South korean crypto market overview, nov 2020Xangle.io
The South Korean Crypto Market Overview, published jointly by Xangle and Chainalysis, revealed that the cumulative value of trading volume from the 4 big crypto assets exchanges in South Korea reached about $93 billion from June to October of this year.
Among the many interesting details to come out of the report was the fact that over those 5 months, altcoin trading volume exceeded the global average while Bitcoin trading volume fell short of the global average. According to CMC, Bitcoin accounted for 26% of global trading volume whereas Bitcoin only accounted for 15.3% of trading volume in South Korea.
When an Africal nation, Nigeria, could bring back the off-shore Black Money and distribute it to the citizenry, there is no reason for the Indian government not to do so. But the vested interests do not only block the efforts but have encouraged more black money operations through Electoral Bonds and Foreign Funding in elections.
More important fact is that the BJP is unwilling to do what it had suggested on 30.01.2011 when it was in Opposition. That was a practical and workable suggestion proposed by the Task Force of the BJP. The members of the Among the members of the Task Force were S. Gurumoorty, presently a Director of the RBI and Ajit Doval, presently National Security Advisor.
It is a matter of concern that the BJP is working for the rich and corrupt who generate Black Money.
Over the last decade, Africa has become a global leader in mobile money with the rate of smartphone adoption at twice the global scale. But what challenges is the industry facing and how can these be overcome? Our new article, sponsored by Mazars, explores.
Regulatory ecosystem improvement can boost mobile money in bangladeshMd. Ashraful Alam
This is a presentation on the regulatory framework of mobile money in Bangladesh and how it can boost growth of mobile money in Bangladesh, prepared as part of the Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion course.
South korean crypto market overview, nov 2020Xangle.io
The South Korean Crypto Market Overview, published jointly by Xangle and Chainalysis, revealed that the cumulative value of trading volume from the 4 big crypto assets exchanges in South Korea reached about $93 billion from June to October of this year.
Among the many interesting details to come out of the report was the fact that over those 5 months, altcoin trading volume exceeded the global average while Bitcoin trading volume fell short of the global average. According to CMC, Bitcoin accounted for 26% of global trading volume whereas Bitcoin only accounted for 15.3% of trading volume in South Korea.
When an Africal nation, Nigeria, could bring back the off-shore Black Money and distribute it to the citizenry, there is no reason for the Indian government not to do so. But the vested interests do not only block the efforts but have encouraged more black money operations through Electoral Bonds and Foreign Funding in elections.
More important fact is that the BJP is unwilling to do what it had suggested on 30.01.2011 when it was in Opposition. That was a practical and workable suggestion proposed by the Task Force of the BJP. The members of the Among the members of the Task Force were S. Gurumoorty, presently a Director of the RBI and Ajit Doval, presently National Security Advisor.
It is a matter of concern that the BJP is working for the rich and corrupt who generate Black Money.
Over the last decade, Africa has become a global leader in mobile money with the rate of smartphone adoption at twice the global scale. But what challenges is the industry facing and how can these be overcome? Our new article, sponsored by Mazars, explores.
Regulatory ecosystem improvement can boost mobile money in bangladeshMd. Ashraful Alam
This is a presentation on the regulatory framework of mobile money in Bangladesh and how it can boost growth of mobile money in Bangladesh, prepared as part of the Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion course.
Acceptability of Cashless Economy after Demonetization in IndiaDr. Amarjeet Singh
Demonetization is the demonstration of stripping a
cash unit of its status as legitimate delicate. Demonetisation is
fundamental at whatever point there is an adjustment in
national money. The old unit of cash must be resigned and
supplanted with another money unit.
November the eighth, 2016 - the date has become a
milestone for the Indian economy. It was a customary day for
any Indian, yet then the clock struck 8:15 p.m. also, there was
our Prime Minister tending to the compatriots. In a 25-minute
long discourse, the Prime Minister had pursued a war against
dark cash by pulling back legitimate delicate character of
Rupees 500 and Rupees 1000 notes with impact from 12 PM,
and giving new Rupees 500 and Rupees 2000 set up.
The flooding hazard of phony cash, particularly in
high division, can't be focused on enough. This thus, is stored
as dark cash and is abused by fear based oppressors for
against national and criminal operations. India is as yet known
as a money based economy.
The growing crime and terrorism in different format is a concern of government and people. Bangladesh government may constitute a committee with strong moral persons to investigate similar study like India,if the is any co-operation between criminals, government officials and politicians.
This is the second issue of Oriental Game's The Monthly Bet e-magazine.
In this issue of The Monthly Bet, the focus is on the recent developments on third-party payments and cryptocurrencies. Game payment methods are an integral part of online gambling, so we took a closer look at what is happening around Asia and Europe regarding this aspect. Topics include China’s emergence as a Bitcoin powerhouse, Europe’s plan to regulate Bitcoin, China’s setting of overseas withdrawal limits for UnionPay users, and Bitcoin’s chances after Paypal’s exit from Taiwan. Completing this month’s publication are the iGaming news and features from both Asia and Europe.
Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report: 2013 Edition – New Report ...Koncept Analytics
The report on global remittance market contains a comprehensive analysis of the global remittance industry along with the study of the regional markets including India, China, Mexico and Philippines. For more mail vikas@konceptanalytics.com
Islamic Republic of Iran - Opportunities and Financial Crime Risks.Aperio Intelligence
We are a corporate intelligence and financial crime advisory firm based in the City of London. We specialise in: conducting enhanced due diligence on high risk customers and third parties; integrity due diligence on critical acquisitions and investments; market entry and political risk analysis; and investigations. We provide tailored training and advisory services relating to financial crime, in particular anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance. Our clients include some of the world’s leading regulated financial institutions and corporations. Our team has decades of collective experience in advising clients on financial crime and intelligence gathering, helping them to manage risk and maximise potential.
Contact us today for further information on how we can help you.
State of mobile banking in tanzania andIJNSA Journal
Mobile technology offers an unprecedented growth opportunity for banking industry in Tanzania. As the
economy continues to prosper, increasingly affluent consumers and underbanked segments create demand
for new financial products and services. Many consumers in Tanzania have mobile phones, but not bank
accounts. Therefore, the mobile channel presents an effective way to connect them to the national financial
grid. For the local banks, going mobile may increase banks opportunities to unlock the inherent potential
of underbanked segments. This paper addresses the current state, future prospects, and security challenges
to the usage of mobile banking in Tanzania.
On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum to decide whether to remain or leave the European Union (EU). The UK public voted 52% to 48% to leave. This decision will have huge implications for the FinTech community based in the UK. Innovate Finance shares insights of the results according to responses from members and outlines policy priorities going forwards.
Sample Report: 2021 Key Trends of the Payment Industry: Real-Time Payments in...yStats.com
- How did the payments via the Real-Time Gross Settlement system change amid the pandemic in Egypt?
- What was the increase of the transaction volume of Ghana’s real-time payments during the outbreak?
- How did the transaction value of real-time payments in South Africa change during the pandemic?
- How is NamPay in Namibia going to improve the payment industry of the country?
- What was the volume growth of the Kenyan real-time system amid the COVID-19 outbreak?
Full Report Link: https://bit.ly/3rW7A2j
Whether you are planning for establishing a white label crypto exchange software development company or a centralized trading development in the Middle East, you must know about compliance and taxation outlook in this region. This article will give you a better understanding of legal regulation and taxation in the Middle East.
Top 15 Crypto-Friendly Countries and Regions 2022.pdfFranck La Rocca
Let’s find out which are the Top 15 Crypto-Friendly Countries and Regions 2022.
With the rise of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, more and more people are looking to invest in this new asset class. However, not all countries are equally friendly when it comes to cryptocurrencies. Some countries have outright banned them, while others have placed strict regulations on their use. This can make it difficult for investors to know where to put their money. Here is a quick rundown of some of the most cryptocurrency-friendly countries in the world.
Acceptability of Cashless Economy after Demonetization in IndiaDr. Amarjeet Singh
Demonetization is the demonstration of stripping a
cash unit of its status as legitimate delicate. Demonetisation is
fundamental at whatever point there is an adjustment in
national money. The old unit of cash must be resigned and
supplanted with another money unit.
November the eighth, 2016 - the date has become a
milestone for the Indian economy. It was a customary day for
any Indian, yet then the clock struck 8:15 p.m. also, there was
our Prime Minister tending to the compatriots. In a 25-minute
long discourse, the Prime Minister had pursued a war against
dark cash by pulling back legitimate delicate character of
Rupees 500 and Rupees 1000 notes with impact from 12 PM,
and giving new Rupees 500 and Rupees 2000 set up.
The flooding hazard of phony cash, particularly in
high division, can't be focused on enough. This thus, is stored
as dark cash and is abused by fear based oppressors for
against national and criminal operations. India is as yet known
as a money based economy.
The growing crime and terrorism in different format is a concern of government and people. Bangladesh government may constitute a committee with strong moral persons to investigate similar study like India,if the is any co-operation between criminals, government officials and politicians.
This is the second issue of Oriental Game's The Monthly Bet e-magazine.
In this issue of The Monthly Bet, the focus is on the recent developments on third-party payments and cryptocurrencies. Game payment methods are an integral part of online gambling, so we took a closer look at what is happening around Asia and Europe regarding this aspect. Topics include China’s emergence as a Bitcoin powerhouse, Europe’s plan to regulate Bitcoin, China’s setting of overseas withdrawal limits for UnionPay users, and Bitcoin’s chances after Paypal’s exit from Taiwan. Completing this month’s publication are the iGaming news and features from both Asia and Europe.
Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report: 2013 Edition – New Report ...Koncept Analytics
The report on global remittance market contains a comprehensive analysis of the global remittance industry along with the study of the regional markets including India, China, Mexico and Philippines. For more mail vikas@konceptanalytics.com
Islamic Republic of Iran - Opportunities and Financial Crime Risks.Aperio Intelligence
We are a corporate intelligence and financial crime advisory firm based in the City of London. We specialise in: conducting enhanced due diligence on high risk customers and third parties; integrity due diligence on critical acquisitions and investments; market entry and political risk analysis; and investigations. We provide tailored training and advisory services relating to financial crime, in particular anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance. Our clients include some of the world’s leading regulated financial institutions and corporations. Our team has decades of collective experience in advising clients on financial crime and intelligence gathering, helping them to manage risk and maximise potential.
Contact us today for further information on how we can help you.
State of mobile banking in tanzania andIJNSA Journal
Mobile technology offers an unprecedented growth opportunity for banking industry in Tanzania. As the
economy continues to prosper, increasingly affluent consumers and underbanked segments create demand
for new financial products and services. Many consumers in Tanzania have mobile phones, but not bank
accounts. Therefore, the mobile channel presents an effective way to connect them to the national financial
grid. For the local banks, going mobile may increase banks opportunities to unlock the inherent potential
of underbanked segments. This paper addresses the current state, future prospects, and security challenges
to the usage of mobile banking in Tanzania.
On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum to decide whether to remain or leave the European Union (EU). The UK public voted 52% to 48% to leave. This decision will have huge implications for the FinTech community based in the UK. Innovate Finance shares insights of the results according to responses from members and outlines policy priorities going forwards.
Sample Report: 2021 Key Trends of the Payment Industry: Real-Time Payments in...yStats.com
- How did the payments via the Real-Time Gross Settlement system change amid the pandemic in Egypt?
- What was the increase of the transaction volume of Ghana’s real-time payments during the outbreak?
- How did the transaction value of real-time payments in South Africa change during the pandemic?
- How is NamPay in Namibia going to improve the payment industry of the country?
- What was the volume growth of the Kenyan real-time system amid the COVID-19 outbreak?
Full Report Link: https://bit.ly/3rW7A2j
Whether you are planning for establishing a white label crypto exchange software development company or a centralized trading development in the Middle East, you must know about compliance and taxation outlook in this region. This article will give you a better understanding of legal regulation and taxation in the Middle East.
Top 15 Crypto-Friendly Countries and Regions 2022.pdfFranck La Rocca
Let’s find out which are the Top 15 Crypto-Friendly Countries and Regions 2022.
With the rise of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, more and more people are looking to invest in this new asset class. However, not all countries are equally friendly when it comes to cryptocurrencies. Some countries have outright banned them, while others have placed strict regulations on their use. This can make it difficult for investors to know where to put their money. Here is a quick rundown of some of the most cryptocurrency-friendly countries in the world.
In recent years, the rise of cryptocurrencies has captured the attention of individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. As this digital revolution continues to reshape the financial landscape, it becomes increasingly important to understand the role and impact of cryptocurrency legislation.
A cryptocurrency is a digital currency, which is an alternative form of payment created using encryption algorithms. The use of encryption technologies means that cryptocurrencies function both as a currency and as a virtual accounting system. To use cryptocurrencies, you need a cryptocurrency wallet.
COMMONWEALTH PUSHES MEMBER COUNTRIES TO DECLARE BITCOIN LEGALSteven Rhyner
The Commonwealth of Nations has released a new report that calls on its 53 member countries to speak out about the legality of bitcoin and other digital currencies.
Albania to Begin Levying Crypto Tax Next Year, Report says.Coinxhigh
Southern European country Albania is reportedly on track to begin taxing digital currency earnings as of 2023.
According to the local news platform Exit News, the taxation move is predicated on a new draft law on income tax by the country’s parliaments. This draft law has provided a lot of clarity to some of the grey areas in the digital currency ecosystem in the country, including the definition of what a “virtual asset” is, as well as “cryptocurrency mining”.
Impact of cryptocurrency on Economy - India and Global. This has been taken from several online sources. References mentioned at the end of the article. A cryptocurrency is digital money in an electronic payment system in which payments are validated by a decentralized network of system users and cryptographic protocols instead of by a centralized intermediary (such as a bank).
Money serves three interrelated economic functions: it is a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value. Without it, people would have to engage in a barter economy, wherein people trade goods and services for other goods and services.
There are speculations on whether cryptocurrency will be more efficient and secure than existing money systems or if it can effectively act as money and achieve widespread use. However, that is the not primary focus of the article.
Philippines announces the new cryptocurrency regulatory frameworkBlockchain Council
It was Bitcoin that had laid the foundation for a new era of digital money transaction. 2009 when the world saw Bitcoin surfacing, it was the same year when we got to know about Blockchain that was the underlying technology of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. The Blockchain is that new kid in the town which has taken the world by storm. Being a decade old, this technology has carved a niche for itself and has disrupted almost all the business verticals. From healthcare to finance to supply chain management, Blockchain finds application everywhere.
What is cryptocurrency? how to begin your investment with cryptocurrency exch...Bitcoin Wallet Canada
This article describes all about cryptocurrencies, how they work, and how to invest in crypto as a Canadian citizen. You can also make your investment with the help of a crypto exchange Canada.
Bitcoin's market cap could hit $1 trillion in 2021 as its growing reserve currency status drives adoption higher, a cryptocurrency expert says.
In this PANGEA report were provide an insightful perspective on cryptocurrencies, blockchain and the possibility of an emerging new asset class.
Bitcoin shattered expectations by breaking the $70,000 barrier before halving, signaling a new era of unprecedented highs. And this cycle the surge in bitcoin’s value is amplified by the evolving landscape of crypto banking, intertwining digital currencies with traditional finance. The map, based on our data collection and analysis, shows the geography of crypto banking in 2024. The number of banks or financial firms providing cryptocurrency banking services is rapidly increasing, led by Europe with 64 banks, followed by North America with 30 banks, Asia with 24 banks, and South and Central America with 13 banks. Visit https://coincub.com/ranking/crypto-banking-report-2024/ for more.
Introduction to Bitcoin and Dollarpesa AdoptionJohn doe
1. How do government regulations impact the adoption of cryptocurrencies
like Bitcoin and Dollarpesa?
Government regulations can have both positive and negative effects on the adoption of
cryptocurrencies. While regulations can provide a sense of security and legitimacy to
investors and users, excessive regulations or strict limitations can hinder adoption and
innovation. Finding a balance between regulation and fostering growth is crucial for
widespread adoption.
11
2. Are there countries that have implemented favorable regulations for Bitcoin
and Dollarpesa adoption?
Yes, some countries have adopted favorable regulations to encourage the adoption of
cryptocurrencies. These regulations often provide a supportive environment for
businesses and individuals to engage with digital currencies, promoting innovation and
growth. Case studies of such countries can provide valuable insights into the benefits of
favorable regulations.
3. What are the potential economic and social impacts of government
regulations on Bitcoin and Dollarpesa adoption?
The economic impact of government regulations on adoption can vary. Favorable
regulations can attract investment, drive economic growth, and create new job
opportunities. Conversely, stringent regulations can limit market participation and stifle
innovation. Socially, regulations can influence public perception and trust in digital
currencies, impacting their acceptance and adoption by the general population.
4. What recommendations can be made to governments regarding regulations
on Bitcoin and Dollarpesa adoption?
12
Recommendations for government regulations on adoption include creating a clear and
transparent regulatory framework, fostering collaboration between government and
industry stakeholders, promoting education and awareness about digital currencies, and
adopting a proportionate approach that balances regulation and innovation. It is
essential for governments to continuously evaluate and adapt their regulations to keep
pace with the evolving landscape of cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrency World Is Here Paving the Future in Canada.pptxCrypto in California
Cryptocurrencies are reshaping the financial landscape globally, with Canada standing at the forefront of this transformative journey. This blog delves into the promising trajectory of cryptocurrencies, emphasizing the Canadian legal landscape and shedding light on the crypto environment in Ontario.
Similar to Cryptocurrency regulation in Africa. Report . Ecobank Transnational incorporated (20)
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias digitales docentes medi...eraser Juan José Calderón
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias
digitales docentes mediante juicio de expertos
según el Marco DigCompEdu.
Julio Cabero-Almenara
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
cabero@us.es
Julio Barroso--‐Osuna
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
jbarroso@us.es
Antonio Palacios--‐Rodríguez
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
aprodriguez@us.es
Carmen Llorente--‐Cejudo
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONIS...eraser Juan José Calderón
Proposal for a
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION
LEGISLATIVE ACTS
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive Model
Predecir la adopción de Big Data en empresas con un modelo explicativo y predictivo. @currovillarejo @jpcabrera71 @gutiker y @fliebc
Ética y Revolución Digital
Revista Diecisiete nº 4 2021. Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANORAMA
Ética y Derecho en la Revolución Digital
Txetxu Ausín y Margarita Robles Carrillo
artículoS
¿Cuarta Revolución Industrial? El reto de la digitalización y sus consecuencias ambientales y antropológicas
Joaquín Fernández Mateo
Hacia una ética del ecosistema híbrido del espacio físico y el ciberespacio
Ángel Gómez de Ágreda y Claudio Feijóo
Aprendizaje-Servicio y Agenda 2030 en la formación de ingenieros de la tecnología inteligente
Angeles Manjarrés y Simon Pickin
Tecnología Humanitaria como catalizadora de una nueva arquitectura de Acción Exterior en España: Horizonte 2030
Raquel Esther Jorge Ricart
Revolución digital, tecnooptimismo y educación
Ricardo Riaza
Desafíos éticos en la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial a los sistemas de defensa
Juan A. Moliner González
notas y colaboraciones
Hacerse viral: las actividades artísticas y su respuesta ante los retos que impone la transformación digital
Marta Pérez Ibáñez
Salud digital: una oportunidad y un imperativo ético
Joan Bigorra Llosas y Laura Sampietro-Colom
El futuro digital del sector energético
Beatriz Crisóstomo Merino y María Luz Cruz Aparicio
Innovación y transformación digital en las ONG. La visión de Acción contra el Hambre
Víctor Giménez Sánchez de la Blanca
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la Sociedad y su aplicación en el sector financiero
María Asunción Gilsanz Muñoz
La ética en los estudios de ingeniería
Rafael Miñano Rubio y Gonzalo Génova Fuster
An ethical and sustainable future of work
David Pastor-Escuredo, Gianni Giacomelli, Julio Lumbreras y Juan Garbajosa
Los datos en una administración pública digital - Perspectiva Uruguay
María Laura Rodríguez Mendaro
Ciudades y digitalización: construyendo desde la ética
David Pastor-Escuredo, Celia Fernandez-Aller, Jesus Salgado, Leticia Izquierdo y María Ángeles Huerta
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech . More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide O...eraser Juan José Calderón
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech: More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide Oppose Plans for a
Big Tech Dominated Body for Global Digital Governance.
Not only in developing countries but also in the US and EU, calls for stronger regulation of Big Tech
are rising. At the precise point when we should be shaping global norms to regulate Big Tech, plans
have emerged for an ‘empowered’ global digital governance body that will evidently be dominated
by Big Tech. Adding vastly to its already overweening power, this new Body would help Big Tech
resist effective regulation, globally and at national levels. Indeed, we face the unbelievable prospect
of ‘a Big Tech led body for Global Governance of Big Tech’.
PACTO POR LA CIENCIA Y LA INNOVACIÓN
8 de febrero de 2021.
El conocimiento y la innovación son esenciales para mantener y mejorar el bienestar social y el crecimiento
económico. La competitividad y la productividad del tejido económico depende, casi en exclusiva, de la
cantidad de conocimiento avanzado incorporado por la actividad productiva y, por ende, de su continua
renovación. La investigación en las ciencias naturales, sociales y humanas es fuente de valores y
enriquecimiento cultural.
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminis...eraser Juan José Calderón
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminista. Análisis de los discursos de profesionales de la educación madrileña.
Melani Penna Tosso * Mercedes Sánchez SáinzCristina Mateos CasadoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, España
Objetivos: Especificar las principales dificultades percibidas por las profesoras y los departamentos y equipos de orientación en relación con la atención a las diversidades en la actual situación de pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Exponer las prácticas educativas implementadas por dichas profesionales para disminuir las desigualdades. Visibilizar desigualdades de género que se dan en el ámbito educativo, relacionadas con la situación de pandemia entre el alumnado, el profesorado y las familias, desde una perspectiva feminista. Analizar las propuestas de cambio que proponen estas profesionales de la educación ante posibles repeticiones de situaciones de emergencia similares.
Resultados: Los docentes se han visto sobrecargados por el trabajo en confinamiento, en general el tiempo de trabajo ha tomado las casas, los espacios familiares, el tiempo libre y los fines de semana. Las profesionales entrevistadas se ven obligadas a una conexión permanente, sin limitación horaria y con horarios condicionados por las familias del alumnado. Se distinguen dos períodos bien diferenciados, en que los objetivos pasaron de ser emocionales a académicos. Como problemática general surge la falta de coordinación dentro los centros educativos.
Método: Análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas a través de la metodología de análisis crítico de discurso.
Fuente de datos: Entrevistas
Autores: Melani Penna Tosso, Mercedes Sánchez Sáinz y Cristina Mateos Casado
Año: 2020
Institución: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
País al que refiere el análisis: España
Tipo de publicación: Revista arbitrada
"Experiencias booktuber: Más allá del libro y de la pantalla"
Maria Del Mar Suárez
Cristina Alcaraz Andreu
University of Barcelona
2020, R. Roig-Vila (Coord.), J. M. Antolí Martínez & R. Díez Ros (Eds.), XARXES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Llibre d’actes / REDES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Libro de actas (pp. 479-480). Alacant: Universitat d'Alacant. ISBN: 978-84-09-20651-3.
Recursos educativos abiertos (REA) en las universidades españolas. Open educational resources (OER) in the Spanish universities. Gema Santos-Hermosa; Eva Estupinyà; Brigit Nonó-Rius; Lidón París-Folch; Jordi Prats-Prat
Pensamiento propio e integración transdisciplinaria en la epistémica social. ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Pensamiento propio e integración
transdisciplinaria en la epistémica social
Arlet Rodríguez Orozco.
Resumen. La educación evoluciona en la vida del estudiante
(ontogenia) y en la vida del sistema escolar (filogenia). Estas
rutas pueden consolidar la continuidad o producir un cambio en la formación del pensamiento propio como estrategia
pedagógica. La experiencia que expongo sucedió durante los
ciclos 2015-1 y 2016-1 al dictar la materia Epistemología de
la Investigación a nivel licenciatura en Estudios Sociales y Gestión Local en la unidad enes (unam) de Morelia. He basado la
praxis educativa en dinámicas de colaboración, buscando arraigar la formación cognitiva del pensamiento propio en jóvenes
aprendices del estudio social. El descubrimiento constante, la
recuperación del pensamiento en tiempo presente y el reconocimiento recíproco produjeron resultados sintéticos dispuestos
aquí para la develación reflexiva.
Escuela de Robótica de Misiones. Un modelo de educación disruptiva. 2019, Ed21. Fundación Santillana.
Carola Aideé Silvero
María Aurelia Escalada
Colaboradores:
Alejandro Piscitelli
Flavia Morales
Julio Alonso
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of IoT Technologies in Prevent...eraser Juan José Calderón
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of
IoT Technologies in Preventing and Monitoring
COVID-19 Like Infectious Diseases & Lessons
Learned and Impact of Pandemic on IoT
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Tax System, Behaviour, Justice, and Voluntary Compliance Culture in Nigeria -...
Cryptocurrency regulation in Africa. Report . Ecobank Transnational incorporated
1. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 1
Cryptocurrency regulation in Africa
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple made waves in 2017 and early 2018, not just in terms of their
innovation, but also of their role as highly speculative assets. Back in January 2017 the global market capitalisation
of all cryptocurrencies was around US$20bn; by January 2018 this had surged to over US$800bn – a 4,000% increase
in just 12 months. Since then it has slumped to around US$270bn at end-July 2018. The number of new
cryptocurrencies has also surged from around 600 in January 2017 to over 1,500 one year later, while the 24-hour
traded volume rose from around US$200mn in January 2017 to US$70bn during a 24-hour peak in January 2018.
Unfortunately, the spectacular rise and fall in the traded value of cryptocurrencies has drowned out broader discussion
on the potential benefits this new technology could bring. The transformational impact that could be delivered by
tokenising products and services on the blockchain has been compared to that of the Internet. Crypto tokens and
currencies could enable consumers to transact instantly, cross-border and for free, provide them with KYC-compliant
digital IDs, and incentivise their behaviour and change the way they engage with governments & service providers.
However, many governments are concerned that the anonymity of digital currencies facilitates money laundering and
unwanted outward flows of capital. Moreover, the lack of regulation around cryptos, the complexity of the technology
and its well-publicised potential for profit-making, have all combined to create the perfect breeding ground for
speculators to thrive. The volatility they can bring was demonstrated in early 2018 when in the space of one month
the market cap of cryptos fell by two thirds from a peak of US$831bn to a low of US$276bn. African governments
worry that if its citizens become overexposed to cryptocurrency investments, the repercussions of a future crash could
be felt in the broader economy, hence their scepticism of licensing their use.
Africa’s regulators are adopting a ‘Wait and See’ approach
As in many other parts of the world, African governments and central banks are mostly adopting a ‘wait and see’
approach when it comes to regulating cryptocurrencies. Many African governments and regulators recognise both the
risks and the potential positive impacts of cryptocurrencies, and some also appreciate the difference between
cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology. But they have been reticent in authorising cryptocurrency
transactions, and mostly remain apprehensive about the potential risks. African countries appear to be looking to their
neighbours to regulate and innovate first, and learn from their mistakes, rather than being the first mover.
To date there has been no discernible regional regulatory trend, whether favourable or unfavourable. Only one country,
Namibia, has banned cryptocurrencies outright. In contrast, neighbouring South Africa and nearby Swaziland offer
two of the most favourable regulatory stances in Africa. But with the exceptions of Cameroon, Rwanda and Senegal,
no other Francophone government or central bank has made a policy statement on virtual currencies.
Those countries that have made a statement have indicated that cryptocurrencies operate in the grey area between
legality and illegality. In these countries the best a cryptocurrency innovator can hope to achieve is a ‘no objection’
to trialling the product rather than formal authorisation and (ultimately) legislation to match. The consensus in these
countries is that for Africans, although cryptocurrencies are generally not prohibited, consumers use them at their own
risk and they have been warned about the potential consequences by regulators.
Our index tracks the current state of cryptocurrency regulation in all markets in Sub-Saharan Africa and will be
updated regularly to reflect the evolution of cryptocurrencies and their regulation in the region.
Note: This report specifically analyses cryptocurrency regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa, rather than broader
regulation on blockchain. However, as the two technologies are inherently linked, this study includes some statements
made by governments or central banks that refer specifically to blockchain technology. These have been covered (but
not necessarily included in that country’s score) because they provide an indication of whether the government is
willing to embrace the technology or not.
2. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 2
Sub-Saharan African Cryptocurrency Regulation Map
Scores
X No public stance.
1 Cryptocurrencies are illegal.
2 A contentious stance, but with signs that the situation is being continually monitored.
3 Indications of research into the potential of cryptocurrencies, accompanied with a warning.
4 A generally favourable and permissive stance, but without full legality.
5 Cryptocurrencies are embraced, legal and regulated within the country.
3. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 3
Country Guide
Country News Stance
Angola
Neither the National Bank of Angola, nor the Angolan Government have made a
statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and
their legality.
X
Benin
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Benin’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are ‘not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states.”
At the country level, the Government of Benin has yet to make a statement or
publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Botswana
In June 2017, Andrew Sesinyi, head of communications at the Bank of Botswana
(BoB), made a statement alluding to his awareness of innovation in the
cryptocurrency space. He stated that the BoB “does not regulate cryptocurrencies
and/or related distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) and is thus not undertaking
any studies in that direction.” He continued “as is the case with most central banks,
the BoB is keeping an open mind and is monitoring developments as they unfold.”
In February 2018, Governor of the Bank of Botswana Moses Pelaelo informed the
public that cryptocurrencies are neither controlled or regulated by the Bank of
Botswana, and cannot be transferred into actual Pula currency. He also cautioned
members of the public against investing in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
2
Burkina Faso
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Burkina Faso’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are ‘not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states”.
At the country level, the Government of Burkina Faso has yet to make a statement
or publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Burundi
Neither the Banque de la République du Burundi, nor the Burundian Government
have made a statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to
cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Cape Verde
Neither the Bank of Cape Verde, nor the Government of Cape Verde have made a
statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and
their legality.
X
Cameroon
Currently, cryptocurrencies have no legal status in Cameroon, as the central bank
of the six-nation CEMAC monetary union, the BEAC, has not yet issued any
specific guidance on their usage.
However, the central bank of CEMAC did create a legal framework for electronic
money in 2001. In its framework titled ‘Regulation No. 01/11-
CEMAC/UMAC/CM – On the Use of Electronic Money’, the regulator outlines
how electronic money can be used to bank the underbanked populations in the
region. It is therefore technically possible for Cameroonians to transact and hold
cryptocurrencies as they please.
In addition, a positive sign is that the Cameroonian government has already trialled
the digital currency, Trest, in collaboration with Indian software company Trestor.
The results of the trial were positive and demonstrate a willingness to engage with
innovations in this space. Conducting the trial using Bitcoin was also explored as
an option, but this was parked due to Bitcoin’s high fees and energy requirements.
3
Central
African
Republic
As a member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), the Central African Republic’s central bank is the Bank
of Central African States (BEAC). Neither the BEAC, nor the Government of the
Central African Republic have made a statement or have publicly presented a
stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Chad
As a member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), Chad’s central bank is the Bank of Central African States
(BEAC). Neither the BEAC, nor the Government of Chad have made a statement
X
4. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 4
or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their
legality.
DRC
Neither the Congolese Central Bank, nor the Congolese Government have made a
statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and
their legality.
A pilot scheme to use blockchain technology to track cobalt from artisanal mines
in the DRC, along the supply chain to the final products in which they are used
will be rolled out in 2018. It has backing from the World Economic Forum, and
appears to have been approved by the Congolese government.
X
Congo (Rep)
As a member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), the Republic of Congo’s central bank is the Bank of
Central African States (BEAC). Neither the BEAC, nor the Government of the
Republic of Congo have made a statement or have publicly presented a stance with
regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Côte d'Ivoire
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Côte d'Ivoire’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are ‘not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states”.
At the country level, the Government of Côte d'Ivoire has yet to make a statement
or publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Equatorial
Guinea
As a member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), Equatorial Guinea’s central bank is the Bank of Central
African States (BEAC). Neither the BEAC, nor the Government of Equatorial
Guinea have made a statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to
cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Ethiopia
Ethiopian regulators have yet to take a public position on cryptocurrencies.
However, on November 22nd 2017, experts gathered in Addis Ababa to review a
new UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) report which aims to
explore opportunities for blockchain technology in Africa. During this meeting,
Kasirim Nwuke, Chief of the New Technologies and Innovation Section in the
ECA’s Special Initiatives Division, said “like every new technology, blockchain
faces many barriers which must be understood and overcome in order for Africa
to take full advantage of it.”
Though not Ethiopia-specific, the report recommended that ‘African Regulators
should assess the potential of Blockchain technology to reduce costs and enhance
transparency within multiple sectors of the economy.’
The Ethiopian government has recently signed an MOU with cryptocurrency start-
up Cardano, which will see Ethiopian developers apply blockchain technology to
the country’s agritech industry.
3
Gabon
As a member of the six-country Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), Gabon’s central bank is the Bank of Central African States
(BEAC). Neither the BEAC, nor the Government of Gabon have made a statement
or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their
legality.
X
The Gambia
Neither the Central Bank of The Gambia, nor the Government of The Gambia have
made a statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to
cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Ghana
On Jan 22nd 2018, the Bank of Ghana (BoG) announced that trading Bitcoin in
the country is not yet legal because it is not recognized as a legitimate form of
currency in the country.
Appetite is strong in Ghana. According to Google trends, Ghana is the number one
ranked country in the world when it comes to Bitcoin internet searches (relative to
the number of internet users).
The general sentiment is that Ghana is seeking to regulate, rather than outlaw the
use of cryptocurrencies. This has been underlined by the launch of Finchcoin,
Ghana’s first indigenised digital currency, along with a new Payment Systems &
Services Bill currently in Parliament which is currently going through parliament.
3
5. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 5
In a notice circulated to both banks and the general public in February 2018, the
BoG stated that they are “currently investing a lot of resources to further enhance
the payments and settlements system, including digital forms of money and also
to introduce cyber security guidelines to safeguard electronic and online financial
transactions. A revised Payments System Act referred to as Payment Systems and
Services Bill will be considered by Parliament within the next couple of months”.
In the meantime, they suggested that the general public only does business with
institution licensed by the BoG.
Guinea
Neither the Central Bank of Guinea, nor the Government of Guinea have made a
statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and
their legality.
X
Guinea-Bissau
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Guinea-Bissau’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African
States (BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved
in the launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO
denied this in April 2017, saying they are ‘not considering to create digital
currency in any of its member states”.
At the countrylevel, the Government of Guinea-Bissau has yet to make a statement
or publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Kenya
Following a court case between Safaricom and blockchain-based start-up, BitPesa,
the Kenya Central Bank were forced to clarify their position on cryptocurrencies.
They issued a warning stating that “Bitcoin and similar products are not legal
tender nor are they regulated in Kenya. The public should therefore desist from
transacting in Bitcoin and similar products”.
However, appetite for virtual currencies remains strong in Kenya, and volumes
transacted are the third highest in Africa (behind South Africa and Nigeria).
There is some evidence that regulators may be willing to soften their position. In
2018, the Capital Markets Authority, Central Bank of Kenya, Insurance
Regulatory Authority, SACCOs Societies Regulatory Authority and the
Retirement Benefits Authority were due to meet to discuss how to regulate virtual
currencies.
2
Lesotho
The Central Bank of Lesotho issued a statement in November 2017 with regards
to the emerging promotion of cryptocurrencies in Lesotho. In this statement, the
Bank urged the public to be wary of the risks of using or investing in virtual
currencies.
As a follow-up to this statement, the Bank held a press briefing on 7th February,
2018, urging caution once again, stating that: “cryptocurrencies…do not fall in any
of the aforementioned categories – (1) being a legal tender in Lesotho issued by
the Central Bank of Lesotho and (2) being a currency issued by another country
and traded by the licensed institutions in Lesotho. Members of the public are
hereby warned that, by virtue of being offered as (financial) investment
opportunities to the public, cryptocurrencies directly expose their promoters to
violation of Sections 27 and 28 of the Central Bank of Lesotho Capital Market
Regulations of 2014 that require investment advisers to be licensed by the Central
Bank of Lesotho”.
However, there were positive signs in the same statement: “the Bank and other
institutions in the international financial regulation space, acknowledge innovation
and adoption of new technologies in the financial industry thus viewing these
initiatives as beneficial to the industry and its users if deployed in a manner that
sufficiently safeguards the interests of the users”.
2
Malawi
In early 2018 a spokesperson for the Malawian Ministry of Finance, Economic
Planning and Development, Davis Sado, said that it is up for the Reserve Bank of
Malawi to determine a position on cryptocurrencies, but that they had yet to do so.
Furthermore, a warning was issued to Malawians on avoiding being scammed.
2
Mali
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Mali’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are “not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states”.
X
6. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 6
At the country level, the Government of Mali has yet to make a statement or
publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
Mozambique
In early 2018, the Banco de Moçambique (BM) warned Mozambicans of the
dangers of using Bitcoin, in a press release. They stressed that virtual currencies
are unregulated and are therefore used outside of the law.
Though the press release acknowledged the many benefits of cryptocurrencies,
they also noted that “there are major risks that need to be safeguarded because,
given their nature, this currency may be linked to criminal actions such as money
laundering, terrorist financing, trafficking of drugs, among others”.
2
Namibia
Under Namibia's Exchange Control Act of 1966, the country "does not make
provision for the establishment of virtual currency exchanges or bureaus in
Namibia", meaning that cryptocurrencies are illegal in Namibia and merchants are
not allowed to accept them in exchange for goods and services.
A position paper released in September 2017 by the Bank of Namibia continued:
‘In addition to the bank not recognizing virtual currencies as legal tender in
Namibia, it also does not recognize it to be a foreign currency that can be
exchanged for local currency. This is because virtual currencies are neither issued
nor guaranteed by a central bank nor backed by any commodity’
However, the same report acknowledges cryptocurrencies’ potential in facilitating
remittances.
1
Niger
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Niger’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are “not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states”.
At the country level, the Government of Niger has yet to make a statement or
publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Nigeria
Bitcoin is very popular in Nigeria. According to Google searches, Nigerians were
the second largest googlers of ‘Bitcoin’ in the world (relative to their proportion
of Internet users).
In January 2017, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) banned cryptocurrencies, before
CBN Deputy Director Musa Itopa Jimoh softened his position by stating that the
“Central bank cannot control or regulate bitcoin. Just the same way no one is going
to control or regulate the internet. We don’t own it”.
A circular sent by the CBN Director Kevin N. Amugo to banks and financial
institutions (BFIs), also in January 2017, told banks that they required to “ensure
that you do not use, hold trade and/ or transact in any way virtual currencies”. BFIs
are therefore prohibited from investing in cryptocurrencies and from carrying out
business as a virtual currency exchange. The CBN regulation also requires BFIs to
ensure that operators of crypto-currency exchanges comply with standard
AML/KYC requirements.
For businesses that engage with cryptocurrency services, there is a requirement to
comply with existing non-cryptocurrency regulation. This is dependent on how the
money is held, how it is transacted and whether or not it can be remitted.
However, there is still some legislative debate about whether cryptocurrencies
should be considered as a commodity (where there may be a sales tax obligation)
or a currency (where the CBN would possibly exercise regulatory control).
On 31st January 2018, the Nigerian Senate presented a motion entitled ‘Urgent
need to investigate the proliferation of bitcoin, a form of Crypto-currency, to
ascertain the worthiness of same as a form of investment in Nigeria’. The Senate
warned Nigerians against the risk of cryptocurrency investments and requested
that the CBN and other regulators do more to educate the public on these risks.
On February 28 2018, the CBN issued another statement stating that “for the
avoidance of doubt, dealers and investors in any kind of crypto currency in Nigeria
are not protected by law”.
2
Rwanda
So far, Rwanda has declined to take an official position with regards to the legality
and regulation of cryptocurrencies.
However, a report published in late 2017 by two senior economists at the BNR
(Rwanda’s Central Bank) seemed to be largely in support of the burgeoning
3
7. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 7
technology: “although cryptocurrencies are not yet an issue for Rwanda, the pace
at which they are growing shows that this trend will start to emerge… As
Rwanda’s tech sector continues to grow, we will likely see the evolution of
cryptocurrencies.”
The report concluded by alluding to the development of an internal Rwandan
cryptocurrency in the near future.
São Tomé and
Príncipe
Neither the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe, nor the Government of São
Tomé and Príncipe have made a statement or have publicly presented a stance with
regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Senegal
In 2016, Senegal became the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to launch a digital
currency, the eCFA, which is tied to the country’s legal tender, the CFA Franc
(XOF). Though originally reported by many news outlets to be based on the
blockchain, it is in fact not. The project was created by Senegalese bank BRM, and
eCurrency Mint.
However, in April 2017 the BCEAO, the Central Bank of West African States,
distanced itself from the eCFA and warned the BRM against the use of the term
eCFA “to prevent any kind of confusion with the legal currency”.
Nonetheless, the country’s banking system remains open to innovation. Alioune
Camara, CEO of BRM bank has stated that the ultimate aim of the eCFA is to
facilitate interoperability between all financial platforms and systems.
Aside from the eCFA, the Senegalese government is yet to take an official position
on cryptocurrencies.
3
Sierra Leone
Though the Bank Of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone’s central bank, has yet to make an
official statement on cryptocurrencies, Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma, the then President
of Sierra Leone, recently announced a countrywide digitisation programme that
aims to make the West African nation Africa’s first ‘Smart Country’.
Through a national partnership with blockchain companies ‘RippleNami’, and
‘Data Edge Revenue’, the solution “will deploy the blockchain-data visualisation
system solution that enables Sierra Leone to generate, own, collect, analyse and
transact data on a nationwide scale”, according to then Foreign Affairs Minister,
Dr. Samura Kamara.
In addition, during the March 2018 Presidential election, Swiss company Agora
used Blockchain technology to tally votes in some regions. The idea was to record
some of the voting on a distributed ledger in order to ensure greater transparency.
X
South Africa
South African regulators are relatively progressive on cryptocurrencies. In 2014,
the South African Reserve Bank released a position paper on virtual currencies
which seemed promising for the industry.
The South African government began working with blockchain company,
Bankymoon in July 2017, to create a “balanced” approach to bitcoin regulation.
In mid-2017, the South African Reserve Bank, the country’s central bank, made
indications that they are trialling cryptocurrency regulations, with a view to
potentially recognising digital currencies as a form of legal tender.
Alongside this, the South African Revenue Services, the revenue arm of the South
African government, is exploring ways in which cryptocurrency transactions and
investments can be appropriately taxed.
In April 2018, the South African Revenue Service (SARS) announced in a
statement that citizens must declared income derived from cryptocurrency
regulation as part of their capital gains statement. The statement read: “The onus
is on taxpayers to declare all cryptocurrency-related taxable income in the tax
year in which it is received or accrued. Failure to do so could result in interest
and penalties.”
4
South Sudan
Neither the Bank of South Sudan, nor the South Sudanese Government have made
a statement or have publicly presented a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies
and their legality.
X
Swaziland
Speaking at an economic forum in October 2017, Central Bank of Swaziland
(CBS) chief Majozi Sithole issued a positive position in terms of the country’s
recognition of the potential of cryptocurrencies. He told attendees of the event "It
may not be wise to dismiss virtual currencies and as the CBS we are learning and
we want to accept and support innovation. If this is innovation, we do not want to
stifle it. We want to learn more about it".
4
8. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 8
Prior to this, an internal CBS news circular on cryptocurrencies was made public,
wherein it was noted that “the Bank acknowledges its role in supporting innovation
and adoption of new technologies in the industry and…adopts an optimistic but
cautious view that the financial services industry will certainly benefit from these
technologies but that their development and deployment must be done in a manner
that sufficiently safeguards the interest of the users”.
Tanzania
The Governor of the Bank of Tanzania (BoT), Benno Ndula, has recently
acknowledged the increasing popularity of virtual currencies across the country.
He warned Tanzanians that crytptocurrencies are ‘not recognised’ by the state, and
that becoming involved with cryptocurrencies is done so at one’s own risk, as the
space is currently unregulated.
He also suggested that the Central Bank is currently discussing whether to regulate
or ban virtual currencies.
BoT’s Director of National Payment System, Bernard Dadi, said that the Central
Bank was closely monitoring virtual currencies, that they are collaborating with
‘experts’ from the UK – showing that there is an eagerness to learn more.
A policy directive on the usage of cryptocurrency will be announced shortly.
On 1st March 2018, The BoT reiterated its warning to the public, stating: “BoT
considers the recent surge in the prices of cryptocurrencies to be driven by
speculation. The risk of a sharp reduction in prices is high. Investors in
cryptocurrencies should be aware that they run the risk of losing all their capital”.
2
Togo
As a member of the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union
(UEMOA), Togo’s central bank is the Central Bank of West African States
(BCEAO). There was some earlier reporting that the BCEAO were involved in the
launch of a regional digital-currency – the eCFA. However, the BCEAO denied
this in April 2017, saying they are “not considering to create digital currency in
any of its member states”.
At the country level, the Government of Togo has yet to make a statement or
publicly present a stance with regards to cryptocurrencies and their legality.
X
Uganda
The Ugandan government has yet to take an official position on cryptocurrencies.
In February2017, the Bank of Uganda released a strongly-worded statement aimed
to prevent people from engaging with ‘One-Coin’, a cryptocurrency Ponzi scheme.
During the same statement, the Bank also warned that anyone using
cryptocurrencies “is taking a risk in the financial space where there is neither
investor protection nor regulatory purview”.
Prior to this, there were positive signs that Uganda was aiming to be the first
African country to regulate cryptocurrencies. A round table discussion held in July
2016 looked at effective ways to regulate the new technology.
2
Zambia
In February 2018, the Zambian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
informed citizens that cryptocurrencies are currently unregulated as they do not yet
meet the definition of a security. It advised investors to use extreme caution when
speculating with the asset.
SEC Chief Executive Officer Mr. Phillip Chitalu said “the fact of the matter is that
currently these products and assets are not regulated by the Commission unless
they meet the definition of a security as defined by the [Securities Act No. 41 of
2016] and this, as indicated above will be considered on a case by case basis”.
However, there were some signs that the innovative aspects of both blockchain
technology and cryptocurrencies are being explored: “we at the Commission
believe that the emergent technology on which cryptocurrencies and other related
digital assets/products are based may prove to be positively disruptive,
transformative and efficiency enhancing”.
3
Zimbabwe
In late 2017, Norman Mataruka, director and registrar for the Reserve Bank of
Zimbabwe, said that "bitcoin ... is not actually legal" for use within the country.
But as in many cases, there is uncertainty as to whether these comments mean that
bitcoin is not legal tender, or if bitcoin is actually illegal to use. It is likely that the
ambiguity of his comments alludes to the former.
Bitcoin trades at a premium in Zimbabwean exchanges due to acute shortages of
US Dollars, Zimbabwe’s currency. Many Zimbabweans only use a digital
equivalent of dollars, known as zollars, whose value is rapidly decreasing due to
2
9. Middle Africa Briefing Note | Digital | African crypto regulation 1 August 2018
Ecobank Research | ecobankresearch@ecobank.com | Twitter: @EcobankResearch 9
high levels of inflation in the country. Many use cryptocurrencies as a hedge to
protect the value of their money.
A research and development department has been launched by the reserve bank of
Zimbabwe in order to assess the risks and potential of cryptocurrencies. This
demonstrates an openness to using digital currencies in the future.
However, in May 2018, Zimbabwe’s Central Bank banned domestic financial
institutions from dealing with cryptocurrencies. A statement from the Reserve
Bank of Zimbabwe ordered that financial institutions must “ensure that they do not
use, trade, hold and/or transact in any way in virtual currencies,” a move which
applies to both businesses and individuals.