An engine made with multiple approaches in NLP. It covers spell checking, words and topics prediction through CyperSpell algorithm, opinion mining and image processing in NLP.

1. In Supervision of
Dr. Nada Ghneim
Implemented and Designed By
Mohammad Shaker
Ola Al-Nameh
Mohammad Hasan Serhan
AI Department - 2012

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‫انفهزص‬
1.‫جٌٙذف‬ِٓ‫سجعس‬ّ‫ذ‬ٌ‫ج‬.......................................................................................................................................;
2.‫جٌذسجعس‬‫جٌّشؾؼ١س‬......................................................................................................................................35
2.1.‫جٌطظك١ف‬ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬........................................................................................................................................35
2.1.1.‫ٌّكس‬ٓ‫ػ‬‫ِؼحٌؿس‬‫جٌطظك١ف‬ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬....................................................................................35
2.1.2.‫جٌطظك١ف‬ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ٟ‫ف‬‫جٌٍغس‬‫جٌؼشذ١س‬.........................................................................................................35
2.1.3.‫أٔظّس‬‫جٌطظك١ف‬ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ٟ‫ف‬‫ِؿحي‬‫ضظك١ف‬‫جٌطٙؿثس‬‫ذح٦ٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬....................................................37
2.1.3.1.‫ج٤ٔظّس‬‫ِفطٛقس‬‫جٌّظذس‬.......................................................................................................37
1.َ‫ٔظح‬(GNU Aspell).................................................................................................................................37
2.َ‫ٔظح‬(After the Deadline).....................................................................................................................38
‫٘ٛذشٔحِؽ‬َ‫٠غطخذ‬‫جٌزوحء‬ٟ‫جٌظٕؼ‬‫ِٚؼحٌؿس‬‫جٌٍغحش‬‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬‫ٌّؼشفس‬‫ج٤خطحء‬‫جالِالت١س‬‫ٚجلطشجـ‬‫قٍٛي‬‫رو١س‬،‫ٌٙح‬
ٓ‫٠ّى‬ْ‫أ‬ُ‫ضط‬ٗ‫جػحفط‬‫ٌّكشس‬‫ٔظٛص‬ً‫ِػ‬(OpenOffice)‫أٌّٚطظفف‬‫جالٔطشٔص‬ٌٝ‫أٚج‬‫ِٛلغ‬‫ِح‬...........................38
3.َ‫ٔظح‬(Online spell check).....................................................................................................................39
4.َ‫ٔظح‬(LanguageTool).............................................................................................................................3:
2.1.3.2.‫ِغٍمس‬‫جٌّظذس‬..........................................................................................................................3;
1.َ‫ٔظح‬(LingPipe).......................................................................................................................................3;
2.َ‫ٔظح‬(Spellcheckplus)............................................................................................................................3;
3.َ‫ٔظح‬(Ginger)............................................................................................................................................3;
4.َ‫ٔظح‬(Reverso)...............................................................................................42_Toc344391544
2.1.4.‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ٟ‫ف‬‫ِؿحي‬‫ضظك١ف‬‫جٌطٙؿثس‬‫ذحٌؼشذ١س‬.......................................................................................43
1.َ‫ٔظح‬ٞٚ‫غٍطح‬..........................................................................................................................................43
2.ً‫آ٠غر‬..........................................................................................................................................................43
3.َ‫ٔظح‬(Buckwalter Arabic Morphological Analyzer)..................................................................45
4.‫ُخ‬‫ش‬‫ط‬ُ‫ل‬..................................................................................................................................................45
5.‫ذشٔحِؽ‬ً١ٍ‫جٌخ‬ٟ‫جٌظشف‬............................................................................................................................46
6.‫ِىطرس‬ٓ١‫ضحشف‬..............................................................................................................................................46
7.‫جٌشد٠ف‬..................................................................................................................................................47
8.‫ِغىٛن‬..................................................................................................................................................47
9.‫ِشىحي‬..........................................................................................................................................................48

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10.ٟٔ‫جٌّؼح‬..............................................................................................................................................49
2.2.‫أٔظّس‬‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌٍغس‬Language Identification.............................................................................4;
2.2.1.‫ِمذِس‬......................................................................................................................................................4;
2.2.2.‫ذؼغ‬‫ج٤ٔظّس‬‫ذّؿحي‬‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫ٌغس‬‫جٌٕظٛص‬‫جٌّىطٛذس‬...........................................................4;
1.َ‫ٔظح‬TextCat.............................................................................................................................................4;
2.َ‫ٔظح‬Xerox MLTT Language Identifier..........................................................................................4;
3.َ‫ٔظح‬Rosette Language Identifier......................................................................................................4;
4.َ‫ٔظح‬(Language Identification of Short Text Segments with N-gram Models )...............52
5.َ‫ٔظح‬(Techniques for Language Identification for Hybrid Arabic-English Document
Images)......................................................................................................................................................52
2.3.‫ضٛلغ‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬Word prediction.............................................................................................................53
2.3.1.‫ِمذِس‬....................................................................................................................53
2.3.2.‫ذؼغ‬‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ٟ‫ف‬‫ِؿحي‬‫ضٛلغ‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬...................................................................................53
1.َ‫ٔظح‬Aurora Suite 2005........................................................................................................................53
2.َ‫ٔظح‬wordQ+speakQ))..........................................................................................................................53
3.‫ذٕ١س‬َ‫جٌٕظح‬..................................................................................................................................................57
4.‫جٌطكم١ك‬ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬..........................................................................................................................................5;
4.2.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ISRI........................................................................................................................................5;
4.2.1.‫ِمذِس‬......................................................................................................................................................5;
4.2.2.‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬.............................................................................................................................................5;
4.3.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬Porter......................................................................................................................................63
4.4.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬‫ضمحسخ‬ٓ١‫وٍّط‬Minimum Edit Distance‫ٚضطر١محضٙح‬‫جٌؿذ٠ذز‬................................................63
4.4.1.‫ِمذِس‬......................................................................................................................................................63
4.4.2.‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬.............................................................................................................................................64
4.4.3.‫ضؿش٠ر١س‬‫قغحخ‬‫جٌطمحسخ‬‫ذحالػطّحد‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌطرحػذ‬ّٓ‫ػ‬‫ٌٛقس‬‫جٌّفحض١ف‬...........................................65
4.4.4.‫ِؼشفس‬‫جٌطش٠ك‬ٞ‫جٌّإد‬‫ٌٕمطس‬‫جٌطمحسخ‬.................................................................................................68
4.4.5.‫ػٍّ١س‬‫ئٔشحء‬‫جٌمحِٛط‬...............................................................................................................................69
4.4.5.1.‫ػٍّ١س‬‫ئٔشحء‬‫جٌمحِٛط‬............................................................................................................................69
4.4.5.2.‫ذٕ١س‬‫جٌمحِٛط‬........................................................................................................................................6:
4.4.5.3.‫جٌركع‬ّٓ‫ػ‬‫جٌمحِٛط‬..........................................................................................................................72
4.6.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌٍغس‬‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬‫ذٕظٛص‬‫ِىطٛذس‬‫ذٍغس‬‫ِح‬‫أِٚؿّٛػس‬‫ٌغحش‬Language Identification.........73

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4.6.1.‫جٌٙذف‬ِٓ‫دسجعس‬‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌٍغحش‬................................................................................................73
4.6.2.‫ضٛط١ف‬‫جٌّغأٌس‬...........................................................................................................................73
4.6.3.‫جٌطكم١ك‬ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬..............................................................................................................................74
4.7.‫ضٛلغ‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬.............................................................................................................77
4.7.1.‫ضٛط١ف‬‫جٌّغأٌس‬...........................................................................................................................77
4.7.2.‫جٌطكم١ك‬ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬.......................................................................................................77
4.8.‫ضٛلغ‬‫فىشز‬‫جٌٕض‬‫جٌّىطٛخ‬.........................................................................................79
4.8.1.‫ضٛط١ف‬‫جٌّغأٌس‬....................................................................................................79
4.8.2.‫جٌطكم١ك‬ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬..............................................................................................................................79
4.9.‫لحِٛط‬ٟٔ‫جٌّؼح‬‫ٚجٌّطشجدفحش‬..........................................................................................................7:
4.9.1.‫ضٛط١ف‬‫جٌّغأٌس‬....................................................................................................7:
4.9.2.‫جٌطكم١ك‬ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬.......................................................................................................7:
4.10.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬‫ضمحسخ‬ٓ١‫ّٔط‬ِٓ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬‫جٌٍغحش‬‫جٌظٛس٠س‬Minimum Edit Distance (MED)...............7;
4.10.1.‫ِمحسذس‬‫طٛس٠س‬......................................................................................................................................7;
4.10.2.‫جٌطؼط١د‬Thresholding......................................................................................................................82
4.10.3.‫ضطر١ك‬‫جٌّمحسذس‬......................................................................................................................................83
4.11.‫جٌخٛجسصِ١حش‬‫جٌّكغٕس‬‫ٌذسجعس‬‫ضمحسخ‬‫جٌظٛس‬...................................................................................84
4.11.1.‫ِمذِس‬..................................................................................................................................................84
4.11.2.‫ِشىٍس‬‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬................................................................................................................................85
4.11.3.ٓ١‫ضكغ‬‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬...............................................................................................................................86
4.11.4.ٓ١‫ضكغ‬‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬‫ِشز‬ٜ‫أخش‬..............................................................................................................88
4.11.5.‫ِمحسٔس‬ِٓ‫ص‬‫جٌطٕف١ز‬ٓ١‫ذ‬‫جٌخٛجسصِ١حش‬..................................................................................................8;
4.12.‫خٛجسصِ١حش‬‫ئ٠ؿحد‬‫جٌططحذمحش‬‫جٌؿضت١س‬–‫ضطحذك‬‫جٌش١فشجش‬‫جٌٛسجغ١س‬..............................................92
4.12.1.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬MEDNeedlemanWunschAlgo................................................................................92
4.12.2.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬‫جٌم١ّس‬ّٝ‫جٌؼظ‬‫جٌّكٍ١س‬SmithWaterman........................................................................93
4.13.‫وشف‬‫أؾضجء‬‫جٌظٛسز‬‫ضطحذمح‬‫ٚجخطالفح‬..................................................................................................96
4.14.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌّشحػش‬ٟ‫ف‬‫جٌؿٍّس‬..............................................................................................97
4.14.1.‫ضؼش٠ف‬..................................................................................................................................................97
4.14.2.‫ِمذِس‬....................................................................................................................................................97
4.14.3.‫ضؼحس٠ف‬‫ّس‬٠‫ٔظش‬......................................................................................................................................99
4.14.3.1.‫ضؼش٠ف‬‫جٌغشع‬.................................................................................................................................99

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4.14.3.2.‫ضؼش٠ف‬‫ِغحس‬ٞ‫جٌشأ‬‫ذحٌٕغرس‬‫ٌّ١ضز‬‫ِؼ١ٕس‬(Opinion passage on a feature)...............................99
4.14.3.3.‫ضؼش٠ف‬ًِ‫قح‬ٞ‫جٌشأ‬(Opinion holder)........................................................................................99
4.14.3.4.‫ضؼش٠ف‬ٗ‫جٌطٛؾ‬ٌٟ‫جٌذال‬ٞ‫ٌشأ‬(Semantic orientation of an opinion).......................................9:
4.14.3.5.ُ١ٍ‫ضؼ‬‫ج٢ٌس‬ML.................................................................................................................................9:
4.14.3.6.‫ضٕم١د‬‫ج٢سجء‬‫جٌّؼطّذ‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌّ١ضجش‬.....................................................................................................9:
4.14.4.ُ٘‫أ‬ً‫جٌّشحو‬..........................................................................................................................................9;
4.14.5.‫ٍِخض‬‫ٌّح‬‫عرك‬....................................................................................................................................9;
4.14.6.‫جٌطظٕ١ف‬ٟ‫جٌكغ‬...................................................................................................................................:3
4.14.7.‫جٌططر١ك‬.................................................................................................................................................:4
4.14.8.١١‫ضم‬ُ‫جٌؿٍّس‬...........................................................................................................................................:4
5.‫ِخططحش‬َ‫جٌٕظح‬........................................................................................................................................:9
5.6.‫جٌطظك١ف‬ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬CyperSpell...............................................................................................................:9
5.7.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌٍغحش‬..................................................................................................................................;2
5.8.‫ضٛلغ‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬..............................................................................................................................................;3
5.9.‫ضٛلغ‬‫ِٛػٛع‬‫فمشز‬....................................................................................................................................;4
5.10.‫لحِٛط‬‫جٌطشؾّس‬........................................................................................................................................;5
5.11.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ٗ‫ضٛؾ‬‫جٌّشحػش‬ٟ‫ف‬‫جٌؿٍّس‬...............................................................................................;5
6.‫ِخطؾ‬‫جٌظفٛف‬...............................................................................................................;8
8.8.‫ضطر١ك‬‫ٚجؾٙس‬َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬............................................................................................................................;8
8.9.‫جٌططر١ك‬ٟ‫ج٤عحع‬:‫ضطر١ك‬‫ِكشن‬‫جٌّؼحٌؽ‬.............................................................................................;9
8.:.‫جٌططر١ك‬ٟ‫ج٤عحع‬:‫ضطر١ك‬‫ج٦ظٙحس‬‫ِكشن‬‫جٌّؼحٌؽ‬........................................................................................;:
8.;.‫خٛجسصِ١حش‬MED‫ٚضؼذ٠الضٙح‬....................................................................................................................;;
9.‫ٚجؾٙحش‬‫ج٦ظٙحس‬............................................................................................................325
7.6.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬(ISRI)....................................................................................................................................325
7.7.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬(Porter)...............................................................................................................................326
7.8.‫خٛجسصِ١س‬‫قغحخ‬‫جٌّغحفس‬ٓ١‫ذ‬ٓ١‫وٍّط‬.......................................................................................327
7.9.‫خٛجسصِ١حش‬‫وشف‬‫جٌططحذمحش‬‫جٌؿضت١س‬.......................................................................................328
9.32.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫ٙحش‬ّ‫ضٛؾ‬‫جٌّشحػش‬ٟ‫ف‬‫جٌؿٍّس‬.......................................................................................32;
9.33.‫ئ٠ؿحد‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬‫ج٤لشخ‬.............................................................................................................................332
9.34.‫خٛسجسصِ١حش‬‫ِمحسٔس‬‫ضمحسخ‬‫جٌظٛس‬..................................................................................................332
9.35.‫جٌطؼشف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫جٌمطغ‬ِٓ‫جٌظٛسز‬‫جٌّطحذمس‬‫ٌظٛسز‬‫ِح‬‫أٚجٌّكزٚفس‬...............................................334

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:.‫جٌّشجؾغ‬....................................................................................................................................................339

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‫األول‬ ‫انفظم‬
‫انذراطخ‬ ‫ين‬ ‫انهذف‬

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1.‫ّراطخ‬‫ذ‬‫ان‬ ‫ين‬ ‫انهذف‬
‫جٌّششٚع‬ ‫٠ٙذف‬،َ‫جٌّٙح‬ ‫ِطؼذد‬ َ‫ٔظح‬ ‫ذٕحء‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ِٓ‫جٌّشجد‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ً‫وذخ‬ ‫٠أخز‬ ْ‫ذأ‬ ‫ج٦ِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬
‫ٚ٠ظككٙح‬ ‫ج٦ِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحٌطؼشف‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ ٗ‫ضظك١ك‬‫ٌ١ط‬‫جٌّٛجػ١غ‬ ِٓ ‫جٌؼذ٠ذ‬ ًّ‫ٌ١ش‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫ٛعغ‬
ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ‫لحِٛط‬ ‫ٚئٔشحء‬ ٟ‫جٌطٍمحت‬ ‫ٚج٦وّحي‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫وحٌطؼشف‬-‫جٌّشحػش‬ ٗ‫ضٛؾ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚجٌطؼشف‬ ٞ‫ئٔىٍ١ض‬
‫أفى‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬ ‫ٚوزٌه‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫ؾٍّس‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬‫جٌظٛس‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫وذسجعس‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ِؿحالش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ ‫حس‬
َ‫ذحعطخذج‬ ‫ٚرٌه‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ‫ضطحذك‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِمحسذس‬ ‫جٌّطرك‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ً‫٠ذخ‬ .‫جٌٛسجغ١س‬ ‫جٌش١فشجش‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫أٚدسجعس‬
ٞ‫ج٤طغش‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِٕحعد‬ ‫ضشِ١ض‬Minimum Edit Distanceٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ذح٦ػحفس‬
‫ضؿش٠ر١حش‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬Heuristics.ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ٓ١‫ضكغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِٕحعرس‬

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‫انفظم‬ٍ‫انثبن‬
‫انًزجؼُخ‬ ‫انذراطخ‬

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2.‫انًزجؼُخ‬ ‫انذراطخ‬
.َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّكممس‬ ‫ج٤فىحس‬ ِٓ ‫فىشز‬ ً‫ٌى‬ ‫جٌّشؾؼ١س‬ ‫جٌذسجعس‬ ‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌفمشجش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١‫ٔر‬
2.1.ٌ‫انهغى‬ ‫انتظحُح‬
2.1.1.‫ػن‬ ‫نًحخ‬ٌ‫انهغى‬ ‫انتظحُح‬ ‫يؼبنجخ‬
‫٘حِس‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ‫ِٙحسز‬ ٟ٘ ‫جٌطٙؿثس‬‫ضٍمحت١ح‬ ‫ضؼٍّٙح‬ ‫ٌٍؿّ١غ‬ ٓ‫ال٠ّى‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّٙحسجش‬ ِٓ ٟ٘ٚ ‫ٚأعحع١س‬،‫ف‬ ‫جٌٛجلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬‫ا‬ْ
‫جٌطٍمحت١س‬ ‫جٌطٙؿثس‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ْ‫فح‬ ‫ٌزج‬ ،‫جٌٙؿحء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫طؼٛذحش‬ ْٛٙ‫٠ٛجؾ‬ ‫ج٤رو١حء‬ ‫ج٤شخحص‬ ِٓ ‫جٌؼذ٠ذ‬
.‫ج٤شخحص‬ ‫٘إالء‬ ُٙ‫ض‬ ‫جٌكٛجع١د‬ ‫ذّغحػذز‬
‫ج٤دٚج‬ ُ٘‫أ‬ ِٓ )‫جٌٙؿحء‬ ‫(ضظك١ف‬ ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ْ‫ئ‬،‫ج٦ٌىطشٚٔ١س‬ ‫ٚجٌىطحذس‬ ‫جٌٕشش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّغطؼٍّس‬ ‫ش‬
‫ذؼغ‬ ٟ‫ٚف‬ ،‫جٌّىطر١س‬ ‫ٌٍرشجِؽ‬ ‫جٌّشجفمس‬ ‫ج٤دٚجش‬ ُ٘‫أ‬ ِٓ ‫٠ؼذ‬ ‫وّح‬ ،‫ٚجالعطؼالِحش‬ ‫جٌركع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ًّ‫ٚضغطؼ‬
ً‫ِػ‬ ،‫جٌىطحذس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫شحتؼس‬ ‫٤خطحء‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬ ‫ٚ٘ٛجلطشجـ‬ ،‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ٟ‫جٌطٍمحت‬ ‫ذحٌطظك١ف‬ ّٝ‫٠غ‬ ‫ٌّح‬ ‫ٔكطحؼ‬ ‫جٌكحالش‬
‫ذح‬ ‫جٌىطحذس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚضش١غ‬ ٓ١‫قشف‬ ‫لٍد‬،‫جٌمطغ‬ ‫ّٚ٘ضز‬ ً‫جٌٛط‬ ‫ّ٘ضز‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌطفش٠ك‬ َ‫ػذ‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ‫ٌؼشذ١س‬
.‫ٚجٌظحء‬ ‫جٌؼحد‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫ٚجٌخٍؾ‬
ٌ ْ‫ئ‬ٓ١‫غالغ‬ ِٓ ‫٤وػش‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ٚضظك١ف‬ ‫ٌىشف‬ ‫ذشجِؽ‬ ‫وطحذس‬ ُ‫ض‬ ‫لذ‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ً٠ٛ‫ؽ‬ ‫ضحس٠خ‬ ‫جٌٙؿحء‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬ ‫ؼٍّ١س‬
.‫جٌّؿحي‬ ‫٘زج‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٔؿحص٘ح‬ ُ‫ض‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّشحس٠غ‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ‫ٔغطؼشع‬ ‫عٛف‬ ‫ػحِح‬
2.1.2.ٌ‫انهغى‬ ‫انتظحُح‬‫انؼزثُخ‬ ‫انهغخ‬ ٍ‫ف‬
ِٓ ‫جٌؼذ٠ذ‬ ‫٠ؼطشػٙح‬ ْ‫ٚأ‬ ‫ذذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫جٌكحعٛخ‬ ‫ذٛعحؽس‬ ً١ٍ‫ٌٍطك‬ )‫ٌغس‬ ٞ‫(أ‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ئخؼحع‬ ‫ِكحٌٚس‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٗ١‫ف‬ ‫شه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ِّح‬
‫ٚجٌؼمرحش‬ ‫ج٦شىحٌ١حش‬،ٔ‫أ‬ ‫غ١ش‬ْ‫فا‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ذّؼحٌؿس‬ ‫ضطر١مٕح‬ ‫خظظٕح‬ ‫ئرج‬ ‫ٕح‬‫ذٛعحؽس‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ً١ٍ‫ضك‬
‫أ‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٞ‫أ‬ ِٓ ‫أوػش‬ ‫وػ١ش‬ ‫ػمرحش‬ ٗ‫٠ىطٕف‬ ‫جٌكحعٛخ‬ٜ‫خش‬ً‫جٌّشحو‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ُ‫ِٚؼظ‬ٟ‫ف‬ ّٓ‫ضى‬ْ‫ج٤ٚصج‬ ‫قظش‬ ‫ٚؾٛخ‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ‫س٠حػ١س‬ ‫سِٛص‬ ‫ٚػغ‬ ِٓ ٓ‫ع١ّى‬ ‫ِٚ٘ٛح‬ ،ٓ١‫ِؼ‬ ٟ‫ضظٕ١ف‬ َ‫ٔظح‬ ‫ٚفك‬ ‫ٚضكٍ١ٍٙح‬ ‫دل١مح‬ ‫قظشج‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬
ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌٕحضؿس‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌفشٚق‬ ‫٠غطٛػد‬ ‫ذك١ع‬ ‫جٌشٌّٛ١س‬ ِٓ ‫جٌطظٕ١ف‬ ‫٘زج‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٚ٠ؿد‬ .‫جٌكحعٛخ‬
‫رٌه‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ُ‫غ‬ .ً١‫جٌطشى‬ ‫جخطالف‬ٓ‫٠طّى‬ ‫ذك١ع‬ ،‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٕكٛ٠س‬ ‫جٌمٛجػذ‬ ‫جعط١ؼحخ‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙح‬ ‫آٌ١س‬ ‫ذشجِؽ‬ ‫ضطٛ٠ش‬
‫جٌرشجِؽ‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ‫ضطٛ٠ش‬ ْ‫فا‬ ،ٞ‫جٌٕظش‬ ‫جٌؿحٔد‬ ِٓٚ ،‫لشجءضٙح‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ‫جٌخحؽثس‬ ًّ‫جٌؿ‬ ‫ضظٛ٠د‬ ِٓ ‫جٌكحعٛخ‬
‫ِغطك١ال‬ ‫ٌ١ظ‬.

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ٌ‫ج‬ ‫ِغ‬ ًِ‫جٌطؼح‬ ‫٠ّىٕٙح‬ ُ‫ذك١ع‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ً١ٍ‫ٌطك‬ ‫آٌ١س‬ ‫ذشجِؽ‬ ‫ٌٛػغ‬ ‫وػ١شز‬ ‫ِكحٚالش‬ ‫ظٙشش‬ ‫مذ‬‫ٌّظطٍكحش‬
‫جٌكحعٛخ‬ ‫ذٛعحؽس‬ ‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ً١ٍ‫ضك‬ ‫ِغطٛ٠حش‬ ‫عٕغطؼشع‬ ٟ‫٠أض‬ ‫ٚف١ّح‬ ،‫جٌٍغس‬ ِٓ ‫ور١ش‬ ْٚ‫ِخض‬ ‫ٚفك‬.
1.ٍ‫انظزف‬ ‫انتحهُم‬
‫أٚئذذجي‬ ‫أٚئػالي‬ ْ‫أٚٔمظح‬ ‫ص٠حدز‬ ِٓ ‫ػٍ١ٙح‬ ‫ؽشأ‬ ‫ِٚح‬ ٟ‫جٌظشف‬ ‫ٚٚصٔٙح‬ ‫ؾزس٘ح‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َٛ‫٠م‬
ِٓ ‫ذٙح‬ ً‫جضظ‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ذح٦ػحفس‬ ،‫أٚلٍد‬ َ‫أٚئدغح‬‫ػّحتش‬ ِٓ ‫ٌكمٙح‬ ‫ِٚح‬ ،‫جٌغٛجذك‬ ‫ضٍه‬ ‫ٚٔٛع‬ ‫عٛجذك‬
‫جعّح‬ ‫ٔفغٙح؛‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ٔٛع‬ ‫ِٚؼشفس‬ ،‫ٚجٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫جٌؼّحتش‬ ‫ضٍه‬ ‫ِٚىٛٔحش‬ ‫أٌٚٛجقك‬‫أٚفؼال‬‫أٚقشفح‬‫رٌه‬ ‫غ١ش‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ،
ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ٍُ‫جٌى‬ َ‫ألغح‬ ِٓ ُ‫لغ‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ضخض‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌظشف١س‬ ‫جٌطٛط١فحش‬ ِٓ.
‫جٌٕكٛجٌطح‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ،ً١ٍ‫جٌطك‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ‫طشف١س‬ ‫طٛس‬ ‫ػذز‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ .‫لحي‬ :‫وٍّس‬ٌٟ:
1.‫ٚي‬ ‫ق‬ :‫جٌؿزس‬ ِٓ ،ٍ‫ِحع‬ ً‫فؼ‬ " َ‫حي‬َ‫ل‬ " :‫لحي‬.
2.‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ :‫جٌؿزس‬ ِٓ ،ً‫ل‬ :ٟ‫جٌػالغ‬ ً‫جٌفؼ‬ ِٓ ً‫فحػ‬ ُ‫جع‬ " ّ‫ي‬‫لح‬ " :‫لحي‬
2.ٌ‫اننحى‬ ‫انتحهُم‬
،‫جٌٕكٛ٠س‬ ‫جٌّؼٍِٛحش‬ ِٓ ‫ٚغ١ش٘ح‬ ،‫جٌؿٍّس‬ ‫٘١ىٍ١س‬ ،‫ذؼغ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ذؼؼٙح‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ذؼاللس‬ ُ‫٠ٙط‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫ٚ٘ٛجٌؿضء‬
‫جٌظشف١س‬ ‫جٌّشقٍس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚ٠ؼطّذ‬.‫ِؼشفس‬ ‫ضغحػذ‬ ‫ٚلذ‬ِٓ ٞ‫أ‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫أق١حٔح‬ ‫جٌظك١كس‬ ‫جٌٕكٛ٠س‬ ‫جٌمٛجػذ‬
.‫٘ٛجٌظك١ف‬ ‫جٌطفحع١ش‬
3.ٍ‫انذالن‬ ‫انتحهُم‬
‫جٌؿٍّس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌكذ٠ع‬ ‫ِٛػٛع‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ٟ‫جٌّٕطم‬ ‫جٌشذؾ‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌؿٍّس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌّمظٛد‬ ُٙ‫ذف‬ ُ‫٠ٙط‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫ٚ٘ٛجٌؿضء‬
‫ٚجٌٕكٛ٠س‬ ‫جٌظشف١س‬ ‫جٌّشقٍس‬ ِٓ ً‫و‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّشقٍس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ضؼطّذ‬ .ٟ‫جٌٛجلؼ‬ ٌُ‫جٌؼح‬ ِٓ ‫ِٚؼٍِٛحش‬.
:‫ِػحي‬..،‫ؾحعٛط‬ ،‫جٌّحء‬ ٓ١‫ػ‬ ،ْ‫ج٦ٔغح‬ ٓ١‫ػ‬ ٟٕ‫ضؼ‬ :ٓ١‫ػ‬

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2.1.3.‫أنظًخ‬ٌ‫انهغى‬ ‫انتظحُح‬‫ثبإلنجهُشَخ‬ ‫انتهجئخ‬ ‫تظحُح‬ ‫يجبل‬ ٍ‫ف‬
ٌٝ‫ج‬ ‫لغّٙح‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ ‫ٚجٌٕكٛ٠س‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ضظكف‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌٕؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌىػ١ش‬ ‫٠ٛؾذ‬
.‫ِٚغٍمس‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛقس‬ ٓ١ّ‫لغ‬
2.1.3.1.‫انًظذر‬ ‫يفتىحخ‬ ‫األنظًخ‬
‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫جٌّفطٛقس‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫ٔؼشع‬‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ‫ٚٔزوش‬
:‫جٌطحٌ١س‬
1.‫نظبو‬(GNU Aspell)
‫ضطّ١ض‬ ً‫ِغطم‬ ‫أٚوططر١ك‬ ‫وّىطرس‬ ‫جعطخذجِٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِٚفطٛقس‬ ‫ِؿحٔ١س‬ ‫ضمٕ١س‬ ٟ٘
ٍٟ٠ ‫ٚف١ّح‬ ‫آخش‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬ ٞ‫أ‬ ِٓ ً‫أفؼ‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫جٌخحؽثس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫قٍٛي‬ ‫جلطشجـ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذمذسضٙح‬
‫ضمٕ١س‬ ‫ٌٕطحتؽ‬ ‫ػشع‬Aspellٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ضط١محش‬ ‫ِغ‬(1):

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2.( ‫نظبو‬After the Deadline)
‫ٚجلطشجـ‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ِٚؼحٌؿس‬ ٟ‫جٌظٕؼ‬ ‫جٌزوحء‬ َ‫٠غطخذ‬ ‫٘ٛذشٔحِؽ‬
( ً‫ِػ‬ ‫ٔظٛص‬ ‫ٌّكشس‬ ٗ‫جػحفط‬ ُ‫ضط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ،‫ٌٙح‬ ‫رو١س‬ ‫قٍٛي‬OpenOffice‫أٌّٚطظفف‬ )
.‫ِح‬ ‫ِٛلغ‬ ٌٝ‫أٚج‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬
‫ذ‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫٘زج‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ٍٟ٠ ‫ّح‬:
1-.‫ٌٍٕظٛص‬ ٟ‫جالِالت‬ ‫جٌطذل١ك‬
2-‫جٌمٛجػذ٠س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ِٓ ‫جٌطكمك‬(2).
ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ِؼشٚفس‬ ‫ضطر١محش‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌططر١ك‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫ِمحسٔس‬ ‫ٌٕطحتؽ‬ ‫ػشع‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ٚف١ّح‬(3):
ٌ‫ج‬ ‫٠ٛػف‬ً‫شى‬ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬( ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ِكشس‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌططر١ك‬OpenOffice.)

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3.( ‫نظبو‬Online spell check)
‫ٌطظك١ف‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬٤‫ج‬ ‫ٚج٠ؿحد‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬٦‫ج‬ ‫خطحء‬‫ٔض‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِالت١س‬
( ‫جٌٍكظس‬ ‫ٔفظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬ ً‫لر‬ ِٓ ً‫ِذخ‬real time٦‫ذح‬ )ٖ‫ٌٙز‬ ‫قٍٛي‬ ‫جلطشجـ‬ ٌٝ‫ج‬ ‫ػحفس‬
‫ِخطٍفس‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ِٓ ‫جٌٕض‬ ‫ذٙح‬ ً‫جٌّذخ‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ ‫ِخطٍفس‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٓ٠‫ذؼشش‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬
( ‫ضمٕ١س‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٠ؼطّذ‬Aspell‫جٌّفطٛق‬ ).‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫س‬
‫جٌّطشؾّس‬ ‫ٌٍّشحس٠غ‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ذطظك١ف‬ ‫جٌّشحس٠غ‬ ‫ِذسجء‬ ‫ِغحػذز‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫٠ٙذف‬
‫جٌّغطخذِس‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌٕظش‬ ‫ذغغ‬(4).

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4.( ‫نظبو‬LanguageTool)
‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ً١ٍ‫ٌطك‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ‫٘ٛذشٔحِؽ‬‫بال‬‫والفرنسٌة‬ ‫والبولندٌة‬ ‫اإلنكلٌزٌة‬ ‫لغات‬
‫والرومانٌة‬English, Polish, French, Romanian)‫أخرى‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫وبعشرٌن‬ ).ٕٗ‫٠ّى‬
‫ال‬ ‫لٛجػذ٠س‬ ‫أخطحء‬ ‫وشف‬( ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌخٍؾ‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ‫وشفٙح‬ ٖ‫ٌغ١ش‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬there, their)(5).

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2.1.3.2.‫انًظذر‬ ‫يغهمخ‬
:‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ‫ٚٔزوش‬
1.‫نظبو‬(LingPipe)
‫ذ‬ َٛ‫ضم‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ‫جٌطر١ؼ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ َ‫ذحعطخذج‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ٌّؼحٌؿس‬ ‫أدجز‬ ٍٟٟ٘٠ ‫ّح‬:
1-٤‫ج‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌركع‬( ‫عّحء‬‫أ‬)‫جٌّٛجلغ‬ ،‫جٌّٕظّحش‬ ،‫ج٤شخحص‬ ‫عّحء‬
2-‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫جٌظك١كس‬ ‫جٌطٙؿثس‬ ‫جلطشجـ‬(6).
2.( ‫نظبو‬Spellcheckplus)
‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫٠ظكف‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬٦‫ج‬‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫ٚجٌمٛجػذ٠س‬ ‫ِالت١س‬(7).
3.( ‫نظبو‬Ginger)
٦‫ج‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫٠ظكف‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫ٚجٌمٛجػذ٠س‬ ‫ِالت١س‬(9).

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4.( ‫نظبو‬Reverso)
‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫٠ظكف‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬َ‫ٚ٠مذ‬ ‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫ٚجٌمٛجػذ٠س‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬
ً‫جٌّذخ‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّطرمس‬ ‫جٌطظك١كحش‬ ُٙ‫ف‬ ِٓ ‫ضّىٕٕح‬ ‫خذِحش‬(8).

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2.1.4.‫ثبنؼزثُخ‬ ‫انتهجئخ‬ ‫تظحُح‬ ‫يجبل‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫األنظًخ‬
‫إٔٔح‬ ‫جٌّالقع‬ ِٓ٦‫ج‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ٞٛ‫جٌّكط‬ ‫لٍس‬ ِٓ ٟٔ‫ٔؼح‬ُ‫ضٙط‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّشحس٠غ‬ ‫لٍس‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔح٘١ه‬ ‫ٔطشٔص‬
‫ذٍغطٕح‬‫جٌؼشذ١س‬‫ف‬ ‫ٌزج‬ ،‫ا‬‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ِٓٚ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ِٓ ً١ٍ‫جٌم‬ ‫٠ٛؾذ‬ ٗٔ.ٍٟ٠ ‫ِح‬ ‫ٔزوش‬
1.‫نظبو‬ٌ‫غهطبو‬
‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ‫ِ٘ٛششٚع‬ ٞٚ‫غٍطح‬‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌشحتؼس‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫ٌالخطحء‬ ٟ‫جٌطٍمحت‬ ‫ٌٍطظك١ف‬
‫ٚػغ‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌّششٚع‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫ٚ٠ٙذف‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬،ٟ‫جٌطٍمحت‬ ‫ٚضظك١كٙح‬ ‫جٌشحتؼس‬ ‫جٌخحؽثس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫لحتّس‬
‫جٌكحالش‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ّش‬‫ر‬‫ضؼ‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّٕطظّس‬ ‫جٌطؼر١شجش‬ ‫ٚػغ‬ ‫ٚوزج‬.
:‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬ ‫ضطر١محش‬
‫جٌّىطرس‬ ‫جٌرشجِؽ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫جٌطٍمحت‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ‫لحتّس‬. OpenOffice/LibreOffice
‫ٚ٠ى١ر١ذ٠ح‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ،ُ‫جٌؼخ‬ ٜٛ‫جٌّكط‬ ‫رجش‬ ‫جٌّٛجلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌشحتؼس‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ضذل١ك‬.
‫ٚغ١ش٘ح‬ ،‫ٚجٌطشؾّس‬ ،‫جٌّشجعالش‬ ‫ذشجِؽ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىحضد‬ ‫ِغحػذز‬.
‫جٌٍغٛ٠س‬ ‫ٔحش‬ّٚ‫جٌّذ‬ ‫ضذل١ك‬(corpus).
‫جٌركع‬ ‫جعطؼالِحش‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬.
‫جٌزو١س‬ ‫وحٌٙٛجضف‬ ‫جٌّكٌّٛس‬ ‫ج٤ؾٙضز‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىطحذس‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬. (10)
2.‫آَظجم‬
ً‫ِػ‬ ‫جٌكشز‬ ‫جٌّىطر١س‬ ‫ٌٍططر١محش‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫لٛجِ١ظ‬ ‫٘ٛئٔشحء‬ ً‫آ٠غر‬ ‫ِششٚع‬ ‫٘ذف‬
‫ِؿّٛػس‬OpenOffice.org‫ِطظفف‬ ،Firefox،Thunderbird،Abiwor،Gedit،
... ‫جٌخ‬

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ٟ٘ ‫لٛجِ١ظ‬ ‫ػذز‬ ً‫آ٠غر‬ ‫ِششٚع‬ ‫ٚفش‬:
ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬ ‫ٌٍطذل١ك‬‫ذشٔحِؽ‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫٠ؼ‬ ٞ‫ٚجٌز‬ ،ً‫٘حٔغر‬‫جٌّذلك‬
‫ذّششٚع‬ ‫جٌّشضرؾ‬ ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬‫أٚف١ظ‬ ٓ‫أٚذ‬.
‫ِ١ص‬ ّٟ‫جٌّؼؿ‬ ‫جٌطشجدف‬ ‫ذرشٔحِؽ‬ ‫جٌّشضرؾ‬ ،‫ٌٍّطشجدفحش‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬MyThe
‫أٚف١ظ‬ ٓ‫أٚذ‬ ‫ٌّششٚع‬.
ٞٛ‫جٌٕك‬ ‫ذحٌطذل١ك‬ ‫جٌخحص‬ ‫ٌغٛ٠ح‬ ‫جٌّظٕفس‬ ‫ٌٍّفشدجش‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬.
ٔ٥ٌ ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬ ‫ٌٍطذل١ك‬ ‫جٌخف١ف‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬‫جٌّكٌّٛس‬ ‫ظّس‬Embedded
systems‫ٚأؾٙضز‬ ‫جٌّكٌّٛس‬ ‫وحٌٙٛجضف‬PDA.
:‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌؿٛجتض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّششٚع‬ ‫٘زج‬ ً‫قظ‬
‫جٌكشز‬ ‫ٌٍرشجِؽ‬ ‫جٌػحٌع‬ ٟ‫ج٦فش٠م‬ ٝ‫جٌٍّطم‬ ‫خالي‬ ‫جٌخحطس‬ ‫جٌؿحتضز‬.
‫جٌكشز‬ ‫ج٦ػالِ١حش‬ ‫ٌطّٕ١س‬ ‫جٌّغشذ١س‬ ‫جٌؿّؼ١س‬ ‫قغد‬ ‫جٌغٕس‬ ‫ِششٚع‬(11).

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3.( ‫نظبو‬Buckwalter Arabic Morphological Analyzer)
( ‫ذٍغس‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ٟ‫قحعٛذ‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬Perl‫ِىٛٔحضٙح‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ )
‫ٚجٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫ٚجٌغٛجذك‬ ‫ٚجٌغحق‬ ‫وحٌؿزس‬ ‫ج٤عحع١س‬.
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًٍ‫جٌّك‬ ‫٘زج‬ ٞٛ‫٠ك‬(299)‫جٌرحدتحش‬ ِٓ( ،618( ،‫جٌٍٛجقك‬ ِٓ )38،600،‫جٌؿزٚس‬ ِٓ )
‫ٚجٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫جٌؿزٚس‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌرحدتحش‬ ‫ٌطشو١د‬ َ‫ضغطخذ‬ ‫ؾذجٚي‬ ‫ذػالظ‬ ‫ِٚضٚد‬
1.( ِٓ ‫ج٤ٚي‬ ‫جٌؿذٚي‬1،648‫جٌؿزٚس‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌرحدتحش‬ ‫ٌطشو١د‬ ً‫ِذخ‬ ).
2.( ِٓ ٟٔ‫جٌػح‬ ‫جٌؿذٚي‬1،285.‫جٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌؿزٚس‬ ‫ٌطشو١د‬ ً‫ِذخ‬ )
3.( ِٓ ‫جٌػحٌع‬ ‫جٌؿذٚي‬598‫جٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌرحدتحش‬ ‫ٌطشو١د‬ ً‫ِذخ‬ )(12).
4.‫ة‬ُ‫ز‬‫ط‬ُ‫ل‬
‫ؾّ١غ‬ ‫ٌطٌٛ١ذ‬ ‫جٌؼشٚس٠س‬ ‫جٌّؼٍِٛحش‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌّذخٍس‬ ‫ج٤فؼحي‬ ‫ذطظش٠ف‬ ‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬ َٛ‫٠م‬
‫ج‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌطظش٠ف‬ ‫أشىحي‬٤.‫جٌّخطٍفس‬ ‫صِٕس‬
‫ج٤فؼحي‬ ‫عٍٛن‬ ‫دسجعس‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٚ٠ٙذف‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ٟ‫ج٦ِالت‬ ‫جٌّذلك‬ ‫ِششٚع‬ ِٓ ‫ؾضء‬ ‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬ ‫٘زج‬
‫ج٤فؼحي‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ ‫ِ١ضز‬ ‫ضٛف١ش‬ ً‫أؾ‬ ِٓ ‫ػشذ١س‬ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ،‫أطٍٙح‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚجٌىشف‬ ‫جٌّطظشفس‬
‫ػٕٙح‬ ‫أٚجٌركع‬ ،‫ئِالت١ح‬ ‫ضذل١مٙح‬.
ْٛ‫ذح٠ػ‬ ‫ذٍغس‬ ‫جٌططر١ك‬ ‫ذشِؿس‬ ُ‫ض‬(13).

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5.ٍ‫انظزف‬ ‫انخهُم‬ ‫ثزنبيج‬
‫ج٤عحع١س‬ ‫ِىٛٔحضٙح‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ٟ‫قحعٛذ‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬
‫ٚجٌغٛجذك‬ ‫ٚجٌغحق‬ ‫وحٌؿزس‬‫ٚجٌٍٛجقك‬.
‫جٌشٙ١ش‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ٗٔٛ‫و‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ِٓ ٗ‫ٔٛػ‬ ِٓ ‫ج٤ٚي‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫ٚ٠ؼذ‬
"Buckwalter"َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ئال‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ٗٔٛ‫ٌى‬ ‫جٌركػ١س‬ ‫جٌّشجوض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫جالعطخذج‬ ‫جٌٛجعغ‬
‫جٌؿزس‬ ‫ذحعطخشجؼ‬ ‫ٚرٌه‬ ً١ٍ‫جٌطك‬ ِٓ ‫أػّك‬ ٜٛ‫ِغط‬ ‫ئػحفس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫لحدس‬ ٗٔٛ‫و‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫٠ض٠ذ‬ ٌٟ‫جٌكح‬
ِ ْ‫ٚجٌٛص‬‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫عحق‬ ٓ(14).
6.‫تبشفُن‬ ‫يكتجخ‬
ٌٟ‫ذحٌطح‬ َٛ‫ضم‬ ٟ٘ٚ ،‫جٌرشِؿ١س‬ ْٛ‫ذح٠ػ‬ ‫ذٍغس‬ ‫ِىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌخف١ف‬ ‫ٌٍطؿز٠غ‬ ٓ١‫ضحشف‬ ‫ِىطرس‬:
-‫ت‬‫العربٌة‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫جذٌع‬.
-‫استخراج‬‫الجذر‬.
-‫جمٌع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫تقطٌع‬.‫الممكنة‬ ‫الحاالت‬
-.‫الكلمة‬ ‫تنمٌط‬
-‫الزٌادة‬ ‫وحروف‬ ‫للزوائد‬ ‫مسبقة‬ ‫قائمة‬.
-‫الزوائد‬ ‫قوائم‬ ‫تعدٌل‬ ‫إمكانٌة‬(14).

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7.‫انزدَف‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫٠ف١ذ‬ ‫ٚلذ‬ ،‫ِؼ١ٕس‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫أٚؾّغ‬ ‫أٚأػذجد‬ ‫ِشجدفس‬ ‫وٍّحش‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌركع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬ ‫٠ف١ذ‬ ‫جٌشد٠ف‬
‫ذمحف١س‬ ٟٙ‫ضٕط‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌركع‬‫ِؼ١ٕس‬(15).
8.‫يظكىن‬
‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ذأٔٛجػٙح‬ ‫جٌٍفظ١س‬ ‫جٌّطالصِحش‬ ‫ج٠ؿحد‬ ٌٝ‫ج‬ ‫٠ٙذف‬ ‫ِٚ٘ٛششٚع‬‫جٌٍفظ١س‬ ‫جٌّطالصِحش‬
‫طالز‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ،‫ػذ٠ذز‬ ‫ِٛجػغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِؼح‬ ‫ضطٛجسد‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٟ٘ ‫أٚجٌّطٛجسدجش‬ ‫أٚجٌّغىٛوحش‬
‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ٓ‫جٌٛؽ‬ ،‫جٌّٕضي‬ ‫ذحخ‬ ،‫جٌػالغحء‬ َٛ٠ ،‫جٌؿّؼس‬.ٞٛ‫جٌٕك‬ ً١ٍ‫ٚجٌطك‬ ‫جٌطشؾّس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ‫ٚ٠غطفحد‬
‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ ِٓ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ِؿحالش‬ ٟ‫ٚف‬ ،‫جٌّظطٍكحش‬ ‫ٚجعطخشجؼ‬(16).

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9.‫يشكبل‬
‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ ً‫ِغحت‬ ُ٘‫أ‬ ِٓ ‫ضؼذ‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ً١‫ذطشى‬ ‫جٌططر١ك‬ ‫٘زج‬ ٕٝ‫٠ؼ‬
‫ِضج٠ح‬ ِٓ ‫ػذ٠ذز‬ ‫ػمرحش‬ ‫ضؿحٚص‬ ٟ‫٠مطؼ‬ ‫ٚذٍٛغٙح‬‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬:
‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ٌٍٕظٛص‬ ٌٟ‫آ‬ ً١‫ضشى‬.
‫جٌّمطشـ‬ ً١‫ٌٍطشى‬ َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬ ‫ضظك١ف‬ ‫ئِىحٔ١س‬.
ً١‫ٌٍطشى‬ ‫ِغحػذج‬ ‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬ ‫جعطؼّحي‬.
،ً١‫جٌطشى‬ ‫٠ظكف‬ ْ‫أ‬ َ‫ٌٍّغطخذ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ُّ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ،‫ٌٍٕض‬ ‫آٌ١ح‬ ‫ضشى١ال‬ ‫٠مطشـ‬ ٗٔ‫أ‬ ‫ٌّشىحي‬ ‫ِ١ضز‬ ُ٘‫أ‬
‫خطأ‬ ٗ‫ذ‬ ‫ٚؾذ‬ ‫ئرج‬
ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ذأدٚجش‬ ‫ِشفك‬ ‫جٌرشٔحِؽ‬:
،‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ٟ‫طشف‬ ًٍ‫ِك‬‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ٚجٌٕظٛص‬.
‫جٌكشوحش‬ ‫قزف‬.
‫وٍّحش‬ ‫لحتّس‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ً٠ٛ‫ضك‬.
‫ٚجٌؼّحتش‬ ‫ٚجٌطؼش٠ف‬ ‫جٌؼطف‬ ‫وكشٚف‬ ‫جٌضٚجتذ‬ ‫ذاػحفس‬ ُ‫جالع‬ ‫أشىحي‬ ‫ِخطٍف‬ ‫ضٌٛ١ذ‬
‫جٌّطظٍس‬.
‫جٌّشذٛؽس‬ ‫ٚجٌطحء‬ ‫ٚج٤ٌفحش‬ ‫جٌّٙضجش‬ ‫أشىحي‬ ‫ضٛق١ذ‬.
‫ٚأفؼحي‬ ‫أعّحء‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضظٕ١ف‬.
‫جٌٕض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ًّ‫جٌؿ‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬.
٤‫ج‬ ً٠ٛ‫ضك‬‫وٍّحش‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ػذجد‬.
‫قشفٙح‬ ‫آخش‬ ‫قغد‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضشض١د‬‫(جٌمحف١س‬.)
ٓ٠‫ػّٛد‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ٞ‫جٌؼّٛد‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌشؼش‬ ‫ضٕغ١ك‬.
‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ُ‫ضذػ‬ ‫ال‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌرشجِؽ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫ٌالعطخذج‬ ‫ٚجٌكشٚف‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ‫لٍد‬(17).

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11.ٍ‫انًؼبن‬
ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ‫لحِٛط‬ ٞٛ‫٠ك‬ ،‫ٚجٌّؿحالش‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ِطؼذد‬ ٟٔ‫جٌّؼح‬ ُ‫ِٚؼؿ‬ ‫لحِٛط‬ٟ‫ٚػشذ‬ ٟ‫ػشذ‬
ٟ‫غٕحت‬ ٌٟ‫ذشضغح‬ ٟ‫ٚػشذ‬ ٟ‫غٕحت‬ ٟٔ‫جعرح‬ ٟ‫ٚػشذ‬ ٟ‫غٕحت‬ ٟ‫فشٔغ‬ ٟ‫ٚػشذ‬ ٟ‫غٕحت‬ ٞ‫جٔىٍ١ض‬.
‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ًّ‫جٌؿ‬ ٟٔ‫ِٚؼح‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٟٔ‫ِؼح‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٞٛ‫٠ك‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ًِ‫شح‬ ‫لحِٛط‬
‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جػالِ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جعالِ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جدجس٠س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جؾطّحػ١س‬
‫ِٚظ‬ ‫جالدجسز‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جلطظحد٠س‬‫جٌطغٛ٠ك‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌّطكذز‬ ُِ‫جال‬ ‫طٍكحش‬
ً‫جٌٕم‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌطمظ‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌكحعٛخ‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ُ١ٍ‫جٌطؼ‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬
‫س٠حػ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫ضمٕ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫ضؿحس٠س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌّذٔ١س‬ ‫جٌٕٙذعس‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬
‫ؽر١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫طٕحػ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫ع١حع١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫صسجػ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬
‫ِٚظطٍكح‬ ‫ػحِس‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬‫ِحٌ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫لحٔٛٔ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫ػغىش٠س‬ ‫ش‬
‫جٌشحتؼس‬ ‫ِٚؼحٔ١ٙح‬ ‫جٌشحتؼس‬ ‫ٚجٌطشجو١د‬ ‫جٌطؼحذ١ش‬ ٌٝ‫ج‬ ‫ذحالػحفس‬ ‫ٔفغ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬.
‫جٌٛع١ؾ‬ ُ‫ٚجٌّؼؿ‬ ‫ج٤ػشحخ‬ ُ‫ِؼؿ‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ‫ِشٙٛسز‬ ‫لٛجِ١ظ‬ ٞٛ‫٠ك‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬
‫جالع‬ ٟٔ‫ِٚؼح‬ ‫فمٙ١س‬ ‫ِٚظطٍكحش‬ ‫جٌظكحـ‬ ‫ِٚخطحس‬ ْ‫جٌمشج‬ ‫ٚوٍّحش‬ َ‫ػح‬ ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ُ‫ِٚؼؿ‬‫ّحء‬
ٟٔ‫ِٚؼح‬ٟ‫جٌؼشذ‬ ٟٔ‫جٌّؼح‬ ُ‫ِٚؼؿ‬ ‫جالطٛجش‬ ُ‫ِٚؼؿ‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬.ٟٔ‫جٌّؼح‬ ‫لحِٛط‬ ‫٠ٙذف‬
ّ‫ل‬‫ٚد‬ ‫ذغشػس‬ ‫جٌّؼٍِٛس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٍكظٛي‬ ‫ٚجٌطحٌد‬ ،ُ‫جٌّطشؾ‬ ،‫جٌرحقع‬ ‫ٌخذِس‬‫س‬(18).

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2.2.‫انهغخ‬ ً‫ػه‬ ‫انتؼزف‬ ‫أنظًخ‬Language Identification
2.2.1.‫يمذيخ‬
ٖ‫٘ز‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ػشذ١س‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٟ٘ ً٘ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ‫ذششـ‬ ‫جٌفمشز‬
ً‫و‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫عٕٛػكٙح‬ ‫جعطشجض١ؿ١حش‬ ‫ذؼذز‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ ‫أٔظّس‬ َٛ‫ضم‬ .‫ئٌخ‬ ..‫ئٔىٍ١ض٠س‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫فحسع١س‬
.َ‫ٔظح‬
2.2.2.‫انًكتىثخ‬ ‫اننظىص‬ ‫نغخ‬ ً‫ػه‬ ‫انتؼزف‬ ‫ثًجبل‬ ‫األنظًخ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬
‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ ‫أٔظّس‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫عٕزوش‬‫الض١ٕ١س‬ ‫ذأقشف‬ ‫قحٌ١ح‬ ‫جٌّٛؾٛدز‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ
1.‫نظبو‬TextCat
َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِفطٛـ‬ ٟٔ‫ِؿح‬‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحالػطّحد‬ ‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ ‫٠ظٕف‬N-Gram-
Based Text Categorization‫خ‬ ‫ِىطٛذس‬ ‫ٍِفحش‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫٘زج‬ َٛ‫٠م‬69‫ٌغس‬(19).
2.‫نظبو‬Xerox MLTT Language Identifier
‫٘زج‬ ‫٠غطط١غ‬ ،‫ٌٙح‬ ّٟ‫ضٕط‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ِٚؼشف‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ً١ٍ‫ذطك‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ ٞ‫ضؿحس‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬69‫ِٛلغ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ِٓ ‫ِرحششز‬ ِٗ‫جعطخذج‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ،‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ػّٕٙح‬ ِٓ ‫ٌغس‬
‫جٌططر١ك‬(42).
3.‫نظبو‬Rosette Language Identifier
‫ػحٌ١س‬ ‫ذغشػس‬ ‫ٚ٠طّ١ض‬ ‫ذٙح‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ‫ٚجٌٍّفحش‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ًٍ‫٠ك‬ ٞ‫ضؿحس‬ َ‫٘ٛٔظح‬
ٕٗ‫٠ّى‬ ،‫ٌغس‬ ِٓ ‫ذأوػش‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ٌغحش‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٗ‫ٚذمذسض‬ ،‫جٌٍّفحش‬ ً١ٍ‫ضك‬ ٟ‫ف‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬52‫ِخطٍفس‬ ‫ٌغس‬(43).

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4.‫نظبو‬(Language Identification of Short Text Segments
with N-gram Models )
‫جٌّكحسف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫٠طشجٚـ‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫ؾذج‬ ‫جٌمظ١شز‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحٌطؼشف‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬
( ٓ١‫ِحذ‬ ‫ف١ٙح‬7-43‫ٌغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضطؼشف‬ ‫ج٤ٔظّس‬ ُ‫ِؼظ‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ‫ور١شج‬ ‫ضكذ٠ح‬ ً‫٠ّػ‬ ‫ٚ٘زج‬ ‫ِكشف‬ )
‫جٌطٛ٠ٍس‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬(44).
5.‫نظبو‬(Techniques for Language Identification for Hybrid
Arabic-English Document Images)
‫ذح٦ٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ٜ‫ٚأخش‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحٌطؼشف‬ َٛ‫٠م‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬
ٓ١‫جٌٍغط‬ ِٓ ‫ِخطٍطس‬ ‫ٚٔظٛص‬(45).

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2.3.‫انكهًبد‬ ‫تىلغ‬Word prediction
2.3.1.‫يمذيخ‬
‫جٌٙذف‬‫ٌض٠حدز‬ ‫جٌؿغذ٠س‬ ‫جالػحلحش‬ ٞٚ‫ر‬ ‫ج٤شخحص‬ ‫ِ٘ٛغحػذز‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضٛلغ‬ ِٓ ٟ‫جٌشت١غ‬
‫أ٠ؼح‬ ‫ِٚ٘ٛف١ذ‬ ‫جٌكحعٛخ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ُٙ‫وطحذط‬ ‫عشػس‬ِٓ ‫جٌىػ١ش‬ ْٛ‫٠ىطر‬ ٓ٠‫جٌز‬ ‫ج٤شخحص‬ ‫ٌّغحػذز‬
‫جٌّظطٍكحش‬ٌ‫وح‬ ‫جٌظؼرس‬‫طر١س‬‫ِػال‬.‫ضف١ذ‬ ٟٙ‫ف‬ ‫جٌكذ‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ‫جٌخحط١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ً‫ِػ‬ ‫فحتذز‬ ‫ضطٛلف‬ ‫ال‬
‫جٌىط‬ ِٓ‫ص‬ ‫جخطضجي‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ؾذج‬‫ِشجدفحش‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضزوش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌشخض‬ ‫ِغحػذز‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ‫حذس‬
.ٗ‫وطحذط‬ ‫أغٕحء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ؾذ٠ذز‬
2.3.2.‫انكهًبد‬ ‫تىلغ‬ ‫يجبل‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫األنظًخ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬
‫أٔظّس‬ ‫ذؼغ‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫عٕزوش‬:‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضٛلغ‬ ‫ِؿحي‬ ٟ‫ف‬
1.‫نظبو‬Aurora Suite 2005
ٗ‫٘ذف‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِغٍك‬ ٟٔ‫ِؿح‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬
ِٓ ْٛٔ‫٠ؼح‬ ٓ٠‫جٌز‬ ‫ج٤شخحص‬ ‫ِ٘ٛغحػذز‬
‫طؼٛذحش‬( ‫ذحٌمشجءز‬Dyslexia‫ٌٍمشجءز‬ )
‫ٌرٕحء‬ ‫ٔظحتف‬ ٖ‫ذحػطحء‬ ً‫أفؼ‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫ٚجٌىطحذس‬
‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ذحخط١حس‬ ‫ٚجٌّغحػذز‬ ‫طك١كس‬ ًّ‫ؾ‬
‫جٌظك١كس‬(24).
2.‫نظبو‬wordQ+speakQ))
‫ص٠حدز‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّىحضد‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫جٌؼح‬ ‫ٌّغحػذز‬ َ‫٠غطخذ‬ ‫جٌّظذس‬ ‫ِٚغٍك‬ ٟٔ‫ِؿح‬ ‫غ١ش‬ َ‫ٚ٘ٛٔظح‬
ُٙ‫وطحذط‬ ‫عشػس‬ُٙ‫ٚلشجتط‬(25).

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‫انفظم‬‫انثبنث‬
‫اننظبو‬ ‫ثنُخ‬

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3.‫اننظبو‬ ‫ثنُخ‬
ً‫ِشجق‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚضكم١مٙح‬ ‫ذطٕف١ز٘ح‬ ‫لّٕح‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ َ‫ج٤لغح‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫عٕٛػف‬ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ُ‫ضٕمغ‬‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ َ‫ج٤لغح‬
‫جٌّٛجػ١غ‬ ‫قغد‬.‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌفمشجش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ششـ‬ ُ‫ع١ط‬ ٟ‫ٚجٌط‬
1-‫ضظك١ف‬‫ج‬٤‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫خطحء‬
‫وٍّحش‬ ِٓ ‫ور١ش‬ ْٚ‫ِخض‬ ‫ٚؾٛد‬ ِٓ ‫الذذ‬ ً‫جٌّذخ‬ ‫ٌٍٕض‬ ‫جالِالت١س‬ ‫ج٤خطحء‬ ‫ج٠ؿحد‬ ِٓ ٓ‫ٔطّى‬ ٝ‫قط‬
‫جٌٍغس‬.‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ٚفشص‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ‫جٌّشحذٙس‬ ‫جٌظك١كس‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ِؿّٛػس‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫جٌّذخٍس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ِمحسٔس‬ ُ‫٠ط‬
‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ‫لشذٙح‬ ‫دسؾس‬ ‫قغد‬Levenshtein Distance‫ضؿش٠ر١حش‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬ ‫ِغ‬
ٓ١‫ذؼ‬ ‫أٚج٤خز‬ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫(وطمحسخ‬ ً١‫جٌطشغ‬ ‫ٚلص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ػٍ١ٙح‬ ً٠‫جٌطؼذ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ِطؼذدز‬
.)‫ئٌخ‬ ..‫عحذمس‬ ‫ِشجش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬ ٍّٗ‫ؼ‬‫ف‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫جالػطرحس‬
2-‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬Language Identification
،‫(ػشذ١س‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحٌطؼشف‬ ‫جٌفمشز‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ )ٞ‫ئٔىٍ١ض‬ ،ٚ‫أٚسد‬ ،‫فحسع١س‬
‫القمح‬ ‫ششقٙح‬ ُ‫ع١ط‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١حش‬
3-‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضٛلغ‬Word Prediction
‫ٌغس‬ ‫ّٔٛرؼ‬ ‫ذحػطّحد‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضٛلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٕ٘ح‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬Language Model‫جعطشجض١ؿ١حش‬ ‫ػذز‬ ‫ٚذحػطّحد‬
Uni-gram, Bi-gram.
4-‫جٌفمشجش‬ ‫ِٛػٛع‬ ‫ضٛلغ‬Topic Prediction
‫ذحػطّحد‬ ٕٗ‫ػ‬ ‫٠طكذظ‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫جٌّٛػٛع‬ ‫ٚضٛلغ‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ‫ذذسجعس‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ ‫جٌذسجعس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ٟ‫ف‬Language
Model.
5-ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ‫لحِٛط‬-ٞ‫ئٔىٍ١ض‬
ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ‫لحِٛط‬ ‫ئٔشحء‬ ‫ذطؿشذس‬ ‫لّٕح‬-‫ذحػطّحد‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫ٌٍطشؾّس‬ ٞ‫ئٔىٍ١ض‬API‫٤خز‬ ‫خحسؾ١س‬
.‫ِح‬ ‫ٌىٍّس‬ ‫جٌّمحسذس‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬

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6-‫جٌؿ١ٕحش‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ٔمحؽ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬‫(جٌش١فشجش‬)‫جٌٛسجغ١س‬
‫ّٚ٘ح‬ ٓ١‫شٙ١شض‬ ٓ١‫خٛجسصِ١ط‬ ‫ذططر١ك‬ ‫جٌفمشز‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫لّٕح‬NeedlemanWunsch
ٚSmithWaterman‫ضطحذمح‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ‫أؾضجء‬ ‫٤ورش‬ )‫(أٚأػظّ١س‬ ‫ِكذدز‬ ‫أؽٛجي‬ ‫ذطكذ٠ذ‬ ٓ١‫جٌخحطط‬
ِٓ‫ذض‬O( ).
7-‫جٌظٛس٠س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫فىشز‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬
‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫فىشز‬ ‫ٔفظ‬ ‫ذططر١ك‬ َٛ‫عٕم‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ‫أٚعغ‬ ‫ٔطحلحش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬ ‫فىشز‬ ‫ٔطرك‬ ‫ق١ع‬
‫ِّٕٙح‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫دسؾس‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ‫طٛش‬ ٟ‫أٍِٚف‬ ‫ِح‬ ٓ١‫طٛسض‬ ‫ِػال‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ٌّمحسٔس‬ ‫أٚعغ‬ ‫ِؿحي‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
.ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬ ِٓ ّٓ‫ى‬ُّ٠ ‫ٌٍّؼط١حش‬ ‫ِٕحعد‬ ‫ضشِ١ض‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚرٌه‬‫ف١ّح‬ ‫عٕٛػف‬
‫ِحرج‬ ‫ذؼذ‬‫ذخٛجسصِ١حش‬ ٖ‫ضٕف١ز‬ ِٓ‫ص‬ ٓ١‫ٚضكغ‬ ‫فؼال‬ ٗ‫ذططر١م‬ ‫لّٕح‬ ‫لذ‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذّػحي‬ ‫ٔمظذ‬
.ٓ١‫ضكغ‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١حش‬ ‫ػذز‬ ‫خالي‬ ِٓ ‫ؾذج‬ ‫ور١ش‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ٓ١‫ضكغ‬
8-‫ِح‬ ٓ١‫طٛسض‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫ٚجالخطالف‬ ‫جٌططحذك‬ ‫ٔمحؽ‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌؿ١ٕحش‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫فىشز‬ ‫ضطر١ك‬
‫ؽٛال‬ ‫جٌطمحسذحش‬ ‫أوػش‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ‫فىشز‬ ‫ذططر١ك‬ ُ‫جٌمغ‬ ‫٘زج‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫لّٕح‬ُ‫٠ط‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌؿ١ٕحش‬ ‫ٌطمحسخ‬
.‫أٚجٌكزف‬ ‫جالخطالف‬ ‫أِٚمحؽغ‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ٌظٛسز‬ ‫ذحٌٕغرس‬ ‫ضطحذمح‬ ‫جٌظٛسز‬ ‫ِمحؽغ‬ ‫أورش‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬
9-‫جٌؿٍّس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّشحػش‬ ّٗ‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬Sentiment Analysis
‫عحٌرس‬ َ‫أ‬ ‫ِٛؾرس‬ ٟ٘ ً٘ ،‫ِح‬ ‫ؾٍّس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّشحػش‬ ٗ‫ضٛؾ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحٌطؼشف‬ ‫ٕ٘ح‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬Positive or
Negative‫و‬ٚ‫أ‬ ‫ِٛػٛع‬ ٖ‫ضؿح‬ ‫ػٕٙح‬ ‫ّش‬‫ر‬‫ؼ‬ٌُّ‫ج‬ ‫جٌّشحػش‬ ‫ذسجعس‬.ٓ١‫ِؼ‬ ‫ِٕطؽ‬

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‫انفظم‬‫انزاثغ‬
ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬‫انًتجؼخ‬ ‫وانطزق‬

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4.ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬
ُ‫ض‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫ج٤فىحس‬ ِٓ ‫فىشز‬ ً‫ٌى‬ ٍّٟ‫جٌؼ‬ ‫جٌطكم١ك‬ ‫و١ف١س‬ ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫عٕششـ‬‫ضكم١مٙح‬.‫جٌّششٚع‬ ٟ‫ف‬
4.2.‫خىارسيُخ‬ISRI
4.2.1.‫يمذيخ‬
ISRIٌٟ٘ ‫جخطظحس‬‫ـ‬(The Information Science Research Instituteٚ )‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ٟ٘
٦ ‫ػشذ١س‬ ‫ٔظٛص‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ٗ‫ضشر‬ ‫جٌّذخٍس‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّحش‬ ‫جٌؿزس‬ ‫٠ؿحد‬khoja‫ػٕٙح‬ ‫ضطّ١ض‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬
.‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ٌؿزٚس‬ ‫ٌمحِٛط‬ ‫قحؾطٙح‬ َ‫ذؼذ‬ٟ‫ف‬ ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ‫ٌطكم١ك‬ ‫وؿضء‬ ‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ضكم١مٙح‬ ُ‫ض‬
ٟ‫ف‬ )‫ٌغس‬ ٞ٤( ‫جٌؼحِس‬ ‫ّػس‬‫ش‬‫جٌّغ‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫جضرحع‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫جعطرؼحد٘ح‬ ُ‫ض‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬
.ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬
4.2.2.‫انخىارسيُخ‬
1-‫(جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫آخش‬ ِٓ ‫ٚجٌكشوحش‬ ٓ٠ٕٛ‫جٌط‬ ‫جصجٌس‬D.)
2-ٌ‫ج‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ِٓ ‫جٌؿزع‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫فكض‬.)*(‫ٌٙح‬ ‫ضظش٠ف‬ ‫ال‬ ٟ‫ط‬
3-‫(جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ‫أٚأوػش‬ ٓ١‫قشف‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌغٛجذك‬ ‫جصجٌس‬P3, P2.)
4-‫(جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ‫أٚأوػش‬ ٓ١‫قشف‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌٍٛجقك‬ ‫جصجٌس‬S3, S2.)
5-.)ٚ( ٟ‫قشف‬ ‫أٌٚٙح‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٞٛ‫ضك‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫وحٔص‬ ‫ئرج‬ )ٚ( ‫قشف‬ ‫جصجٌس‬
6-.)**() ‫ج‬ ( ‫ذكشف‬ ) ‫ئ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫أ‬ ( ‫جٌّٙضجش‬ ‫جعطرذجي‬
7-‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬>=3.ٛ٘ ‫وّح‬ ٖ‫ٔؼ١ذ‬
8-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬4‫جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔركع‬PR4.
a.‫(جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫القمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬S1.)
b.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬4‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫عحذمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
‫(جٌّؿّٛػس‬P1.)
9-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬5‫جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔركع‬PR53.
a..‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫القمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
b.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬5.‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫عحذمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
c.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬3.ٛ٘ ‫وّح‬ ٖ‫ٔؼ١ذ‬
d.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬4‫ٌٍخطٛز‬ ‫ٔؼٛد‬8.

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e.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬5‫جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔركع‬PR54.
10-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬6‫جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔركع‬PR63.)***(
a..‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫القمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
b.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬6.‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫عحذمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
c.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬3.ٛ٘ ‫وّح‬ ٖ‫ٔؼ١ذ‬
d.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬5‫ٌٍخطٛز‬ ‫ٔؼٛد‬9.
e.= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬6‫جٌّؿّٛػس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔركع‬PR64.
11-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬7.‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫القمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
12-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ِح٠ضجي‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬7.‫ٚجقذ‬ ‫قشف‬ ِٓ ‫عحذمس‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ‫ٔكحٚي‬
13-= ‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫قشٚف‬ ‫ػذد‬ ْ‫وح‬ ‫ئرج‬6‫ٌٍخطٛز‬ ‫ٔؼٛد‬10.
‫يالحظخ‬
‫جػحفس‬ ُ‫ض‬ )*(49.‫ٌٙح‬ ‫ضظش٠فٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫وٍّس‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ "‫"ذ١ثس‬ ‫وٍّس‬ : ‫ِػال‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫غّٛع‬ ِٓ ً١ٍ‫ٌٍطم‬ )‫ء‬ ,‫ب‬ ,‫(ؤ‬ ‫جٌّٙضجش‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ُٕ٠ ٌُ )**(
ْ‫ٚص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ "‫"ذ١حز‬ ‫ضظرف‬ ‫عٛف‬ )‫جٌّٙضز(ب‬ ‫جصجٌس‬ ُ‫ض‬ ‫جرج‬ ‫أِح‬ "‫٘ٛ"ذ١ة‬ ‫فؿزس٘ح‬ "‫"فؼٍس‬ ْ‫ٚص‬
."‫٘ٛ"ذ١س‬ ‫ٚؾزس٘ح‬ "‫"فؼحي‬
.ً١‫ضفحػ‬ ْ‫جٌٛص‬ ‫جػحفس‬ ُ‫ض‬ )***(

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4.3.‫خىارسيُخ‬Porter
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ِكحسف‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضؼطّذ‬ .‫ج٦ٔىٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫ذحٌٍغس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ؾزع‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضؼطّذ‬ ‫ذغ١طس‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١س‬
.ٟ‫جٌٕٙحت‬ ‫جٌؿزع‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌٍٛطٛي‬ ‫جٌششٚؽ‬ ِٓ ‫ػذد‬ ‫فكض‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ػرحسز‬ ٟٙ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىر١شز‬ ‫ذغشػطٙح‬ ‫ضطّ١ض‬ .ً‫ِشجق‬
‫ٍِف‬ ِٓٚ‫أ‬ ‫ٔض‬ ِٓ ً‫وذخ‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫ذأخز‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ َٛ‫ضم‬Excel‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫ضظٙش‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ٟ‫ٔظ‬ ‫أٍِٚف‬
ِٓ ً‫ذحٌّشجق‬ ‫جٌّشٚس‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫جٌّشجفك‬1ٝ‫ٚقط‬7.‫جٌؿزع‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ‫و١ف١س‬ ‫ٌزوش‬ ‫دجع‬ ‫ال‬‫جٌؼٛدز‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ .‫ٌطٌٛٙح‬ ‫ٕ٘ح‬
.‫ذغٌٙٛس‬ ‫ِٚؼشفطٙح‬ ٟ‫جٌرشِؿ‬ ‫ٌٍٕض‬
‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ف١ّح‬ ‫جعطرؼحد٘ح‬ ُ‫ض‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ‫ٌطكم١ك‬ ‫وؿضء‬ ‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ضكم١مٙح‬ ُ‫ض‬
‫جضرحع‬.ٞٛ‫جٌٍغ‬ ‫جٌطظك١ف‬ ٟ‫ف‬ )‫ٌغس‬ ٞ٤( ‫جٌؼحِس‬ ‫ّػس‬‫ش‬‫جٌّغ‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬
4.4.‫كهًتُن‬ ‫تمبرة‬ ‫خىارسيُخ‬Minimum Edit Distance‫انجذَذح‬ ‫وتطجُمبتهب‬
4.4.1.‫يمذيخ‬
‫(جٌؼٍٛ٠س‬ ٗ١‫ف‬ ٝ‫ج٤لظ‬ ‫جٌخحٔس‬ ً‫ضّػ‬ ‫ؾذٚي‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ضؼطّذ‬
‫أٚجٌغفٍ١س‬–‫ذك‬ ‫أٚجٌ١غحس٠س‬ ‫جٌ١ّ١ٕس‬‫ضمحسخ‬ ٜ‫ِذ‬ ‫جٌم١ّس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ً‫ضّػ‬ .‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ل١ّس‬ ّٝ‫٠غ‬ ‫ِح‬ )‫جٌؿذٚي‬ ‫غد‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌّطغ١شجش‬ ‫ضؼرش‬ .‫غحذطس‬ ‫جٌّطغ١شجش‬ ٟ‫ذحل‬ ‫ذحػطرحس‬ ٓ١‫جٌىٍّط‬ ‫جخطٍفص‬ ‫وٍّح‬ ‫ضضدجد‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ‫ذؼؼّٙح‬ ِٓ ٓ١‫جٌىٍّط‬
ً‫ٌٍك‬ ‫ٚطٛال‬ ‫ِمحسٔطّٙح‬ ٞ‫٠ؿش‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ٓ١‫جٌكشف‬ ‫أٚقزف‬ ‫أٚئػحفس‬ ً٠‫جٌطرذ‬ ‫ػٍّ١حش‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬
.ٟ‫جٌٕٙحت‬
‫ق١ع‬.‫جٌذ٠ٕحِ١ى١س‬ ‫جٌرشِؿس‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ذذسجعس‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ٟ‫أعحع‬ ‫وٙذف‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ َٛ‫ضم‬
ً‫ٌٍك‬ ‫ٌٍٛطٛي‬ ‫طؼٛدج‬ ‫ج٦وّحي‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ‫ٚجٌرغ١طس‬ ‫جٌظغ١شز‬ ً‫جٌّغحت‬ ً‫ق‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌذ٠ٕحِ١ى١س‬ ‫جٌرشِؿس‬ َٛ‫ضم‬
ً٠‫أٚجٌطؼذ‬ ‫أٚجٌكزف‬ ‫ج٦ػحفس‬ ‫ػٍّ١حش‬ ‫ذؼذد‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ٕٝ‫ِؼ‬ ‫٠كذد‬ .ٟ‫ٚجٌٕٙحت‬ ‫ج٤خ١ش‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذٙح‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬
.‫جٌٙذف‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌٍٛطٛي‬ ‫جٌكحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬

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‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫دسجعس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫وّح‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫دسجعس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ضٍه‬ ‫غ١ش‬ ‫ػذ٠ذز‬ ‫أغشجع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ َ‫ضغطخذ‬
‫جٌـ‬ ً‫عالع‬DNA.‫أ٠ؼح‬ ٗ‫ذاؾشجت‬ ‫لّٕح‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫ٚ٘زج‬
4.4.2.‫انخىارسيُخ‬
‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ َٛ‫ضم‬ٓ‫وٍّ١ط‬ ‫ذأخز‬‫أٚؾ‬ ‫إٔٔح‬ ‫ذّح‬ ‫ضمحسذّٙح‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ‫٠ؿد‬‫قذ‬ ً‫و‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔؼؼّٙح‬ ،‫جٌّٕحعد‬ ‫جٌطشِ١ض‬ ‫ذٔح‬
:ً‫وحٌشى‬ ‫جٌّظفٛفس‬ ‫قذٚد‬ ِٓ
‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌّؼحدٌس‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ضمحسذّٙح‬ ‫ذذسجعس‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ َٛ‫ضم‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ:
m[i,j] = min(m[i-1,j-1]
+ if s1[i]=s2[j] then 0 else 1 fi,
m[i-1, j] + 1,
m[i, j-1] + 1 ), i=1..|s1|, j=1..|s2|
‫جٌرشِؿس‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٟ‫جٌٕٙحت‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌٍٛطٛي‬ ‫ج٢خش‬ ‫جٌكشف‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫قشف‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ضذسط‬ ‫ق١ع‬
‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ٚقغحخ‬ ‫فش١ثح‬ ‫ش١ثح‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ِٓ ‫أؾضجء‬ ‫ئػحفس‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ‫رجضٙح‬ ‫ذكذ‬ ‫ج٤قشف‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ذذسجعس‬ ‫جٌذ٠ٕحِ١ى١س‬
.‫ؾذ٠ذ‬ ِٓ

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‫ج٤خ‬ ً‫جٌك‬ ً‫٠ّػ‬‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫٘ٛل١ّس‬ ‫جٌّظفٛفس‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌؼٍ١ح‬ ٜ‫جٌ١غش‬ ‫جٌضجٚ٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ً‫ٚجٌّطّػ‬ ٖ‫ٔش٠ذ‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫١ش‬
‫جٌٕٙحت١س‬:
4.4.3.‫تجزَجُخ‬‫حظبة‬ً‫ػه‬ ‫ثبالػتًبد‬ ‫انتمبرة‬‫ػًن‬ ‫انتجبػذ‬‫انًفبتُح‬ ‫نىحخ‬
‫أٚضطحذك‬ ‫ضرحػذ‬ ‫ل١ّس‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚئدخحٌٙح‬ ‫جٌّفح٠طف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ج٤قشف‬ ‫ضّٛػغ‬ ‫ضؿش٠ر١س‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬
ّٓ‫ػ‬ ٓ١‫قشف‬.‫جٌغحعٍس‬‫خش٠طس‬ ‫أدخحي‬ ُ‫ض‬Map‫ٍِف‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬XMLٌٝ‫ئ‬ ٍٗ٠‫ضؼذ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ق١ع‬
.ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٞ‫أ‬
‫جٌـ‬ ‫ٍِف‬ ِٓ ‫ؾضء‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ‫٠ظٙش‬XML.

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‫ض‬‫أٚقشف‬ ٓ١‫قشف‬ ‫ّ٘ح‬ ً٘ٚ ،‫أٚال‬ ‫ِّٕٙح‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ضّٛػغ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ذحالػطّحد‬ ‫ِح‬ ٓ١‫ِكشف‬ ‫أٚضرحػذ‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ِؼحٌؿس‬ ُ‫ط‬
( ‫جٌٛػؼ١س‬ ‫ذٕفظ‬ ‫ّ٘ح‬ ً٘ٚ ‫غحٔ١ح‬ ‫قشف‬ ‫ٚغ١ش‬Shift, Without Shit pressed)ِٓ ‫قحٌس‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ضض٠ذ‬ ‫ق١ع‬
.‫خط١س‬ ‫ٌ١غص‬ ‫جٌؼاللس‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٞ‫أ‬ .‫جٌطرحػذ‬ ْ‫ٚص‬ ِٓ ‫جٌغحذمس‬ ‫جٌكحالش‬
ٓ١‫جٌّكشف‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌرؼذ‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬ ‫ٚٔش٠ذ‬ ،‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬W, N
ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬ ٓ٠‫ذطخض‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬JaggedArray‫ج٤ػّذز‬ ‫أذؼحد‬ ‫ِطغحٚ٠س‬ ‫غ١ش‬ ‫غٕحت١س‬ ‫ٌّظفٛفس‬ً‫وحٌشى‬
:ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<KeyboardMap>
<KeyboardRow RowNum="0">
<KeyboardRowKeys Layer="0" ShiftEnabled="false">
<![CDATA[` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =]]>
</KeyboardRowKeys>
<KeyboardRowKeys Layer="1" ShiftEnabled="true">
<![CDATA[~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ +]]>
</KeyboardRowKeys>
</KeyboardRow>
<KeyboardRow RowNum="1">
<KeyboardRowKeys Layer="0" ShiftEnabled="false">
<![CDATA[q w e r t y u i o p [ ]]]>
</KeyboardRowKeys>
<KeyboardRowKeys Layer="1" ShiftEnabled="true">
<![CDATA[Q W E R T Y U I O P { }]]>
</KeyboardRowKeys>
</KeyboardRow>
..
</KeyboardMap>

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‫ؾذج‬ ٟ‫ذذجت‬ ‫ذغ١ؾ‬ ً‫ق‬ ٕٗ‫ٌٚى‬ ٓ١‫جٌّكشف‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫ٌٍرؼذ‬ ‫وّّػال‬ ‫ٚج٤عطش‬ ‫ج٤ػّذز‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ذكغحخ‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ ُ‫غ‬‫٠ٛؾذ‬ .
ٚ‫ص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ػؼؾ‬ ‫ٚؾٛد‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ِٓ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٛقس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِّٙس‬ ‫ضغ١١شجش‬Shift‫جٌىٍّس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ٌطىر١ش‬ ‫ال‬ ٚ‫أ‬
‫عحذمس‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫عطش‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ئصجقس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ً‫جٌّطّػ‬ ‫جٌّفحض١ف‬ ‫ٌٍٛقحش‬ ٌٝٚ٤‫ج‬ ٟ‫جٌف١ض٠حت‬ ‫جٌرؼذ‬ ‫دسجعس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٚ‫أ‬ .‫ج٦ٔىٍ١ض٠س‬
:ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ‫٠ٛػف‬ ‫وّح‬
.ٟ‫ِرذت‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫جالٔكشجف‬ ‫٘زج‬ ‫أخذ‬ ‫٠ؿد‬ ‫ق١ع‬
٠‫جٌّكشف‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جذطؼذٔح‬ ‫وٍّح‬ ‫جٌرؼذ‬ ‫٠ضدجد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫٠ؿد‬ ‫ق١ع‬ ٗ‫ِطشحذ‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫ج٤ذؼحد‬ ‫ؾّ١غ‬ ‫ِؼحٍِس‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ‫ال‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫أ٠ؼح‬ ‫ؿد‬
ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬ ‫وّح‬ )‫غٛص‬ ‫ضحذغ‬ ً‫(ذشى‬ ٟ‫خط‬ ‫غ١ش‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫جٌظك١ف‬

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4.4.4.‫انتمبرة‬ ‫ننمطخ‬ ٌ‫انًؤد‬ ‫انطزَك‬ ‫يؼزفخ‬
‫جٌٛطٛي‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫جٌخٛجسصِ١س‬ ٗ‫ذ‬ ‫ِشش‬ ‫لذ‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫جٌّغحس‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬.ٍٝ‫جٌّػ‬ ‫جٌٕٙحت١س‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ٌم١ّس‬
ٗ‫عٍٛو‬ ُ‫ض‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ ‫جٌّغحس‬ ‫أغش‬ ٟ‫ٌطمف‬ ‫خٍفح‬ ‫جٌؼٛدز‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ‫جٌٕٙحت١س‬ ‫ٌٍم١ّس‬ ‫أٚال‬ ‫ذحٌٛطٛي‬ ‫جٌّغحس‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ‫فىشز‬ َٛ‫ضم‬
Back trace‫ال‬ ‫٤ٕٔح‬ ‫ٌٍٙذف‬ ‫ؽش٠مٕح‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خحٔس‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ‫ِإششجش‬ ‫ذكفع‬ ‫لّٕح‬ ‫ذإٔٔح‬ ‫جٌؼٍّ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ضٕف١ز‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ .
.‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ذحٌطكذ٠ذ‬ ‫جٌّغحس‬ ‫ٔؼشف‬‫ِظفٛفس‬ ‫ؽش٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌٙذف‬ ‫ٔمطس‬ ِٓ ‫ٔؼٛد‬ ‫ٌٍٙذف‬ ‫جٌٛطٛي‬ ‫ذؼذ‬
.‫ٚضؼرثطٙح‬ ‫ذكفظٙح‬ ‫لّٕح‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّإششجش‬
ٓ١‫ذحٌظف‬ ‫جالعطؼحٔس‬ ُ‫ض‬UnitIntention, BackTracePointer‫جٌؼٍّ١س‬ ‫ٌّٚؼشفس‬ ‫جٌّإششجش‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬
.‫جٌذٔ١ح‬ ‫جٌم١ّس‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌٍٛطٛي‬ ‫ضّص‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّٛجفمس‬

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4.4.5.‫انمبيىص‬ ‫إنشبء‬ ‫ػًهُخ‬
4.4.5.1.‫ػًه‬‫انمبيىص‬ ‫إنشبء‬ ‫ُخ‬
‫ّؾ‬‫غ‬‫ِر‬ ٟ‫ست١غ‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ‫ئٔشحء‬ ‫ِخطؾ‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬‫ق١ع‬‫ئدخحي‬ ِٓ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ‫ئٔشحء‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ْٛ‫ضطى‬
‫جٌـ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ً‫(ٌى‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫رجضٙح‬ ‫ذكذ‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬Corpus‫ٌٙح‬ ‫جٌّّىٕس‬ ‫جٌخطأ‬ ‫ضرذ٠الش‬ ‫وحفس‬ ‫ضٌٛ١ذ‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ )
( ‫خالي‬ ِٓEdits‫ٌٍمحِٛط‬ ‫أ٠ؼح‬ ‫ئدخحٌٙح‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ )‫ِؿّٛػس‬ ٚ‫(أ‬ ‫جٌظك١كس‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫شذؾ‬ُ‫ض‬ ‫وّفحض١ف‬
.ٟ‫ئِالت‬ ‫خطأ‬ ‫رجش‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫ٚسٚد‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ‫ِكطٍّس‬ )‫طك١كس‬ ‫وٍّحش‬

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4.4.5.2.‫انمبيىص‬ ‫ثنُخ‬
‫غٕحت١س‬ ِٓ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ‫٠طأٌف‬Key-Value‫ٚجٌم١ّس‬ ‫ٌٍمحِٛط‬ ‫جٌّذخٍس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ٟ٘ ‫ٕ٘ح‬ ‫جٌّفطحـ‬ ً‫٠ّػ‬ ‫ق١ع‬
‫ّٔؾ‬ ِٓ ٟ٘ ‫ٌٍّفطحـ‬ ‫جٌّشجفمس‬DictionaryItem.
ٞٛ‫٠ك‬DictionaryItem‫قحي‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫فٛسج‬ ‫دسجعطٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٟ‫ٚجٌط‬ ‫جٌكحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌمش٠رس‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
‫خالي‬ ِٓ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ‫لش٠رس‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫ٚؾٛد‬EditItem.

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‫وٍّس‬ ‫ئدخحي‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ‫قحي‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬Theّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ؾذ٠ذز‬ ‫وكحٌس‬ ‫ئدخحٌٙح‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ .ً‫دخ‬ ‫وىٍّس‬
‫ج‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّّىٕس‬ ‫ضكٛ٠الضٙح‬ ‫ٚئػحفس‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬‫جٌّغحفس‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ئ٠ؿحد‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ذٙح‬ ‫ٌخطأ‬Edit Distance
‫قغحخ‬ ‫ٔحق١س‬ ِٓ ْ‫وح‬ ْ‫ئ‬ ‫ؾذج‬ ‫ور١ش‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫جٌركع‬ ‫أغٕحء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌؼٍّ١س‬ ‫ٌطغش٠غ‬ ‫ٌٙح‬ ‫جٌّٛجفمس‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٍىٍّس‬
.‫جٌركع‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ‫أغٕحء‬ ‫فٛسج‬ ‫ج٤لظش‬ ‫جٌّغحفحش‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ‫ِغرمح‬ ‫جٌّغحفحش‬
‫ػذز‬ ‫ئدخحي‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ‫قحي‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ً٠‫ضرحد‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٚق١ع‬ ‫وٍّحش‬Editsٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٞٛ‫ع١ك‬
.‫جٌّفطحـ‬ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِٕٙح‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ِمحذٍس‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ِٓ ‫أوػش‬

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4.4.5.3.‫انمبيىص‬ ‫ػًن‬ ‫انجحث‬
‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٍركع‬ َ‫جٌؼح‬ ‫جٌّخطؾ‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬،ٗ‫ششق‬ ُ‫ع١ط‬‫ِخططحش‬ ً‫فظ‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ً١‫ذحٌطفظ‬
.َ‫جٌٕظح‬
‫ٌىٍّس‬ ‫جٌمحِٛط‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌركع‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ ‫و١ف١س‬ ٌٟ‫جٌطح‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫ٚ٠ر‬tide:‫ئِالت١ح‬ ‫جٌخحؽثس‬

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4.6.‫نغبد‬ ‫أويجًىػخ‬ ‫يب‬ ‫ثهغخ‬ ‫يكتىثخ‬ ‫ثنظىص‬ ‫انطجُؼُخ‬ ‫انهغخ‬ ً‫ػه‬ ‫انتؼزف‬Language
Identification
.‫ما‬ ‫مكتوبة‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫على‬ ‫التعرف‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫بشرح‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫سنقوم‬ ،‫اللغوي‬ ‫التصحٌح‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫إلى‬
4.6.1.‫ا‬ ‫دراطخ‬ ‫ين‬ ‫انهذف‬‫انهغبد‬ ً‫ػه‬ ‫نتؼزف‬
‫ضظٕ١فٙح‬ ِٓ ‫الذذ‬ ‫أطرف‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ِخطٍفس‬ ‫ذٍغحش‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫ٌٍٍّفحش‬ ‫جٌىر١ش‬ ‫جالٔطشحس‬ ‫ذغرد‬
ٌٝ‫ج‬ ‫ذحٌٛطٛي‬ ًِ‫ٔأ‬ ،‫ٚجٌّإعغحش‬ ‫ج٤شخحص‬ ً‫لر‬ ِٓ ‫فؼحي‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ‫العطخذجِٙح‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫قغد‬
‫ذحال‬ ‫ِىطٛذس‬ ‫ٔظٛص‬ ٓ‫ٚػ‬ ‫ِػ١الضٙح‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ػشذ١س‬ ‫ذكشٚف‬ ‫جٌّىطٛذس‬ ‫جٌٕظٛص‬ ‫ٌٍغس‬ ‫ضّ١١ض‬.‫ٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬
:‫ػشذ١س‬ ‫ذأقشف‬ ‫ضىطد‬ ‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬
1.Arabic
2.Persian)‫الفارسٌة‬ ‫(اللغة‬
3.Urdu))... ،‫باكستان‬ ،‫(الهند‬ ‫آسٌا‬ ‫بجنوب‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫ببعض‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫(اللغة‬
4.Pashto)‫األفغانٌة‬ ‫(اللغة‬
5..‫مشهورة‬ ‫غٌر‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫ولغات‬
4.6.2.‫انًظأنخ‬ ‫تىطُف‬
‫ِّٙح‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٘ٛجٌطؼشف‬ ‫جٌّغأٌس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ِٓ ‫جٌٙذف‬‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ضؼذدش‬ ‫ِّٚٙح‬ ّٗ‫قؿ‬ ْ‫وح‬
. ٗ١‫ف‬ ‫جٌّغطخذِس‬
‫جٌٍغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطؼشف‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫ػحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌغشػس‬ ‫ِؼ١حس‬ ‫ضكمك‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌطمٕ١س‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ٌُّٙ‫ج‬ ِٓ ْ‫وح‬
(real time.)
‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ؾّ١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضطر١مٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ذخظحتض‬ ‫الضطؼٍك‬ ‫ػحِ١س‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ُ‫ض‬
‫جدخحي‬ ‫ذّؿشد‬Corpus.‫جٌٍغس‬
-َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬Arabic Corpusّٝ‫ضغ‬Watan-2004ٟ٘ٚcorpusٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِطٛسز‬
(Khaleej-2004ٞٛ‫ضك‬ ٟ٘ٚ )20291‫قغد‬ ٓ١‫ِظٕف‬ ‫ِغطٕذ‬6.‫ِخطٍفس‬ ‫ِٛجػ١غ‬
-َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬Persian Corpusّٝ‫ضغ‬Bijankhan

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-َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬Urdu Corpus
4.6.3.ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬
: ‫جٌّغأٌس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ٌطكم١ك‬ ٓ١‫ؽش٠مط‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬
1.َ‫ذحعطخذج‬ModelGram-Uni
‫جعطخشجؼ‬ ُ‫٠ط‬Uni-Grams‫جي‬ ِٓcorpusً‫و‬ ‫ضىشجس‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٚقغحخ‬ ‫روش٘ح‬ ‫جٌغحذك‬
.‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ ً‫ذى‬ ‫وٍّس‬
.‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚٚػؼٙح‬ ‫ضىشجسج‬ ‫ج٤وػش‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫فشص‬
.‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬
‫جٌٍغس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚؾٛد٘ح‬ ‫ذغرد‬ ‫ٚرٌه‬ ‫ػشذ١س‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ‫ذأٔٙح‬ )‫(وطد‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫ضؼشف‬ َ‫ػذ‬ ‫ٔالقع‬
.‫أ٠ؼح‬ ‫جٌفحسع١س‬

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.‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ٟ٘ٚ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ٌغس‬ ‫٠ٛؾذ‬ ٗٔ‫ٚأ‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ‫ذأٔٙح‬ ‫ج٤عحع١س‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫ضؼشف‬ ‫ٔالقع‬
2.‫باستخدام‬Gram Model-Bi
‫جعطخشجؼ‬ ُ‫ض‬Bi-Grams‫جي‬ ِٓcorpusً‫و‬ ‫ضىشجس‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٚقغحخ‬ ‫روش٘ح‬ ‫جٌغحذك‬
.‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ ً‫ذى‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬
.‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚٚػؼٙح‬ ‫ضىشجسج‬ ‫ج٤وػش‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫فشص‬
‫ٌغس‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬.‫جٌىٍّس‬

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َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬ ‫جٌّٕٛرؼ‬ ْ٤ ‫ٚرٌه‬ ‫جٌغحذمس‬ ‫جٌكحٌس‬ ‫ذؼىظ‬ ‫وطد‬ ‫وٍّس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٠طؼشف‬ ٌُ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٔالقع‬
ٛ٘Bi-gram.‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ِٓ ٓ‫ٌ١طّى‬ ً‫ج٤ل‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬ ‫٠كطحؼ‬ ‫ق١ع‬

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4.7.‫انكهًبد‬ ‫تىلغ‬
4.7.1.‫انًظأنخ‬ ‫تىطُف‬
‫ػٍّ١س‬ ً١ٙ‫ٌطغ‬ َ‫ٌٍّغطخذ‬ ًّ‫ٚجٌؿ‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫وطحذس‬ ‫٘ٛجوّحي‬ ‫جٌّغأٌس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌٙذف‬.‫جٌطرحػس‬
( ‫جٌىطحذس‬ ‫جوّحي‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫ػحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌغشػس‬ ‫ِؼ١حس‬ ‫ضكمك‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌطمٕ١س‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ٌُّٙ‫ج‬ ِٓ ْ‫وح‬real
time.)
‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ؾّ١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضطر١مٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ذخظحتض‬ ‫الضطؼٍك‬ ‫ػحِ١س‬ ‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ُ‫ض‬
‫جدخحي‬ ‫ذّؿشد‬Corpus.‫جٌٍغس‬
4.7.2.ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬
‫جٌّغأ‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ٌطكم١ك‬ ٓ١‫ؽش٠مط‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬: ‫ٌس‬
1.‫باستخدام‬Gram Model-Bi
‫جعطخشجؼ‬ ُ‫ض‬Bi-Grams‫جي‬ ِٓcorpusً‫و‬ ‫ضىشجس‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٚقغحخ‬ ‫روش٘ح‬ ‫جٌغحذك‬
.‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ ً‫ذى‬ ٓ١‫وٍّط‬
.‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚٚػؼٙح‬ ‫ضىشجسج‬ ‫ج٤وػش‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫فشص‬
.‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫جوّحي‬

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2.‫باستخدام‬Gram Model-Tri
‫جعطخشجؼ‬ ُ‫ض‬Tri-Grams‫جي‬ ِٓcorpusً‫و‬ ‫ضىشجس‬ ‫ػذد‬ ‫ٚقغحخ‬ ‫روش٘ح‬ ‫جٌغحذك‬
.‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ ً‫ذى‬ ‫وٍّحش‬ ‫غالظ‬
.‫جٌرذج٠س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚٚػؼٙح‬ ‫ضىشجسج‬ ‫ج٤وػش‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫فشص‬
.‫جٌىٍّحش‬ ‫جوّحي‬

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4.8.‫انًكتىة‬ ‫اننض‬ ‫فكزح‬ ‫تىلغ‬
4.8.1.‫انًظأنخ‬ ‫تىطُف‬
. ً‫جٌّذخ‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ٌٗٛ‫ق‬ ‫٠ذٚس‬ ٞ‫جٌز‬ َ‫جٌؼح‬ ‫جٌّٛػٛع‬ ‫٘ٛضٛلغ‬ ‫جٌّغأٌس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌٙذف‬‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ‫جخط١حس‬ ُ‫ض‬
ِّ‫ػح‬‫جدخحي‬ ‫ذّؿشد‬ ‫جٌٍغحش‬ ‫ؾّ١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ضطر١مٙح‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫قط‬ ‫جٌٍغس‬ ‫ذخظحتض‬ ‫الضطؼٍك‬ ‫س‬Corpus
ٌ‫ج‬‫ٍغس‬.
4.8.2.ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬
( ‫جي‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِغرمح‬ ‫جٌّظٕفس‬ ‫جٌّغطٕذجش‬ َ‫ذحعطخذج‬Corpus‫جعطخشجؼ‬ ُ‫ض‬ ‫جٌّغطخذِس‬ )Uni-Gramsِٓ
.َ‫جٌؼح‬ ‫جٌّٛػٛع‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ‫جٌٕض‬ ‫وٍّحش‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ِمحسٔطٙح‬ ُ‫٠ط‬ ُ‫غ‬ ٓ١‫ِؼ‬ ‫ِٛػٛع‬ ‫ِغطٕذجش‬ ً‫و‬
ٍٝ‫ج٤ػ‬ ‫جالقطّحٌ١س‬ َ‫جٌٕظح‬ ‫ئػطحء‬ ‫ٔالقع‬.‫طك١ف‬ ‫ٚ٘زج‬ ‫ػحِس‬ ‫ٌػمحفس‬

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4.9.‫وانًتزادفبد‬ ٍ‫انًؼبن‬ ‫لبيىص‬
4.9.1.‫انًظأنخ‬ ‫تىطُف‬
‫ِطشجدفحش‬ ‫ِٚؼشفس‬ ‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫جٌؼشذ١س‬ ِٓ ‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫٘ٛضشؾّس‬ ‫جٌّغأٌس‬ ِٓ ‫جٌٙذف‬‫ٚأػذجد‬
‫ذ‬ ‫جٌّطؼٍمس‬ ‫ٚجٌىٍّحش‬.‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫حٌىٍّس‬
4.9.2.ٍ‫انؼًه‬ ‫انتحمُك‬
-( َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬Corpus)ٟ‫ػشذ‬ ‫وٍّحش‬ ‫ٌمحِٛط‬–‫جٌىٍّس‬ ‫ضشؾّس‬ ‫ٌّؼشفس‬ ٞ‫جٔؿٍ١ض‬.
-( ‫ضطر١ك‬ َ‫جعطخذج‬ ُ‫ض‬Big Huge Thesaurus‫ِطشجدفحش‬ ٟ‫٠ؼط‬ ‫جالٔطشٔص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚ٘ٛضطر١ك‬ )
‫ٚأػذجد‬.‫جالٔؿٍ١ض٠س‬ ‫جٌىٍّحش‬

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4.11.‫انظىرَخ‬ ‫انهغبد‬ ‫يؼبنجخ‬ ‫ين‬ ‫نًطُن‬ ‫تمبرة‬ ‫خىارسيُخ‬Minimum Edit
Distance (MED)
4.11.1.‫طىرَخ‬ ‫يمبرثخ‬
‫خٛجسصِ١س‬ ِٓ ‫ٔغطف١ذ‬ ٟ‫ٌى‬MEDٚ ٓ١‫طٛسض‬ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫دسجعس‬ ٟ‫ف‬‫٠ش٠ذ‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ْ‫ذأ‬ ‫ٌٍطرغ١ؾ‬ ‫ٌٕفشع‬
ٟ٘ ‫ِمحسٔطٙح‬ َ‫جٌّغطخذ‬‫غالظ‬ ِٓ ‫ِإٌف‬ ٌْٛ ‫أٔٙح‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌظٛسز‬ ً١‫ضّػ‬ ً٠‫ذطؼذ‬ ‫ٔغطط١غ‬ ‫فإٔح‬ ‫ٚأعٛد‬ ‫أذ١غ‬
ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ‫ذحٌظٛسز‬ ‫ٚٔؼٛد‬ ‫ج٤قّش‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ‫ِشورس‬ ‫ِػال‬ ٓ‫ٌٚطى‬ ‫فمؾ‬ ‫ٚجقذز‬ ‫ِشورس‬ ‫ٔأخز‬ ْ‫ذأ‬ ‫ِشورحش‬‫ضذسؾحش‬
.ٞ‫سِحد‬
‫ج٤قّش‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ‫٘ٛضذسؼ‬ ‫ٚق١ذ‬ ٌْٛ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ػرحسز‬ ‫ف١ٙح‬ ‫خحٔس‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ِشذؼس‬ ‫ِظفٛفس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫قظٍٕح‬ ‫لذ‬ ْٛ‫ٔى‬‫ِػال‬
.‫ج٤طٍ١س‬ ‫جٌظٛسز‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫ٔذسط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ‫ٔغطط١غ‬ ‫جٌػالظ‬ ‫جٌّشورحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌؼٍّ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ذاػحدز‬ ٗٔ‫أ‬ ‫(القع‬
ٌٍ ‫جٌٕٙحت١س‬ ‫جٌٕط١ؿس‬ ‫ِؼشفس‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ ‫جٌػالظ‬ ‫جٌّشورحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٓ١‫جٌظٛسض‬)‫طمحسخ‬
‫ذم١ّس‬ )‫جٌػالظ‬ ٗ‫ذّشورحض‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ٞ‫أ‬ ‫وحِال‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ٞ‫(أ‬ ‫ِح‬ ‫ٔمطس‬ ٌْٛ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٔؼرش‬ ْ‫ذأ‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ؽش٠مس‬ ‫أ٠ؼح‬ ‫ضٛؾذ‬
‫ِّ١ضز‬unique‫عحذمح‬ ‫جلطشقٕح٘ح‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌطش٠مس‬ َ‫أِح‬ ‫ذؼؼفٙح‬ ‫جٌطش٠مس‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬ ‫ضطّ١ض‬ .‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ٔذسط‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ
‫جٌظٛس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٌْٛ ‫٠ٛؾذ‬ ‫ال‬ ٗٔ٤ ‫جٌػالظ‬ ‫جٌّشورحش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ذذسجعس‬ٌْٛ ‫٠طحذك‬ ْ‫أ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ِّ١ضز‬ ‫ذم١ّس‬ ‫ز‬
‫ٔالقع‬ ٗ‫ضمحسذ‬ ‫ٚدسجعس‬ ‫جٌػالظ‬ ٗ‫ِشورحض‬ ٌٝ‫ئ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ‫ذطؿضتس‬ ‫ذ١ّٕح‬ ‫ٔفغٙح‬ ‫جٌّّ١ضز‬ ‫ذحٌم١ّس‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫طٛسز‬ ِٓ ‫أخش‬
.‫ِح‬ ٓ١ٌٔٛ ‫ضمحسخ‬ ‫أورش‬ ‫ذذلس‬ ‫دسعٕح‬ ‫إٔٔح‬

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4.11.2.‫انتؼتُت‬Thresholding
ٟ‫ضأض‬‫فىشز‬‫جٌطؼط١د‬‫جٌكٛجف‬ ‫ٚوشف‬ ‫جٌظٛسز‬ ّٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ِكذدز‬ ‫ِغحقس‬ ٖ‫ذحضؿح‬ ‫ٚضذسؾٙح‬ ْ‫ج٤ٌٛج‬ ‫ذؼضي‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ ْ‫ذأ‬
:‫جٌّؼطرس‬ ‫ٚجٌظٛسز‬ ‫ج٤طٍ١س‬ ‫جٌظٛسز‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ً‫جٌشى‬ ٓ١‫٠ر‬ ‫وّح‬ ‫رٌه‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ٓ١‫طٛسض‬ ٓ١‫ذ‬ ‫جٌّمحسٔس‬ ً١ٙ‫ٌطغ‬
‫جٌطؼط١د‬ ‫ػٍّ١س‬ َٛ‫ضم‬Thresholding‫قذ‬ ‫ئلحِس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬Thresholdٗ‫أعحع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٌٍْٛ‫ج‬ ‫ذفشص‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ ٓ١‫ِؼ‬
:‫جٌطحٌ١س‬ ‫جٌرغ١طس‬ ‫جٌّؼحدٌس‬ ‫قغد‬
.‫ػٍ١ٙح‬ ‫ٚجٌطؼط١د‬ ‫جٌكٛجف‬ ‫ضكذ٠ذ‬ ‫ئؾشجء‬ ‫ذؼذ‬ ‫جٌظٛس‬ ‫ِمحسٔس‬ ُ‫غ‬ ِٓٚ
‫جٌظٛسز‬ ‫ذطؼط١د‬ َٛ‫ٔم‬ٌ‫غٕح٠س‬ ‫ٌظٛسز‬ ‫ٔشؾؼٙح‬ ْ‫ذأ‬ ‫ف١ٙح‬ ‫ٚجػف‬ ً‫ذشى‬ ْ‫جٌطر١ح‬ ‫ىشف‬Binary‫ػ‬ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫رحسز‬0,1
‫غٕحت١س‬ ُ١‫ل‬ ‫رجش‬ ‫ِشذؼس‬ ‫ِظفٛفس‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ْ٢‫ج‬ ‫قظٍٕح‬ ْٛ‫ٔى‬ ٌٟ‫ٚذحٌطح‬0,1.‫فمؾ‬
‫جٌظٛسز‬ ِٓ ‫ِٛؾٛدز‬ ‫ِؼٍِٛحش‬ ً٠‫ٔض‬ ‫فإٔح‬ ‫جٌطؼط١د‬ ‫ػٕذ‬ ٗٔ٤ ،ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫أق١حٔح‬ ‫ٚع١ثس‬ ‫أق١حٔح‬ ‫ؾ١ذز‬ ‫جٌؼٍّ١س‬ ٖ‫٘ز‬
‫ذشى‬ ‫ضؼط١رٙح‬ ُ‫ض‬ ٟ‫جٌط‬ ‫جٌّٕطمس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ٌذسجعس‬ ‫ِّٙس‬ ‫ِؼٍِٛحش‬ ‫ػ١حع‬ ‫جقطّحي‬ ٌٟ‫ٚذحٌطح‬ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ‫لحط‬ ً
‫ٔذسط‬ ْ‫أ‬ ْٚ‫ذذ‬ ‫جٌطمحسخ‬ ‫ٌذسجعس‬ ‫جٌّّٙس‬ ٓ‫ج٤ِحو‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫فمؾ‬ ‫ذحٌطشو١ض‬ ‫ٌٕح‬ ‫٠غّف‬ ٗٔ‫ذأ‬ ٜ‫أخش‬ ‫ِ١ضجش‬ ‫ٌٍطؼط١د‬
if (colorComponent > threshold)
return 1;
else
return 0;