CSP Exam Volume 6 Ebook (Noted 7).pdf

Copyright © 2012 Bowen EHS, Inc.
All rights reserved.
BOWEN EHS BOOK
OF
CSP EXAM PRACTICE PROBLEMS
50 QUESTIONS
Volume VI
A Compilation of Study Questions Published from June 9, 2010 through July 7, 2011

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Copyright © 2012 Bowen EHS, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by
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without permission in writing from the publisher.
Disclaimer:
This book contains problems and solutions for occupational safety and health
professionals. The information is considered to be correct and compatible with
standards generally acceptable at the time of publication. However, the author
and publisher disclaim any liability, loss, injury, or damage incurred as a
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ISBN-13: 978-1-937224-13-4

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Introduction
This workbook is designed for health and safety professionals preparing to
take the certification exams offered by the Board of Certified Safety Professionals
(BCSP). The best way to prepare for the exams is practice, practice, and more
practice. One problem many people face is finding practice problems.
This workbook is intended to give people some of the much needed
practice at a reasonable cost. It is composed of practice questions originally
published as part of the free study questions offered via email by Bowen EHS,
Inc.
There is no intended pattern of subject matter. An attempt has been
made to create questions in each of the subjects that may be tested on the
exam. Solutions to the questions are found at the back of the workbook.
You will probably find it useful to use the exam reference sheet available
from the BCSP at www.bcsp.org. A calculator will be useful in solving many of
the problems. Be sure to practice using a calculator that is approved by the
board for taking the exam. A list of approved calculators is available on their
website.
Bowen EHS, Inc. also offers an 8 week online review course for the exam.
The review course consists of two 2-hour lectures each week of the course.
Students participate via their computer. We also send free study questions via
email. More information is available at www.BowenEHS.com.
Please contact us if you have any questions or comments regarding this
workbook.

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1. Statistics
A certain piece of construction equipment is designed to accommodate persons
with a height between 64 inches and 74 inches. If the average employee height
is 69 inches, and the standard deviation of height is 2.3 inches, what is the
probability that a randomly selected employee will be less than 64 inches tall?
Assume the distribution of employee height follows the normal distribution.
A. 1.5%
B. 48.5%
C. 98.5%
D. 99.0%
2. Community Exposures
Which of the following air pollutants is responsible for acid rain?
A. CO
B. O3
C. PM10
D. SO2
69
64
48.5%

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3. Fire Safety
What is important to remember about fire rated walls?
A. Fire rated walls do not need to be maintained once built.
B. Fire rated walls must not allow passage of heat, fire gas, or smoke.
C. Fire rated walls must be clearly marked with an exit sign.
D. Fire rated walls do not need to be sealed around penetrations of electrical
conduit, but they must be sealed around plumbing penetrations.
4. Engineering Economy
A safety manager is saving to purchase an accelerometer. He is saving $100
each month in a savings account paying 1.3% annual interest compounded
monthly. How much will he have at the end of 2 years?
A. $2,400.00
B. $2,415.60
C. $2,430.13
D. $2,797.47

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5. Ergonomics
What part of the body may be diagnosed with DeQuervain’s syndrome?
A. Thumb
B. Wrist
C. Elbow
D. Knee
6. Risk Assessment
Which organization determines carcinogenicity of chemicals?
A. ASTM
B. ANSI
C. NFPA
D. IARC

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7. Safety Management
What is the DART (days away, restricted, transferred) rate for a company that
had eleven (11) recordable incidents and worked a total of 452,000 annual man
hours?
A. 3.4
B. 4.9
C. 7.8
D. 11.0
8. Noise
At the operator’s station 10 feet away from an industrial shaker, the sound level
is documented to be 103.0 dB. What is the estimated sound level at 45 feet
away from the shaker?
A. 106.4 dB
B. 93.3 dB
C. 90.2 dB
D. 89.9 dB

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The Safety Department intends to purchase 100 new lanyards & harnesses in 3
years at a cost of $11,000.00. How much should be invested (annual interest
rate equals 4.0%) to cover the $11,000.00 cost in 3 years?
A. $8,898.72
B. $9,335.87
C. $9,778.96
D. $10,040.44
The Pareto Principle states that…
A. The majority of all accidents are caused by human error.
B. 80% of all problems come from 20% of the causes.
C. Time, distance, and shielding are the foundation of radiation protection
D. The probability of success is based upon the continuance of maintenance.

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11. Risk Management
Which solution describes claims-made insurance?
A. Coverage that applies to liabilities incurred and asserted during the policy
period.
B. Coverage after the termination of the policy that applies to liabilities that
occur during the policy period.
C. Coverage after the termination of the policy for liabilities that occur after
the policy period.
D. Coverage that applies to liabilities during the policy period and for a period
of 10 years after termination of the policy.
12. Confined Space Entry
Which three gases are typically evaluated in a confined space before entry?
A. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
B. LEL, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
C. Nitrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide
D. Oxygen, LEL, carbon monoxide

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13. Radiation
An unshielded radioactive source has an intensity of 40 mrad/hour at 10 feet.
What is the intensity at 2 feet?
A. 20 mrad/hour
B. 400 mrad/hour
C. 1,000 mrad/hour
D. 2,000 mrad/hour
14. Ventilation
What is the resultant concentration in a room after 10 minutes given the following
conditions: Room dimensions = 120’ x 10’ x 15’; Effective ventilation rate = 1500
cfm; Initial concentration = 200 ppm?
A. 43 ppm
B. 87 ppm
C. 126 ppm
D. 174 ppm

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15. Legal Liability
A company rents inflatable bouncing rooms to be used at children’s birthday
parties. The rental company includes a waiver for the parent to sign that the
parent will not sue the company if a child is injured while using the device. What
is the main purpose of the waiver?
A. The main purpose is to create a legal document protecting the company
from strict liability lawsuits.
B. The main purpose is to create a legal document protecting the company
from frivolous lawsuits.
C. The main purpose is to create a legal document protecting the company
from negligence lawsuits.
D. The main purpose is to inform the parent of the risk associated with using
the device.
16. System Safety
Which of the following system safety analysis techniques may lead to an
estimation of the probability of a catastrophic event?
A. Management Oversight and Risk Tree
B. Fault Tree Analysis
C. Preliminary Hazard Analysis
D. Failure Modes and Effect Analysis

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17. Engineering
What is the water pressure in a hose connected to the bottom of a 10,000 gallon
water tank? The water level in the tank is 32 feet.
A. 13.9 psi
B. 62.5 psi
C. 444 psi
D. 2000 psi
18. Statistics
Calculate the Spearman rank correlation between audit score and performance
score from the following table:
A. 1.00
B. 0.90
C. -0.90
D. -1.00
Facility Audit Ranking Performance Ranking
New York 5 1
Los Angeles 4 2
Chicago 3 3
Miami 2 4
New Orleans 1 5

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19. Radiation
What is the estimated dose rate 2 feet from a 2 mCurie gamma source with an
energy level of 1.33 MeV?
A. 4 mrem/hr
B. 8 mrem/hr
C. 4 rem/hr
D. 8 rem/hr
20. Industrial Hygiene
What is the TWA exposure from the personal breathing zone of an employee that
was measured over 8 hours? There were 4 consecutive air samples. Each
sample was collected over 2 hours. The concentrations from the 4 samples were
22 ppm, 3 ppm, 5 ppm, and 8 ppm.
A. 2.4 ppm
B. 4.8 ppm
C. 9.5 ppm
D. 38 ppm

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21. Personal Protective Equipment
What is the assigned protection factor for a tight-fitting full-face PAPR?
A. 10
B. 50
C. 1,000
D. 10,000
22. Hazard Identification
What is the most common type of workplace eye injury?
A. Cataracts
B. Foreign body
C. Thermal burn
D. Chemical burn

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23. Risk Communication
Which of the following is not included in the “Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk
Communication” established by the US EPA?
A. Meet the needs of the media
B. Speak clearly and with compassion
C. Accept and involve the public/other consumers as legitimate partners
D. Coordinate and collaborate only with others who agree with your view
24. Heat Stress
What will happen to personal heat load when air movement is increased at
ambient temperatures greater than 104 F?
A. Decreasing heat gain
B. Increases heat gain by convection but overall stress is reduced due to
evaporation
C. Increases heat gain
D. Decreases heat gain by evaporation by increases conductive heat gain

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25. Ventilation
What is the required dilution ventilation rate to maintain an atmospheric
concentration of acetone below the PEL given the following conditions?
Evaporation rate = 0.5 pints/hour, PEL = 1,000 ppm, Molecular weight = 58,
specific gravity = 0.792, and the mixing factor is 4.
A. 183 cfm
B. 1,098 cfm
C. 1,980 cfm
D. 10,980 cfm
26. Noise
A small business maintains a computer server to facilitate email and data
storage. The fan on the server fan generates noise measured at 86 dBA at a
nearby worker’s desk. Which noise control solution should the business owner
try first to lower the employee’s noise exposure?
A. Issue hearing protection devices with an NRR greater than 5 to the worker
B. Buy a radio for the worker so that the employee can listen to music over
the noise of the server
C. Build an enclosure around the server to contain the noise
D. Change the orientation of the server to direct the noise in a different
direction

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27. Risk Assessment
Which of the listed worker activities poses the greatest risk for typical
employees?
A. Working with a class 2 laser for one day.
B. Working in an atmosphere of 0.5 ppm of benzene for one day.
C. Working near a machine generating a noise level of 88 dBA for one day.
D. Driving a delivery truck for one day.
28. Electricity
What is the total resistance from four 200-ohm resistors that are wired in together
in a parallel circuit?
A. 50 ohms
B. 100 ohms
C. 200 ohms
D. 800 ohms

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29. Fire Safety
What is the minimum clearance needed between the ceiling of an office space
and the top of materials stored on filing cabinets where sprinklers are flush with
the ceiling?
A. 6 inches
B. 12 inches
C. 18 inches
D. 24 inches
30. Legal Liability
Which example below most closely describes negligence from a manufacturing
company?
A. The company tests a product extensively before selling to the public, but a
previously unknown health hazard is discovered after the product has been
on the market for 10 years.
B. A consumer harms himself while using the product in an unintended manner.
C. The company sells a product that does not perform as advertised in its
marketing materials.
D. The company knew that raw material quality is critical in the manufacturing
process, but failed to perform quality control tests on raw materials. A batch of
poor quality materials from one a supplier results in consumer harm.

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31. Engineering
What is the force of friction when sliding a 500 pound wooden crate along a
horizontal wooden floor? The coefficient of friction is 0.2, and the surface area of
the crate is 9 square feet.
A. 100 lbs
B. 900 lbs
C. 4,500 lbs
D. 10,000 lbs
32. Toxicology
Which
occupational exposure below is linked with nasal cancer?
A. Benzene
B. Asbestos
C. Cotton Dust
D. Formaldehyde

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33. System Safety
A product has an expected life of 25 years. At which point in the product’s life is
it likely to have the greatest failure rate?
A. 6 months
B. 1 year
C. 5 years
D. 10 years
34. Risk Management
Who should be the primary (most frequent) contact with the media during a large-
scale hazardous material emergency?
A. Incident Commander
B. Safety Officer
C. Financial Officer
D. Public Relations Specialist

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What is the value of an initial $50,000 investment after 5 years that is earning
3.2% annual interest compounded monthly?
A. $51,600
B. $52,200
C. $58,529
D. $58,664
36. Statistics
Calculate the Spearman Rank Correlation of Audit Rank and Performance Rank
for the four sites.
Site Audit Rank Performance Rank
AA 1 4
BB 2 3
CC 3 2
DC 4 1
A. -1.00
B. -0.50
C. 0.00
D. 1.00

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37. Physics
Which type of rigging arrangement with a sling will lift the greatest load?
A. A single vertical leg attached to a hook
B. A vertical leg wrapped around the weight using a choke hold
C. A vertical basket hitch
D. Two slings tied in a knot
What is the primary purpose of the ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?
A. The primary purpose of ANSI/AIHA Z10 is to provide a management tool
to reduce the risk of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.
B. The primary purpose of ANSI/AIHA Z10 is to reduce occupational
exposures to chemicals.
C. The primary purpose of ANSI/AIHA Z10 is to create an international
voluntary safety standard.
D. The primary purpose of ANSI/AIHA Z10 is to create an American voluntary
safety standard.

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39. System Safety
Which statement best describes a “What-If” analysis?
A. It is an informal investigative method of evaluating hypothetical situations.
B. It is a formal, systematic, logical and structured method to evaluate
potential deviations of operations or design standards.
C. It is a formal method of evaluating the effects of possible failures in a
system.
D. It is a structured deductively reasoned analysis to determine what events
may lead to a catastrophic event.
40. Product Liability
A retailer sold bread that was labeled as “Gluten Free”. Unfortunately, the bread
was made with wheat flour and contained large amounts of gluten. The retailer
knew the bread actually contained gluten. Customers with celiac disease that
consumed the bread became very sick. Which liability theory may be used to
sue the retailer?
A. Warranty
B. Negligence
C. Strict liability
D. All of the above

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41. Training
What is one of the benefits of using a quiz at the end of a safety training lesson?
A. A quiz can be written to ensure everyone answers all questions correctly
and documents that the lesson objectives are met.
B. A quiz can provide another learning opportunity.
C. A quiz can inspire participants to learn more about the subject.
D. A quiz can document improved attitudes of participants.
42. Electrical
There are 3 resistors wired together in parallel. R1 = 500 Ω, R2 = 1000 Ω, and
R3 = 1500 Ω. What is the total resistance of this circuit?
A. 0.0037 Ω
B. 272 Ω
C. 1,000 Ω
D. 3,000 Ω

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43. Environmental
Which device is used to remove solids from waste water effluent?
A. Cyclone
B. Scrubber
C. Oil water separator
D. Clarifier
44. Fire Safety
Which NFPA Standard is referred to as the Life Safety Code?
A. NFPA 13
B. NFPA 20
C. NFPA 72
D. NFPA 101

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45. Thermal Stress
What is the outdoor wet bulb globe temperature on a sunny day when the wet
bulb is 75 F, the dry bulb is 82 F, and the globe temperature is 84 F?
A. 75.0 F
B. 77.5 F
C. 77.7 F
D. 80.3 F
46. Toxicology
Which substance affects the central nervous system?
A. Wood Dust
B. Cotton Dust
C. Asbestos
D. Arsenic

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47. Ventilation
How is the Reynolds number useful in ventilation design?
A. The Reynolds number is used to estimate terminal settling velocity of a
particle.
B. The Reynolds number is used to estimate turbulence in the ductwork.
C. The Reynolds number is used to estimate capture velocity of a hood.
D. The Reynolds number is used to estimate the mixing factor in a room.
48. Physics
How much force is required to keep a 10,000 pound steel sled moving across
smooth ice if the surface area of the sled is about 6 square feet? The coefficient
of kinetic friction between ice and steel is approximately 0.03.
A. 150 lbs
B. 300 lbs
C. 1800 lbs
D. 21,600 lbs

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49. Training
What is cognitive learning?
A. Development of attitudes feelings and preferences.
B. Development of competence in the performance of a task.
C. Acquiring information and concepts coupled with the ability to apply it to
new situations.
D. Development of resources to meet a specific need.
50. Risk Management
The city of Garner, NC held their annual fireworks display in an open park on July
3 this year. Numerous uniformed police officers and EMS personnel were on site
including the Wake County mobile emergency command center. Somewhere
between 15,000 and 20,000 persons attended the event. What was the purpose
of having the EMS (emergency medical service) personnel at the event?
A. EMS personnel were there to eliminate the probability of injuries or
illnesses of attendees.
B. EMS personnel were there to lower the probability of severe injuries or
illnesses of attendees.
C. EMS personnel were there to eliminate the severity of injuries or illnesses
of attendees.
D. EMS personnel were there to minimize the severity of injuries or illnesses
of attendees.

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SOLUTIONS
1. i
X -X
Z =
σ
where:
Xi = data point
X= mean value
σ= standard deviation
i
X -X
Z =
σ
64 69
2.3
−
= -2.17
The Z-table value for 2.17
is 0.4850.
The area under the
curve between 64 and 69
is 48.5%.
This means 50% - 48.5%
equals 1.5%. 1.5% is the
probability a randomly
selected employee
is less than 64” tall.
The correct solution is A.
Z-Table

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2. CO is carbon monoxide.
O3 is ozone.
PM10 is particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm.
SO2 is sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide can undergo chemical reactions in the
atmosphere leading to acid rain.
The correct solution is D.
3. Fire rated walls are designed to contain a fire or slow the spread of the
fire. Any penetrations that allow hot gases and smoke to pass through the
wall destroy the integrity of the wall.
The correct solution is B.
4.
( )
n
1+i -1
F=A
i
 
 
 
 
A = $100/month
i = 0.013/12 months = 0.00108
n = 2 years x 12 months/year = 24 months
( )
24
1+0.00108 -1
F=$100
0.00108
 
 
 
 
= $2,430.13
The correct solution is C.

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5. Ergonomic injuries are normally defined by the location of the body that is
affected. DeQuervain’s syndrome is an inflammation of the sheathing
surrounding two tendons controlling thumb movements.
It has been believed to be caused by twisting and wringing motions of the
hands. It is suspected that thumb typing on a small phone or PDA may
also cause DeQuervain’s syndrome.
6. ASTM International is the American Standards for Testing and Materials
ANSI is the American National Standards Institute
NFPA is the National Fire Protection Association
IARC is the International Agency for Research on Cancer
7. This question was poorly worded. We needed to specify that each of the
recordable incidents resulted in lost time or (days away, restricted or
transferred).
If you assumed that each of the incidents resulted in lost time, then the
correct calculation is given below.
(Days Away, Restriced, Transferred Incidents) x 200,000
DART=
Hours Worked
11 x 200,000
DART= 4.9
452,000
=

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8.
1
2 1
2
2
d
SPL = SPL + 20log
d
10
SPL = 103.0 dB + 20log = 89.9 dB
45
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. P = F(1 + i)-n
where
P = present value
F = future value
i = interest rate
n = number of periods (years)
P = $11,000(1 + 0.04)-3
= $9,778.96
10. The Pareto Principle (80-20 rule) states that 80% of all problems (i.e.
effects) come from 20% of the causes. This principle has applicability in
safety, economics, populations, etc.
11. Occurrence insurance covers incidents that occur during the policy period.
The policy in force on the date of the event must cover the loss.
Claims made insurance covers incidents based on the date that the
insured becomes aware of the claim and notifies the insurance carrier.

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12. Oxygen deficiency and explosive atmospheres are significant hazards in
confined spaces. Carbon monoxide is also likely to be present from
nearby combustion sources.
13.
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
d
I =I
d
10 ft
I =40 mrad/hr = 1,000 mrad/hour
2 ft
 
 
 
 
 
 

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14. Room volume = 120 ft x 10 ft x 15 ft = 18,000 ft3
( )
2
2 1
1
C Q'
ln = - t -t
C V
 
 
 
2
C
ln = -0.8333
200 ppm
 
 
 
-0.8333
2
C
= e
200 ppm
C2 = (200 ppm)(0.4346) = 87 ppm
15. Parents cannot give away or sign away the rights of their children. If a
child is injured due to the negligence of another party, they have a right
seek compensation for their injuries.
16. Management oversight and risk tree is a method of managing resources to
minimize risk.
Fault tree analysis may be quantitative or qualitative. It is a method to
determine the events leading up to a catastrophic event. Quantitative
methods lead to an estimate of the probability of the event.
Preliminary hazard analysis is a first look at the potential hazards of a
product under development.
Failure modes and effect analysis evaluates the potential effects from
equipment failure.

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17. Water pressure = ρgh where:
ρ = density of water
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = water height
ρg = 62.4 lbs/ft3
Water pressure = [62.4 lbs/ft3
] x 32 ft = 1,996.8 lbs/ft2
Convert the solution into psi: [1,996.8 lbs/ft2
] x [1 ft2
/144 in2
] = 13.9 lbs/in2
18. Set up a table to determine the difference (D) between rankings.
Facility Audit Ranking Performance Ranking D
New York 5 1 4
Los Angeles 4 2 2
Chicago 3 3 0
Miami 2 4 2
New Orleans 1 5 4
( )
2
s 2
6 D
r = 1 -
N N -1
∑
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
s 2
6 4 2 0 2 4
r = 1 -
5 5 -1
+ + + +
= -1.00

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19. Dose rate at 1 foot:
S ≅ 6CE
S ≅ 6(0.002)(1.33) = 0.016 rem/hr
Dose rate at 2 feet:
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
d
I = I
d
1
I = 0.016
2
 
 
 
 
 
 
I2 = 0.004 rem/hr = 4 mrem/hr
20. 1 1 2 2 n n
1 2 n
C T +C T + +C T
TWA =
T +T + +T


22(2) + 3(2) + 5(2) + 8(2) 76
TWA =
2 2 2 2 8
=
+ + +
= 9.5 ppm
21. A half-face air purifying respirator (APR) has an assigned protection factor
of 10.
A full-face APR has an assigned protection factor of 50.
A tight-fitting full-face powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) has an
assigned protection factor of 1,000.

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22. Foreign bodies are the most common type of physical injury to the eye.
Cataracts can be occupationally caused by: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet
radiation, infrared radiation, foreign bodies, and chemicals.
23. For effective risk communication, you should coordinate and collaborate
with other credible sources, not only people who agree with your view
point. In addition to a, b, and c, you should:
1. Be honest, frank, and open
2. Listen to the public’s specific concerns
3. Plan carefully and evaluate your efforts with a focus on your strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Source: Covello, Vincent T.; Allen., Frederick H. (April
1988). Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication. Washington,
DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OPA-87-020.
24. Typical body temperature is 98.6 F. Air temperatures greater than 98.6 F
increase heat gain.

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25. Q =
6
403 x 10 x SG x ER x K
MW x C
Q =
6 0.5
403 x 10 x 0.792 x x 4
60
58 x 1000
Q = 183 cfm
26. The generally accepted hierarchy of controls is provided below:
Elimination of hazard
Substitution (of a less hazardous substance)
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment
The simplest solution of the options provided is to change the server
orientation. This should be tried first.

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27. Class 2 lasers are safe unless the blink reflex of the eye is intentionally
suppressed.
Long term exposures to benzene may lead to leukemia. There is
insufficient evidence to adequately estimate the risk of one day exposures
at 0.5 ppm. It is likely to be extremely low risk.
The OSHA noise limit is 90 dBA over 8 hours, and the ACGIH Noise TLV
is 85 dBA over 8 hours.
The number one cause of occupational fatalities is motor vehicle
accidents.
28.
1
RT
=
1
200
+
1
200
+
1
200
+
1
200
1
RT
=0.02
RT = 50 ohms
29. A minimum clearance of 18 inches is required below ceilings to allow
sprinklers to work effectively.
Storage must be 18 inches below bottom of the sprinkler head; if you have
a sprinkler which is three inches below the ceiling the storage height
would be 21 inches. If the room is not sprinklered the storage would be 24
inches below the ceiling.

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30. In order for a consumer to successfully sue a manufacturing company for
negligent practices, the consumer must prove…
• a defect existed in the product when it left the manufacturer,
• the defect caused the consumer harm, and
• the manufacturer knew or should have known about the defect and
had a duty to provide a product free of defects.
31. F = µN
F = 0.2(500 lbs) = 100 lbs
32. Benzene is most strongly linked with leukemia.
Asbestos can cause lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma.
Cotton dust exposure can cause byssinosis.
Formaldehyde has been labeled a known human carcinogen. It is linked
to nasal cancer.
33. Product failure rates generally follow a bathtub shaped graph. Initial
failure rates are somewhat high, and then quickly decline. Failure rates
start to increase again near the end of the products life.

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34. The Incident Commander should be available to the media for short
periods each day. It is important for this person to directly answer
questions from the media. However, the most frequent contact throughout
the event should be someone well versed in working the media.
35. Monthly interest =
0.032
0.002667
12
=
n = 5 x 12 = 60
( )
( )
( )
n
60
F P 1 i
F $50,000 1 0.002667
F $50,000 1.17328
F $58,664
= +
= +
=
=

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36.
Site Audit Rank Performance
Rank
D
(Audit – Performance)
AA 1 4 -3
BB 2 3 -1
CC 3 2 1
DC 4 1 3
( )
( )
2
s 2
6 D
r 1
N N 1
= −
−
∑
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
s 2
6 ( 3) ( 1) 1 3 6 20 120
r 1 1 1 1
4 15 60
4 4 1
− + − + +
=
− =
− =
− =
−
−
37. Choke holds with slings greatly reduce the lifting capacity of the slings.
Slings should never be tied in knots.
The vertical basket hitch essentially doubles the load capacity of the sling.
38. The primary purpose of ANSI/AIHA Z10 is to provide a management tool
to reduce the risk of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

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39. A “what-if” analysis is an informal method of evaluating hypothetical
situations.
A failure mode and effects analysis is a formal method of evaluating the
effects of possible failures in a system.
A fault tree analysis is a structured deductively reasoned analysis to
determine what events may lead to a catastrophic event.
40. A warranty claim is appropriate when the product does not meet
performance standards as advertised or specifically stated by the seller.
A negligence claim is appropriate when a buyer was harmed by a deficient
product, and the seller knew (or should have known) of the deficiency and
took no action. The deficiency must have existed at the time it left the
control of the seller.
A strict liability claim is appropriate when a product causes harm
regardless of whether the seller knew about the deficiency.
Some product liability claims may be filed under multiple theories.
41. There are 3 main benefits when using a quiz with a safety training lesson.
1. The quiz is another form of documentation that employees
completed the training.
2. The quiz encourages learners to pay attention.
3. The quiz is another learning opportunity. Learners are engaged
when completing a quiz; questions can be written to emphasize
specific points from the lesson.

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- 45 -
42.
T 1 2 N
T
T
T
1 1 1 1
= + + +
R R R R
1 1 1 1
= + +
R 500 1000 1500
1
=0.002 0.001 0.000667 0.003667
R
R =273
+ + =

43. Cyclones and scrubbers remove particulate matter from an airstream.
An oil water separator separates oil from water.
A clarifier removes heavy solids from waste water.
44. NFPA 13 is the standard for sprinkler systems.
NFPA 20 is the standard for stationary fire pumps.
NFPA 72 is the standard for fire alarms.
NFPA 101 is the life safety code.

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45. The WBGT under a solar load = 0.7WBT + 0.2GT + 0.1 DBT
WBGT = 0.7(75) + 0.2(84) + 0.1(82) = 77.5
46. Breathing airborne wood dust can cause respiratory health problems and
possibly some cancers.
The most significant health effect from cotton dust is byssinosis.
Asbestos can cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
Inorganic arsenic targets the liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, and lymphatic
system. The US EPA indicates that inorganic arsenic can also affect the
central nervous system, and NIOSH lists peripheral neuropathy as a
health effect.

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- 47 -
47. The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces for a
fluid. It is a useful way of describing turbulence. A high Reynolds number
indicates turbulent flow, and a low Reynolds number indicates laminar
flow.
48. F = µN = 0.03(10,000 lbs) = 300 lbs.
49. Affective learning is the fostering of attitudes, feelings and preferences.
Behavioral learning is the development of competence in the performance
of tasks, procedures, operations and techniques.
Cognitive learning is the acquisition of information and concepts related to
course content.
50. EMS personnel have the main function of providing emergency medical
services. They were available to quickly treat injured or ill attendees thus
helping to minimize their severity.
It is impossible to eliminate the possibility of injuries or illnesses in such an
event.

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