, pollution, habitat loss, overexploitation of
species, and the spread of invasive species or genes (Reddy & Gordon, 2010), which led to the
development of environmental reporting (Stanislavská et al., 2010). To cope up with the
globalized challenges, corporate all around the globe wants to consider applying a corporate
sustainability plan by addressing their “Triple Bottom Line Reporting” which includes paying
close attention to their economic (financial factors), environmental (risk and requirement factors)
and social (human factors) issue (Dutta et al.,2011).
4.0 Guidelines of Corporate Triple Bottom Line Reporting
Corporate Triple Bottom Line (CTBL) disclosure items are handpicked from the annual
reports/corporate social responsibility reports of the sample units after a thorough examination of
the contents of annual reports/corporate social responsibility reports. Literature survey was used
for the selection of corporate triple bottom line reporting indicators or disclosure items and their
major sub-indicators.
4.1 Selection of CTBL Indicators
There being no regulatory requirement (except energy efficiency related disclosure in Director’s
Report) CTBL disclosures are not structured. To show the trends in corporate triple bottom line
disclosures and to analyze the extent and type of disclosure in a systematic manner, selection of
some indicators was considered necessary. Based on the study of Elkington (2004), the study
concentrated on 3 primary indicators and some major sub-indicators. Content analysis was used
to place information within following 3 dimensions/indicators:
4. 4
1. Environment: Environmental Indicators cover performance related to inputs (e.g.,
material, energy, water) and outputs (e.g., emissions, effluents, waste). In addition, they cover
performance related to biodiversity and environmental compliance.
2. Social: The social dimension concerns an organisation’s impacts on the social systems
within which it operates.
3. Economic: The economic dimension concerns an organisation’s impacts on the economic
circumstances of its stakeholders and on economic systems at the local, national and global
levels.
List of Indicators/Sub-Indicators to Evaluate the Extent of TBL Reporting
Sl.
No.
Environment Social Economic
1 Company’s statement of a
corporate commitment to
environmental protection
Company’s statement of a
corporate commitment to
its
shareholders and society
Information about size and
profitability
2 Any mention of environmental
regulation
Awards received relevant to
social performance
Identification of a contact
person for providing
additional
information
3 Involvement of environmental
experts in business operations
Identification of a contact
person for providing
additional information
Products or services
breakdown
4 Environmental audit No. of employees and their
geographic distribution
Market shares by region
5 Environmental awards Turnover of workforce Information on backlog
orders
6 Incorporation of environmental
concerns into business decisions
e.g. green purchasing
Levels of employee
education
Information on major
suppliers
7 Identification of a contact person
providing information
Employee benefits
concerning health care,
disability, retirement
Payroll information by
countries or regions
8 Energy usage information Employee job satisfaction Fringe benefits information
by countries or regions
9 Encouragement of renewable
energy consumption
Employee health and safety
information e.g. number of
lost workdays, accidents, or
deaths
Employee stock options or
bonus programs
10 Water usage information Employee training and
education
Information on major
creditors
11 Information concerning the
materials that are recycled or
reused
Any mention of policy
addressing workplace
harassment and
discrimination
Dividend distributions
12 Any mention of strategy for the
use of recycled products
Number of women &
minorities
Taxes
13 Information about the source,
type and remedy procedures of
emissions
Policy or procedure dealing
with human rights issues
Discussion of social capital
formation e.g. donations
14 Pollution impacts of
transportation equipment used for
logistical purposes
Any mention of policy for
preserving customer health
and safety
Size and types of major
tangible investments
15 Environmental impacts of
principle products and services
Company’s involvement in
community philanthropic
activity
Economic performance of
major tangible investments
16 Discussion of the amount and
type of wastes and mention of
waste management
Policy for prioritizing local
employment
R&D investments
17 Any mention of environmental
accounting policies
Policy for compliance
mechanism for bribery and
corruption
Investment in information
technology
5. 5
18 Environmental expenditures Policy for preventing anti-
competitive behavior
Other intangible investments
e.g. brand value, reputation
19 Fines, Lawsuits, or non-
compliance incidents
Policy for consumer
privacy
Earnings or sales forecasts
20 Environmental contingent
liabilities
Provision of business code Any mention of other
forward-looking information
5.0 Triple Bottom Line Reporting in India
The level of sustainability reporting in India is in its infancy and still evolving. The three
dimensions for TBL Reporting in India are people, planet and profit, which lead to sustainable
development. The “People Bottom line” (human capital) pertains to fair and beneficial business
practices toward employees and the community. The “Planet Bottom line” (natural capital) refers
to sustainable environmental practices. Sustainability and global warming are real and critical
issues that global businesses must deal with. The “Profit Bottom line” is the ability of an
enterprise to create economic surpluses. Without profits, enterprises would be unsustainable.
5.1 The People Bottom Line:
The key stake holders associated with “People” dimension of the triple bottom line include (i0
Local communities’ impact (ii) employees. The key areas include under the people bottom line
are as follows:
• Activities are selected in this way so that the benefits reach the smallest unit i.e. village,
panchayat, block or district depending on the operations and resource capacity of the firm.
Indentified CSR activities should generate community goodwill and create social impact and
visibility.
• Implementation of community development interventions through specialized agencies,
including community based organizations, panchayats, self help groups etc.
• Need to undertaking base line surveys prior to initiation of intervention and monitoring of
CSR interventions through Social Audit Committee.
• Final evaluation of CSR projects by an independent external agency.
• Each firm should have a separate paragraph or chapter in its annual report on
implementation of CSR activities.
• Large Indian firms have embarked on initiatives to position themselves as “model
employer” offering opportunities for impactful roles with rich job content, rich perquisites,
benefits and social security, hiring and retaining talent.
5.2 The Environmental Bottom Line:
The following provisions have been incorporated in CSR Guidelines notified in April 2010.
• Need to develop a CSR action plan outlining key objectives and strategies over the short,
medium and long term as against one of project based approach.
• Identified CSR activities may be related to United Nations Global Compact Programme
on Environment, with every firm taking the responsibility for restoring or compensating for any
ecological damage taking place as a result of its operations.
• Implementation of community development interventions through specialized agencies,
including community based organizations, panchayats, self help groups etc.
6. 6
• Final evaluation of CSR projects by an independent external agency.
• Each firm should have a separate paragraph or chapter in its annual report on
implementation of CSR activities including facts related to Physical and Financial progress
5.3 The Profit Bottom Line:
The Government took a number of key initiatives towards empowering the Board of Directors of
the firm and ensuring greater focus on the performance dimension. Some of the key initiatives
are as follows:
• Notification of Corporate Governance Guidelines to be followed by all firms.
• Boards have also been empowered to independently take decisions on the important
financial and non-financial business matters.
• All the firms are required to enter in to an agreement with their administrative ministry in
the Government before the beginning of the financial year.
6. Disadvantages of Corporate Triple Bottom Line Reporting
Several arguments are currently being made against Triple Bottom Line Reporting.
➢ The feeling in some companies is that ultimately nothing will change; whereas other
companies are more concerned with nothing staying the same. They also tend to be
uneasy about the control that will have to be relinquished. Other arguments are the
amount of additional time that will be involved, differing expectations, and risks that may
be entailed from implementation of this approach.
➢ According to studies, one worry is the possibility that a company’s actions might not
support their intentions. The companies declare that they intend to take on the challenges
of becoming more socially and ecologically accountable, but the only proof of that is
“mere pieces of paper or pretty plaques on the organization’s wall” (Mitchell, Curtis, &
Davidson, 2008; Painter-Morland, 2006). In many cases, companies have allowed
appropriate reporting to be influenced by corporate supremacy. This indicates that, to
some extent, abiding by the guidelines of TBL can be difficult to maintain.
➢ If TBL is added to a company’s report process, the additional time could initially
negatively affect their bottom line, increasing the task complexity of their operations.
(Skouloudis, Evangelinos, & Kourmousis, 2009). Not only is the scoring of the company
to determine how well the operations are matching the goals time consuming, but also the
execution of new procedures and training required to prepare employees for the new
tasks can be expensive. Companies, which already have overloaded employees, will need
to add additional responsibilities in order to incorporate and measure these new
procedures. Additional work is additional stress on their labor resources. An
individual’s stress associated with work creates multiple problems not only for that
person but also for the company in poor health, absenteeism, decreased job satisfaction,
and an unstable emotional state.
➢ As a company strives to meet the goals of sustainability, opponents may focus on the
ethical problems uncovered through the process. Accusations by critics could lead to poor
company perception while the company undertakes a shift to a new more socially sound
7. 7
environmental focus. Critics are typically “slow to praise and quick to criticize” (Mish &
Scammon, 2010). With this potential initial backlash, companies might be hesitant to
embrace a sustainability agenda, or become extremely introverted during the shift toward
TBL reporting.
Conclusion
As the popularity for Triple Bottom Line Reporting grows and more competitors from different
markets choose to address the social and ecological issues at hand, the standards by which the
companies operate should be raised to meet higher needs. Today, accountability in the corporate
world is a necessity. This requires companies to extend their information beyond financial data;
TBL connects the financial reporting with the business’s everyday activities in a way that
provides a broader awareness of the impact of the business upon society .As stated previously,
TBL reporting has three dimensions: people, planet, and profit. The social dimension includes
the company’s impact on its employees and the social system within its community. When
looking at the environmental dimension, companies need to look at the qualitative and
quantitative affects they are having on their local, national, and international resources. The last,
but certainly not the least, economic dimension includes the company’s financial performance,
the flow of capital, and their economic involvement in society. By adopting TBL reporting,
businesses understand that they are held to specific principles that are developed by internal and
external forces. For this reason, they will need to focus on the impact that their operations have
on the community.
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