This document discusses and compares civil law and criminal law. Criminal law deals with offenses against society that violate basic social rules, with the aim of punishing offenders. The burden of proof in criminal cases is beyond reasonable doubt. Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations regarding legal rights and duties, mainly concerning negligence. The burden of proof in civil cases is on the balance of probabilities. Criminal cases are heard in magistrates or crown courts while civil cases are heard in county or high courts.
The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
The primary object of this assignment is to offer a systematic study of the Civil Law Legal System. An attempt has been made to examine what is civil law legal system, historical basics of civil law legal system, common types of legal system to the world, salient features of civil law legal system, differentiation from other major legal systems, modern Common and Civil Law Systems, countries following Civil or Common Law, a comparative study between Common Law and Civil Law Systems, Civil Courts and their Jurisdictions in Bangladesh, Hierarchy of Civil Courts in Bangladesh, Pecuniary Jurisdiction of Civil Courts in Bangladesh...
The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
The primary object of this assignment is to offer a systematic study of the Civil Law Legal System. An attempt has been made to examine what is civil law legal system, historical basics of civil law legal system, common types of legal system to the world, salient features of civil law legal system, differentiation from other major legal systems, modern Common and Civil Law Systems, countries following Civil or Common Law, a comparative study between Common Law and Civil Law Systems, Civil Courts and their Jurisdictions in Bangladesh, Hierarchy of Civil Courts in Bangladesh, Pecuniary Jurisdiction of Civil Courts in Bangladesh...
This is a brandnew presentation how explains some of the many differences you can encounter between the common and civil law. To view the animations you have to download the file.
Presentation delivered as part of the free advanced legislation seminar in Portcullis House, London on Monday 8 November 2010, which looked at amendments to Bills and European and delegated legislation.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
INCLUDED:
- Statehood and Sovereignty
- Non-state as Legal Actors
- United Nations
- Globalisation
- Global Human Rights Issues & Refugees
- Genocide
- European Union
- Environmental Degradation
- Overpopulation
- Terrorism
- World War I
- Communism vs Democracy
- Arm Race and Arm Control
- Biodiversity Loss
Note: Some parts, such as the advantages and disadvantages, has the '@' or has multiple options. This is because they were taken from various sources from the internet and books and there are just too many of them to choose from. Just choose the ones that you are able to memorise. If there's anything else that you don't understand from the notes, do leave a comment.
Chapters/topics that are NOT INCLUDED in the notes are:
- USA as Sole Superpower
- Primary Healthcare
- Other Regional Organisations such as OIC, ASEAN, etc.
- Poverty/Global Economic Issues/World Bank/IMF
- Others that are not stated in the included above
TIPS!
- Print on both sides but make sure to separate the chapters (don't mix two chapters on both sides of a piece of paper).
- Do not abandon the lecture notes that are given to you by the lecturers completely. Instead, combine those notes with this (in case there are incomplete information anywhere -- you'll get the best of both worlds).
- The font might seem to be too small but they're actually readable after printed.
If anyone wants the slides for any UiTM Foundations in Law subjects for Semester 2, feel free to leave a comment too.
Good luck and all the best!
This is a brandnew presentation how explains some of the many differences you can encounter between the common and civil law. To view the animations you have to download the file.
Presentation delivered as part of the free advanced legislation seminar in Portcullis House, London on Monday 8 November 2010, which looked at amendments to Bills and European and delegated legislation.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
INCLUDED:
- Statehood and Sovereignty
- Non-state as Legal Actors
- United Nations
- Globalisation
- Global Human Rights Issues & Refugees
- Genocide
- European Union
- Environmental Degradation
- Overpopulation
- Terrorism
- World War I
- Communism vs Democracy
- Arm Race and Arm Control
- Biodiversity Loss
Note: Some parts, such as the advantages and disadvantages, has the '@' or has multiple options. This is because they were taken from various sources from the internet and books and there are just too many of them to choose from. Just choose the ones that you are able to memorise. If there's anything else that you don't understand from the notes, do leave a comment.
Chapters/topics that are NOT INCLUDED in the notes are:
- USA as Sole Superpower
- Primary Healthcare
- Other Regional Organisations such as OIC, ASEAN, etc.
- Poverty/Global Economic Issues/World Bank/IMF
- Others that are not stated in the included above
TIPS!
- Print on both sides but make sure to separate the chapters (don't mix two chapters on both sides of a piece of paper).
- Do not abandon the lecture notes that are given to you by the lecturers completely. Instead, combine those notes with this (in case there are incomplete information anywhere -- you'll get the best of both worlds).
- The font might seem to be too small but they're actually readable after printed.
If anyone wants the slides for any UiTM Foundations in Law subjects for Semester 2, feel free to leave a comment too.
Good luck and all the best!
Ouster clauses and jurisdiction of civil courtsAnuja Aiyappan
The aim of the ppt is to understand what ouster clauses and jurisdiction of civil courts implies with respect to the Code of Civil Procedure applicable in and to do a study of the different provisions under the corresponding statutes.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Civil Law and Criminal
Law.
MADE By
HINA ZAIDI
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
2. Criminal Law
Criminal law is concerned with offences
against society generally. Crimes are
actions which violate the basic rules and
principles by which society lives.
The aim of a criminal prosecution is to
punish the offender with financial penalties
or imprisonment.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
3. Criminal Law – Burden of Proof
An important point which distinguishes
criminal prosecutions from civil cases is
that the BURDEN OF PROOF - the
means of demonstrating that the offence
has, indeed, been committed - has to be
"Beyond Reasonable Doubt".
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
4. Criminal Law
Magistrates Court - Minor offences
Crown Court - Judge and jury
Crown Prosecution Service -
England
Procurator Fiscal - Scotland
Director of Public Prosecutions -
Northern Ireland
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
5. Civil Law
Civil law is concerned with the rights and duties
of individuals (and organisations) towards each
other. Violation of these established rights and
duties are known as TORTS (legal wrongs).
The main one affecting health and safety being
that of negligence.
Civil cases comprise an action brought by one
person against another in order to seek
restitution for some form of wrong-doing.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
6. Civil Law
Civil actions are heard in either the
County Court , for minor cases, or the
High Court before a judge (and in certain
cases, a jury). The action must be
initiated by the aggrieved party.
The remedies sought are to put right the
wrong committed, i.e., compensation
(damages), for losses incurred. Payment
made by the defendant.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
7. Civil Law – Burden of Proof
The BURDEN OF PROOF in civil
cases is different to that applied to
determine the outcome in criminal cases.
Here the case may be decided " on the
balance of probabilities".
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
8. Common Law and Statute Law
Common law - - rules of behaviour
accepted by society on the basis of
established custom and practices , as
evidenced by decisions in the courts.
Statute law - legislation contained in
precise written statements of requirements
emanating from parliament .
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
9. Common Law – The Doctrine of
Precedence
The DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENCE
requires that an inferior court always follows the
decisions of a higher court. Thus, once a
judgment has been made in a particular case,
that decision will apply in any future cases which
match the particulars of the first.
Cases which set precedence are invariably
determined by the highest courts in the legal
system, (primarily the COURT OF APPEAL
OR THE HOUSE OF LORDS).
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
10. Common Law – The Doctrine of
Precedence
The effect of this doctrine is to ensure
consistent application of the law
throughout all the courts in the land.
This allows the law to be continually
revised and reinterpreted “in the light of
current values and experiences .”
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
11. Common Law – The Doctrine of
Precedence
One of the drawbacks of case law is that,
despite the doctrine of precedence, the outcome
of cases, remains, to some extent, uncertain.
If it can be shown that the particulars of a case
are different from any that precede it, then there
is, effectively no law to be applied.
The court may be guided by the principles
applied in previous judgments in similar cases,
but is not bound by them.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
12. Statute Law
This is written law, produced through the
parliamentary process, and contained
essentially in Acts of Parliament.
This form of law supersedes all other
forms of law since Parliament is supreme
in the land.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
13. Delegated Legislation
Not all aspects of statute law are contained in
the actual Acts of Parliament.
It is often the case that an Act sets out the
general principles and empowers the
government or some other official body to issue
further requirements which provide the detail.
Legislation formed in this way is known as
Delegated Legislation and is set out in
STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS .
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
14. Delegated Legislation
Although, because of the supremacy of
Parliament, no-one can challenge the
authority of an Act of Parliament in the
courts, it is possible to question the validity
of delegated legislation and other
decisions taken by bodies under powers
granted to them by an Act of Parliament.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
15. Delegated Legislation
Decisions may be questioned as follows:
The minister or body concerned may have exceeded his
authority in the particular circumstances ("ultra vires " -
beyond one's powers).
The decision offended against some aspect of the
common law.
Actions are taken under civil law and would be brought
against the minister or body by a person who was
aggrieved by the decision or the requirement to comply
with the regulations.
If the action is successful, the regulations or decision
would be void. Thus, the courts may become involved in
the interpretation of Acts of Parliament as they are
applied in practice, and case law may be built up to
define further the provisions of statute law.
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk
16. Civil Law and Criminal
Law
MADE By
HINA ZAIDI
www.healthandsafetytips.co.uk