The document describes properties and specifications of refinery feedstocks and products. It provides a distillation analysis of a Hibernia crude oil, showing the boiling point temperature ranges and yields of various fractions including naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, vacuum gas oil, atmospheric residue and vacuum residue. It lists properties of the crude oil and its fractions such as specific gravity, sulfur content, viscosity and freezing point.
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from palm oil. Palm oil fruit is processed to extract crude palm oil from the mesocarp, which can then be converted to biodiesel via transesterification.
2. Biodiesel quality can be affected by feedstock quality, production processes, and storage and distribution conditions. Key quality parameters include oxidation stability, cloud/pour point, acid number, and microbial contamination.
3. Biodiesel has advantages over fossil diesel like renewability and biodegradability but also challenges like limited material compatibility and susceptibility to oxidation. Proper control of impurities and water content is important to avoid issues like injector deposits, corrosion, and microbial growth.
The document discusses gasoline upgrading processes like reforming, isomerization, and alkylation. It provides an overview of these processes, including their purpose of increasing gasoline quality by raising octane levels. Reformng converts naphthenes to aromatics and straight chain paraffins to branched isomers using platinum catalysts. Isomerization rearranges straight chains while alkylation combines olefins with isobutane to produce high octane alkylate. These processes improve gasoline blendstocks.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It covers:
1) Diesel fuel is made from petroleum and refined through processes like hydro-treating to remove sulfur. Its main components include paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes and aromatics.
2) Diesel fuel standards (ASTM D975) specify properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, distillation range and others that affect engine performance and emissions.
3) Properties like cetane number, density, cloud point and lubricity are important for combustion quality and low-temperature operability. Additives can be used to modify properties.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
The document discusses various technologies for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and water electrolysis. It provides an overview of the main industrial processes used for ammonia synthesis gas production, noting that about 85% is based on steam reforming of natural gas or other light hydrocarbons. Various hydrogen and syngas production processes are also compared in terms of energy consumption, investment cost, and production cost.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
Hydrogen production by a thermally integrated ATR based fuel processorAntonio Ricca
A compact auto-thermal reforming (ATR) based fuel processor was designed to produce 10 Nm3/h of hydrogen from methane and natural gas. Preliminary tests showed the ATR system could sustain high feed rates and natural gas was only weakly inhibited. The water-gas shift (WGS) catalyst tested was not optimal as it performed far from equilibrium and limited carbon monoxide conversion. Further work is needed to optimize the WGS catalyst, recover heat from the WGS exhaust, scale up the system to 50-100 Nm3/h of hydrogen production.
A Comparison of Liquid Biofuels in Home Heating FurnacesXZ3
A study tested various biofuel blends in home heating furnaces and found that a 20% blend of waste vegetable oil (WVO) performed well and was the first biofuel to be cheaper than petroleum heating oil. Field tests of 20% WVO and soybean oil (SVO) blends found no issues after several months of use. Using less refined plant oils and waste oils reduces biofuel production costs and brings the prices below the petroleum barrier. Future studies are needed on long-term storage stability and delivery issues for biofuel heating to help establish local production in Connecticut.
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from palm oil. Palm oil fruit is processed to extract crude palm oil from the mesocarp, which can then be converted to biodiesel via transesterification.
2. Biodiesel quality can be affected by feedstock quality, production processes, and storage and distribution conditions. Key quality parameters include oxidation stability, cloud/pour point, acid number, and microbial contamination.
3. Biodiesel has advantages over fossil diesel like renewability and biodegradability but also challenges like limited material compatibility and susceptibility to oxidation. Proper control of impurities and water content is important to avoid issues like injector deposits, corrosion, and microbial growth.
The document discusses gasoline upgrading processes like reforming, isomerization, and alkylation. It provides an overview of these processes, including their purpose of increasing gasoline quality by raising octane levels. Reformng converts naphthenes to aromatics and straight chain paraffins to branched isomers using platinum catalysts. Isomerization rearranges straight chains while alkylation combines olefins with isobutane to produce high octane alkylate. These processes improve gasoline blendstocks.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It covers:
1) Diesel fuel is made from petroleum and refined through processes like hydro-treating to remove sulfur. Its main components include paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes and aromatics.
2) Diesel fuel standards (ASTM D975) specify properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, distillation range and others that affect engine performance and emissions.
3) Properties like cetane number, density, cloud point and lubricity are important for combustion quality and low-temperature operability. Additives can be used to modify properties.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
The document discusses various technologies for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and water electrolysis. It provides an overview of the main industrial processes used for ammonia synthesis gas production, noting that about 85% is based on steam reforming of natural gas or other light hydrocarbons. Various hydrogen and syngas production processes are also compared in terms of energy consumption, investment cost, and production cost.
This document provides an overview of crude oil characteristics and refinery products. It discusses the chemical composition of crude oil and how properties like API gravity, sulfur and metal content, oxygen and nitrogen compounds affect refining. It also describes different types of crude oils and how their characteristics influence refinery configuration and product selection. The key factors affecting crude oil selection for a refinery are discussed.
Hydrogen production by a thermally integrated ATR based fuel processorAntonio Ricca
A compact auto-thermal reforming (ATR) based fuel processor was designed to produce 10 Nm3/h of hydrogen from methane and natural gas. Preliminary tests showed the ATR system could sustain high feed rates and natural gas was only weakly inhibited. The water-gas shift (WGS) catalyst tested was not optimal as it performed far from equilibrium and limited carbon monoxide conversion. Further work is needed to optimize the WGS catalyst, recover heat from the WGS exhaust, scale up the system to 50-100 Nm3/h of hydrogen production.
A Comparison of Liquid Biofuels in Home Heating FurnacesXZ3
A study tested various biofuel blends in home heating furnaces and found that a 20% blend of waste vegetable oil (WVO) performed well and was the first biofuel to be cheaper than petroleum heating oil. Field tests of 20% WVO and soybean oil (SVO) blends found no issues after several months of use. Using less refined plant oils and waste oils reduces biofuel production costs and brings the prices below the petroleum barrier. Future studies are needed on long-term storage stability and delivery issues for biofuel heating to help establish local production in Connecticut.
1. The document discusses different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It provides details on their composition and calorific values.
2. Details are given on the proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels which analyze their moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content.
3. Different natural gases are described along with their compositions and calorific values. Coal gas, producer gas, water gas, LPG, biogas, and compressed natural gas are discussed.
Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation – Octane number –
Cetane number – Flash point. LPG and CNG: Composition and uses.
Thermal conversion processes include thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and coke calcination. Thermal cracking involves cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures. Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process used to reduce the viscosity of residues and produce fuel oil, naphtha, and gas oil. Coking involves heating residues to very high temperatures to produce coke and lighter hydrocarbon products.
An oil refinery transforms crude oil into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel through a series of chemical reactions and separations. Chemical engineers play a key role in designing, operating, and maintaining refineries to efficiently and safely convert crude oil fractions into products that meet specifications, while minimizing pollution and environmental impact. Refineries employ large distillation columns, reactors, storage tanks, heat exchangers and other equipment to separate crude oil into fractions and upgrade fractions into higher octane fuels and other products through reactions like isomerization, reforming, and hydrocracking.
An oil refinery transforms crude oil into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel through a series of chemical reactions and separations. Chemical engineers help keep refineries running efficiently and safely by designing and optimizing the equipment and processes, developing new technologies, and ensuring regulatory compliance to minimize environmental pollution from these complex operations.
This document provides an overview of Pertamina's oil refining process. It discusses (1) the main refining processes including distillation, treating, conversion and quality improvement processes, (2) the configuration of Pertamina's refineries, (3) feed specifications including types of crude oil, and (4) product specifications. It notes that future challenges include increasing reliability, optimizing production, meeting regulations, and reducing costs in the face of changing crude prices, performance standards, product regulations and environmental protection requirements.
The document discusses properties of hydrogen as a fuel including its production from fossil sources through steam reforming of methane and coke, as well as storage methods such as physical compression and liquification, chemical storage in metal hydrides, and adsorption on porous carbon materials. It notes challenges with compressed and liquified hydrogen storage related to tank size, weight, and energy requirements.
Dissolved gas analysis is a maintenance tool for determining transformer health by analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil. When faults occur in transformers, different gases are produced depending on the type and severity of the fault. The main gases analyzed are hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane and ethylene, and atmospheric gases. Samples are extracted from the transformer oil and analyzed using gas chromatography. Faults are identified by comparing the gas ratios and concentrations to interpretation standards which indicate issues like thermal faults or arcing. Case studies analyze real sample results and diagnose the type of fault based on ratios between different gases.
This document provides information on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), a technique used to detect faults in oil-filled transformers. It discusses how DGA works, standards and guidelines, gas extraction methods, common fault gases and their sources, analysis using gas chromatography, and approaches to interpreting DGA results including key gas ratios and levels that indicate different fault conditions. DGA allows early detection of transformer issues and monitoring of transformer health through analysis of the gases dissolved in transformer oil.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel technical training on understanding diesel fuel presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses the objectives to understand diesel and biodiesel fuel quality standards and their effects on engine performance and emissions. Key points covered include ASTM fuel specifications for diesel including cetane number, distillation temperatures, viscosity, carbon residue and sulfur content which impact engine operation. It also discusses emissions regulations that have made diesel fuel requirements more stringent over time.
Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity and EOR in the Bakken Shale Oil ReservoirsHamid Lashgari
This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
Biodiesel quality must meet ASTM D6751 specifications to ensure trouble-free performance in engines. Key quality parameters include flash point, acid number, and limits on contaminants like glycerin, methanol and catalyst residues. Proper production processes and testing at each stage are critical to achieving compliant fuel quality.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Therminol 66 Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluid. Cotizado en Bolivares en Venezuela.
Therminol Venezuela.
Therminol 66 is the world’s most popular high temperature, liquid phase heat transfer fluid. Suitable for operation up to 650° F (345° C), Therminol 66 is pumpable to 27° F (-3° C) and delivers exceptional performance.
Sherritt(2009)Advances In Steady State Process Modeling Of Oil Shale Retortingrsherritt
This document summarizes advances in steady-state process modeling of oil shale retorting. It discusses the use of process simulators to model chemical processes and balance mass and heat. It provides details on using Aspen Plus to simulate oil shale retorting, including defining user components for Green River oil shale, determining their properties, and specifying reaction kinetics. An example simulation of the Union B oil shale retort is presented, including flowsheet, mineral reactions, kerogen pyrolysis, and oil cracking stoichiometries.
Condition Monitoring of electrical machine Molla Morshad
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at a thermal power plant. It provides background on factors that influence energy costs and efficiency at thermal plants. It then describes the objectives, areas, and parameters that were analyzed during the audit. These include analyzing the boiler, turbine, and auxiliary systems to calculate energy consumption and efficiency. The audit aims to identify areas of energy waste, quantify the waste, set benchmarks, and recommend measures to reduce waste and optimize energy usage. Key areas like boiler efficiency, turbine heat rate, and auxiliary power consumption were monitored. The document provides examples of calculations used to assess performance and efficiency of different plant components. Overall, the energy audit seeks to improve the plant's energy usage and lower energy costs and environmental impacts
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
This document summarizes a student group project on hydrocracking of heavy gas oil. It includes:
- An introduction to hydrocracking and its applications.
- Diagrams of single-stage and double-stage hydrocracking process schemes with recycling.
- Material and energy balances for a hydrocracking process.
- Design calculations and specifications for process equipment like heat exchangers, furnaces, pumps, and separators.
The document discusses gasoline grades and their effects on engine performance. It describes how gasoline is refined from crude oil through processes like distillation and cracking. Gasoline is blended to achieve specific octane ratings and properties like volatility that affect cold starting and driveability. Additives are discussed that can improve octane or reduce emissions. Testing methods are provided for measuring alcohol content in gasoline. Safety precautions are recommended when handling gasoline.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. The document discusses different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It provides details on their composition and calorific values.
2. Details are given on the proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels which analyze their moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content.
3. Different natural gases are described along with their compositions and calorific values. Coal gas, producer gas, water gas, LPG, biogas, and compressed natural gas are discussed.
Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation – Octane number –
Cetane number – Flash point. LPG and CNG: Composition and uses.
Thermal conversion processes include thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and coke calcination. Thermal cracking involves cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures. Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process used to reduce the viscosity of residues and produce fuel oil, naphtha, and gas oil. Coking involves heating residues to very high temperatures to produce coke and lighter hydrocarbon products.
An oil refinery transforms crude oil into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel through a series of chemical reactions and separations. Chemical engineers play a key role in designing, operating, and maintaining refineries to efficiently and safely convert crude oil fractions into products that meet specifications, while minimizing pollution and environmental impact. Refineries employ large distillation columns, reactors, storage tanks, heat exchangers and other equipment to separate crude oil into fractions and upgrade fractions into higher octane fuels and other products through reactions like isomerization, reforming, and hydrocracking.
An oil refinery transforms crude oil into high value products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel through a series of chemical reactions and separations. Chemical engineers help keep refineries running efficiently and safely by designing and optimizing the equipment and processes, developing new technologies, and ensuring regulatory compliance to minimize environmental pollution from these complex operations.
This document provides an overview of Pertamina's oil refining process. It discusses (1) the main refining processes including distillation, treating, conversion and quality improvement processes, (2) the configuration of Pertamina's refineries, (3) feed specifications including types of crude oil, and (4) product specifications. It notes that future challenges include increasing reliability, optimizing production, meeting regulations, and reducing costs in the face of changing crude prices, performance standards, product regulations and environmental protection requirements.
The document discusses properties of hydrogen as a fuel including its production from fossil sources through steam reforming of methane and coke, as well as storage methods such as physical compression and liquification, chemical storage in metal hydrides, and adsorption on porous carbon materials. It notes challenges with compressed and liquified hydrogen storage related to tank size, weight, and energy requirements.
Dissolved gas analysis is a maintenance tool for determining transformer health by analyzing gases dissolved in transformer oil. When faults occur in transformers, different gases are produced depending on the type and severity of the fault. The main gases analyzed are hydrogen, hydrocarbons like methane and ethylene, and atmospheric gases. Samples are extracted from the transformer oil and analyzed using gas chromatography. Faults are identified by comparing the gas ratios and concentrations to interpretation standards which indicate issues like thermal faults or arcing. Case studies analyze real sample results and diagnose the type of fault based on ratios between different gases.
This document provides information on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), a technique used to detect faults in oil-filled transformers. It discusses how DGA works, standards and guidelines, gas extraction methods, common fault gases and their sources, analysis using gas chromatography, and approaches to interpreting DGA results including key gas ratios and levels that indicate different fault conditions. DGA allows early detection of transformer issues and monitoring of transformer health through analysis of the gases dissolved in transformer oil.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel technical training on understanding diesel fuel presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses the objectives to understand diesel and biodiesel fuel quality standards and their effects on engine performance and emissions. Key points covered include ASTM fuel specifications for diesel including cetane number, distillation temperatures, viscosity, carbon residue and sulfur content which impact engine operation. It also discusses emissions regulations that have made diesel fuel requirements more stringent over time.
Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity and EOR in the Bakken Shale Oil ReservoirsHamid Lashgari
This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
Biodiesel quality must meet ASTM D6751 specifications to ensure trouble-free performance in engines. Key quality parameters include flash point, acid number, and limits on contaminants like glycerin, methanol and catalyst residues. Proper production processes and testing at each stage are critical to achieving compliant fuel quality.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Therminol 66 Synthetic Heat Transfer Fluid. Cotizado en Bolivares en Venezuela.
Therminol Venezuela.
Therminol 66 is the world’s most popular high temperature, liquid phase heat transfer fluid. Suitable for operation up to 650° F (345° C), Therminol 66 is pumpable to 27° F (-3° C) and delivers exceptional performance.
Sherritt(2009)Advances In Steady State Process Modeling Of Oil Shale Retortingrsherritt
This document summarizes advances in steady-state process modeling of oil shale retorting. It discusses the use of process simulators to model chemical processes and balance mass and heat. It provides details on using Aspen Plus to simulate oil shale retorting, including defining user components for Green River oil shale, determining their properties, and specifying reaction kinetics. An example simulation of the Union B oil shale retort is presented, including flowsheet, mineral reactions, kerogen pyrolysis, and oil cracking stoichiometries.
Condition Monitoring of electrical machine Molla Morshad
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at a thermal power plant. It provides background on factors that influence energy costs and efficiency at thermal plants. It then describes the objectives, areas, and parameters that were analyzed during the audit. These include analyzing the boiler, turbine, and auxiliary systems to calculate energy consumption and efficiency. The audit aims to identify areas of energy waste, quantify the waste, set benchmarks, and recommend measures to reduce waste and optimize energy usage. Key areas like boiler efficiency, turbine heat rate, and auxiliary power consumption were monitored. The document provides examples of calculations used to assess performance and efficiency of different plant components. Overall, the energy audit seeks to improve the plant's energy usage and lower energy costs and environmental impacts
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
This document summarizes a student group project on hydrocracking of heavy gas oil. It includes:
- An introduction to hydrocracking and its applications.
- Diagrams of single-stage and double-stage hydrocracking process schemes with recycling.
- Material and energy balances for a hydrocracking process.
- Design calculations and specifications for process equipment like heat exchangers, furnaces, pumps, and separators.
The document discusses gasoline grades and their effects on engine performance. It describes how gasoline is refined from crude oil through processes like distillation and cracking. Gasoline is blended to achieve specific octane ratings and properties like volatility that affect cold starting and driveability. Additives are discussed that can improve octane or reduce emissions. Testing methods are provided for measuring alcohol content in gasoline. Safety precautions are recommended when handling gasoline.
Similar to Crude feed and product properties and data (20)
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.