Criminal Justice Statistics Lab 4CRJS-3020-01 Points 30A

Criminal Justice Statistics: Lab 4
CRJS-3020-01 | Points: 30
Assignment Objectives
To assess your knowledge of concepts covered in the class text
and lectures, as well as your practical knowledge using SPSS.
Use the Intercity Youth Homicide Dataset, Codebook, and User
Guide to answer the below questions.
Course Materials Covered
Correlation, Bivariate Regression
1. (7 points). You want to determine whether there is a
significant relationship between the robbery rates for young
adults (RA_ATR) and the density of establishments that sell
alcohol (ALCDEN1) in a jurisdiction and you would like to
know the strength of that relationship.
a. Visualize each variable as a graph/chart using best practices.
Insert the graph/chart into this document. Also, visualize the
bivariate relationship between the two variables.
b. State your hypotheses.
c. If appropriate, check whether your dependent and/or
independent variables are normally distributed and explain why
they are, or are not, normally distributed.
d. Run the appropriate test, and report the correct results (do
not copy and paste results).
e. Finally, interpret your results. What is your explanation for
the results you found?
2. (7 points). You want to determine whether there is a
significant relationship between the number of juvenile
homicides (JUVHOM1I) and the number of gang homicides
(GANGHOM1) in a jurisdiction and you would like to know the

strength of that relationship.
3. (7 points). For the year 2006, you want to determine the
percent of owner occupied households (OWNOCC) has a
significant impact on the juvenile robbery rates (RA_JTR) in a
jurisdiction and how changes in the percent of owner occupied
household changes the expected juvenile robbery rates.
4. (7 points). You want to determine the percent of unemployed
in a community (UNEMP) has a significant impact on the
number of homicides (HOM) and how changes in the percent of
unemployed change the number of expected homicides.

IMPORTANT: (2 points) Submit your SPSS output and data
files along with this document.
CRJS-3020-01 | Winter 2021 | Parkin | Seattle University 1
Intercity Variation in Youth
Homicide, Robbery, and Assault,
1984-2006 [United States]
ICPSR 30981
Kevin Strom
RTI International
Angela Browne
Vera Institute of Justice
Codebook
P.O. Box 1248National Institute of Justice
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106Data Resources Program
www.icpsr.umich.edu

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice
Terms of Use
The terms of use for this study can be found at:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/30981/term
s
Information about Copyrighted Content
Some instruments administered as part of this study may contain
in whole or substantially
in part contents from copyrighted instruments. Reproductions of
the instruments are
provided as documentation for the analysis of the data
associated with this collection.
Restrictions on "fair use" apply to all copyrighted content. More
information about the
reproduction of copyrighted works by educators and librarians
is available from the United
States Copyright Office.
NOTICE
WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States
Code) governs the making
of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material.
Under certain conditions

specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to
furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the
photocopy or reproduction is
not to be "used for any purpose other than private study,
scholarship, or research." If a
user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or
reproduction for purposes in
excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright
infringement.
s
- ICPSR 30981 -
ICPSR CODEBOOK NOTES
1) Detailed information about the Uniform Crime Reporting
Program (UCR),
including the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), is
available through
the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Resources Guide.
2) Users should refer to the project's final technical report
(Browne and Strom,
2010; NCJ 232622) for additional information on the study
methodology, missing
data, and imputation procedures.

3) ICPSR created the CASEID “CASE IDENTIFIER CREATED
BY ICPSR” variable,
which is a unique identifier.
4) ICPSR recoded blanks in numeric variables to -9 and labeled
them Blank.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/NACJD/guides/u
cr.html
ICPSR 30981
Intercity Variation in Youth Homicide, Robbery, and Assault,
Variable Description and Frequencies
Note: Frequencies displayed for the variables are not weighted.
They are purely descriptive and may not be representative of the
study population. Please review any sampling or weighting
information available with the study.
Summary statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, median, and
standard deviation) may not be available for every variable in
the codebook. Conversely, a listing of frequencies in table
format
may not be present for every variable in the codebook either.
However, all variables in the dataset are present and display
sufficient information about each variable. These decisions are

made intentionally and are at the discretion of the archive
producing this codebook.
- 1 -
1984-2006 [United
States]
CASE IDENTIFIER CREATED BY ICPSRCASEID
1-4 (width: 4; decimal: 0)Location:
numericVariable Type:
Based upon 2093 valid cases out of 2093 total cases.
AGENCYAGENCY
characterVariable Type:
IMPUTED NUMBER OF HOMICIDESHOM
• Mean: 99.74

• Minimum: 1.00
• Maximum: 3452.00
• Standard Deviation: 201.57
NON-IMPUTED # OF HOMICIDESHOMICIDE
-9Range of Missing Values (M):
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 82.16
• Minimum: 1.00
• Maximum: 1946.00
18-24 IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATEOMID1IRT
- 2 -
- Study 30981 -

LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 52.84811994
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 464.93655396
18-24 NON-IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE
RATEOMID1RT
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 35.38686978
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 291.11996460
18-24 IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATE WITH
IMPUTED MISSING YEAR(S)OMID2IRT

• Mean: 52.44615466
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 464.93655396
25+ IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATEOOLD1IRT
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
- 3 -
- Study 30981 -
• Mean: 9.38058948
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 51.41652679
25+ NON-IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATEOOLD1RT

LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 5.64510458
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 26.06917381
25+ IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATE IMPUTED
MISSING YEARSOOLD2IRT
• Mean: 9.36776933
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 51.41652679
13-17 IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE RATEOYNG1IRT

LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 35.52393315
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 399.94815064
- 4 -
- Study 30981 -
13-17 NON-IMPUTED OFFENDER HOMICIDE
RATEOYNG1RT
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)

• Mean: 26.91675833
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 193.47972107
13-17 OFF IMPUTED HOM RT IMPUTED MISSING
YEARSOYNG2IRT
• Mean: 35.23771942
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 399.94815064
POPULATIONPOP
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 553178.37
• Minimum: 92047.00
• Maximum: 8115690.00

POPULATION INTERP-EXTRAP USING TIME TO REPLACE
2006 MISSINGPOPINTRP
- 5 -
- Study 30981 -
• Mean: 554412.9290492
• Minimum: 92047.0000000
• Maximum: 8130059.0000000
TIMETIME
• Mean: 11.00
• Median: 11.00
• Minimum: 0.00
• Maximum: 22.00

TIME CUBEDTIMECUBD
• Mean: 2783.00
• Median: 1331.00
• Minimum: 0.00
• Maximum: 10648.00
TIME SQUAREDTIMESQ
• Mean: 165.00
• Median: 121.00
• Minimum: 0.00
• Maximum: 484.00
YEARYEAR

- 6 -
- Study 30981 -
• Mean: 1995.00
• Median: 1995.00
• Minimum: 1984.00
• Maximum: 2006.00
PERCENT LIVING IN POVERTYPOVERTY
• Mean: 14.67346192
• Minimum: 4.34000000
• Maximum: 30.70000000
PERCENT AFRICAN AMERICANAFROAM
• Mean: 25.55843751
• Minimum: 0.85979934
• Maximum: 84.03246842

PERCENT FEMALE HEADED HOUSEHOLDSFEMHH
• Mean: 23.98834263
• Minimum: 4.46723524
• Maximum: 48.69303333
PERCENT RECEIVING PUBLIC ASSISTANCEPUBAST
• Mean: 7.542
- 7 -
- Study 30981 -
• Minimum: 0.180
• Maximum: 26.140
PERCENT UNEMPLOYEDUNEMP

• Mean: 6.25
• Median: 5.80
• Mode: 5.30
• Minimum: 1.50
• Maximum: 20.50
PERCENT OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSINGOWNOCC
• Mean: 50.13207314
• Minimum: 12.09000000
• Maximum: 69.36817603
PERCENT AGES 18-24PT1824
• Mean: 12.21352210

• Minimum: 6.29690542
• Maximum: 23.54116978
REGRESSION BASED FACTOR SCORE INCLUDING
POVERTY AFROAM FEMHH PUBAST
UNEMP
FAC1_1
• Mean: 0.00000000
- 8 -
- Study 30981 -
• Minimum: -1.87647664
• Maximum: 3.98080125
JUVENILE HOMICIDES IMPUTEDJUVHOM1I

• Mean: 4.47
• Median: 0.00
• Mode: 0.00
• Minimum: 0.00
• Maximum: 334.00
NARCOTICS-RELATED HOMICIDES IMPUTEDNARCHOM1I
• Mean: 6.10
• Median: 2.00
• Mode: 0.00
• Minimum: 0.00
• Maximum: 152.00
GUN SUICIDE RATIOGUNSURT
• Mean: 0.52618008
• Minimum: 0.06508889
• Maximum: 0.97985755
GANG HOMICIDESGANGHOM1

- 9 -
- Study 30981 -
• Mean: 3.06753868
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 70.58823529
NARCOTICS-RELATED HOMICIDESNARCHOM1
• Mean: 6.21680671
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 100.00000000
ALCOHOL OUTLETSALCOUT1

• Mean: 178.19
• Minimum: 8.00
• Maximum: 1612.20
ALCOHOL OUTLET DENSITYALCDEN1
• Mean: 0.38384884
• Minimum: 0.03581167
• Maximum: 1.67465953
CITY NAMECITY3
characterVariable Type:
ROBBERY RATES, YOUNG ADULT TOTALRA_ATR
- 10 -
- Study 30981 -

LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 37.83255511
• Minimum: 1.15195429
• Maximum: 206.38035027
ROBBERY RATES, JUVENILE TOTALRA_JTR
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 27.29775543
• Minimum: 0.32311222
• Maximum: 341.80035651

ASSAULT RATES, YOUNG ADULT TOTALAA_ATR
LabelValue
Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 73.42957651
• Minimum: 1.77323829
• Maximum: 457.14621448
ASSAULT RATES, JUVENILE TOTALAA_JTR
- 11 -
- Study 30981 -
LabelValue

Blank-9 (M)
• Mean: 37.35675247
• Minimum: 0.00000000
• Maximum: 227.82454301
- 12 -
- Study 30981 -
ICPSR 30981Terms of UseCodebook Notes
Codebook
Intercity Variation in Youth
Homicide, Robbery, and Assault,
ICPSR 30981
Kevin Strom
RTI International
Angela Browne
Vera Institute of Justice
User Guide
P.O. Box 1248National Institute of Justice
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106Data Resources Program
www.icpsr.umich.edu

specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to
furnish a photocopy or other
reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the
photocopy or reproduction is
not to be "used for any purpose other than private study,
scholarship, or research." If a
user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or
reproduction for purposes in
excess of "fair use," that user may be liable for copyright
infringement.
s
Bibliographic Description
30981ICPSR Study No.:
1984-2006
[United States]
Title:
Kevin Strom, RTI InternationalPrincipal Investigator(s):
Angela Browne, Vera Institute of Justice
United State Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs.
National
Institute of Justice
Funding Agency:

2007-IJ-CX-0025Grant Number:
Strom, Kevin, and Angela Browne. Intercity Variation in Youth
Homicide,
Robbery, and Assault, 1984-2006 [United States]. ICPSR30981-
v1. Ann
Bibliographic Citation:
Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social
Research
[distributor], 2012. doi:10.3886/ICPSR30981.v1
Scope of Study
The research team collected data on homicide, robbery, and
assault
offending from 1984-2006 for youth 13 to 24 years of age in 91
of the
Summary:
100 largest cities in the United States (based on the 1980
Census) from
various existing data sources. Data on youth homicide
perpetration were
acquired from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) and
data on
nonlethal youth violence (robbery and assault) were obtained
from the
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Annual homicide, robbery, and
assault
arrest rates per 100,000 age-specific populations (i.e., 13 to 17
and 18
to 24 year olds) were calculated by year for each city in the

study. Data
on city characteristics were derived from several sources
including the
County and City Data Books, SHR, and the Vital Statistics
Multiple Cause
of Death File. The research team constructed a dataset
representing
lethal and nonlethal offending at the city level for 91 cities over
the
23-year period from 1984 to 2006, resulting in 2,093 city year
observations.
age, assault, crime patterns, crime statistics, drug related
crimes,
firearms, gang violence, gangs, homicide, juvenile crime,
juveniles,
robbery, trends, violence, violent crime, violent crime statistics,
youths
Subject Term(s):
citySmallest Geographic Unit:
- ii -
- ICPSR 30981 -
United StatesGeographic Coverage:
Time Period: • 1984 - 2006
Date(s) of Collection: • 2007 - 2010
city-by-yearUnit of Observation:

All youth between the ages of 13 to 24 in the 100 most populous
central-cities in the United States from 1984 to 2006.
Universe:
aggregate dataData Type:
Detailed information about the Uniform Crime Reporting
Program (UCR),
including the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), is
available
through the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Resources Guide
(Link).
Data Collection Notes:
Users should refer to the project's final technical report
(Browne and
Strom, 2010; NCJ 232622) for additional information on the
study
methodology, missing data, and imputation procedures.
Methodology
The purpose of this study was to estimate temporal trends in
youth
violence rates variation across 91 of the 100 largest cities in the
United
Purpose of the Study:
States from 1984-2006, and to model city-specific explanatory
predictors
influencing these trends.

In order to estimate trends in homicide offending for youth 13
to 24 years
of age in 91 of the 100 largest cities in the United States from
1984-2006,
Study Design:
data for youth homicide were acquired from the Supplementary
Homicide
Report (SHR), a component of the FBI’s Uniform Crime
Reporting
Program (UCR). Measures of youth arrests for the nonlethal
violent
crimes of robbery and assault were acquired from UCR city
arrest data
for the same time period. Annual homicide, robbery, and assault
arrest
rates per 100,000 age-specific (i.e., 13 to 17 and 18 to 24 year
olds)
population were calculated by year for each city in the study.
Annual
homicide rates were calculated through a conventional
procedure: annual
incidents in a specific city, divided by the age-specific
population of that
city, multiplied by 100,000. Partial reporting during the time
period
resulted in dropping 9 cities from the homicide data and 10
cities from
the robbery and assault data. Data on city-level characteristics
including
measures of structural disadvantage, drug market activities,
gang
presence-activity, and firearm availability were derived from
the County

- iii -
- ICPSR 30981 -
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/NACJD/guides/u
cr.html
and City Data Books, SHR, and the Vital Statistics Multiple
Cause of
Death File, respectively.
Missing data came from two sources; failure to report in
homicide and
some of the Census collections, and lack of data for specific
years,
mainly in Census data, between major data collection points
like the
Decennial Census and the Mid-decade estimates from Census
related
sources. Missing data in the homicide measures were addressed
using
an Iterative Chain equation procedure to conduct Multiple
Imputation.
Variables from the original source used in the multiple
imputation
procedure included age of victim, race, ethnicity, gender, seven
available
measures of homicide circumstances, and city population size.
Extrapolation methods were used to adjust for missing data in
the
robberies and assaults by age, and in the census and economic
data
sources. To estimate a missing year between two reported
values, the
missing year was estimated to be mid-way between the two

observed
years on either side of the missing year. Longer gaps involved
further
averaging and allocating according to the number of years
missing; these
estimates amount to maximum likelihood estimates of the
missing years
or in the case of the robberies and assaults, months as well.
The initial sample consisted of the 100 largest cities in the
United States
based on the 1980 Census; however, several cities were dropped
due
Sample:
to missing data problems, resulting in a sample of 91 cities for
the
homicide data and 90 cities for the nonlethal violence data. If a
city had
10 or more consecutive years of missing data, the researchers
eliminated
it from the final dataset. The 91 cities were measured over the
course
of 23 years from 1984 to 2006, resulting in 2,093 total
observations.
None.Weight:
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS [UNITED STATES]:
SUPPLEMENTARY
HOMICIDE REPORTS, 1984-2006 [Annual Data Files]
Sources of Information:
UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM DATA [UNITED

STATES]:
ARRESTS BY AGE, SEX, AND RACE, 1984-2006 [Annual
Data Files]
United States Census of the Population, 1980, 1990, 2000
United States Economic Census, previously known as the
Census of
Business and Industry, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007
City and County Data Book Series, 1987, 1996, 2006
American Community Survey, 2001-2006
- iv -
- ICPSR 30981 -
National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital
Statistics, Multiple
Cause of Death file
record abstractsMode of Data Collection:
The study contains a total of 39 variables including city name,
year,
crime rate variables, and city characteristics variables. Crime
rate
Description of Variables:
variables include imputed and non-imputed homicide rate
variables for
juveniles aged 13 to 17, young adults aged 18 to 24, and adults

aged
25 and over. Other crime variables include the number of
imputed and
non-imputed homicides as well as the robbery rate and assault
rate for
juveniles and young adults. City characteristics variables
include
population, poverty rates, percentage of African Americans,
percentage
of female-headed households, percentage of residents
unemployed,
percentage of residents receiving public assistance, home-
ownership
rates, gang presence and activity, and alcohol outlet density.
Not applicable.Response Rates:
One scale was used: The FAC1_1 "REGRESSION BASED
FACTOR
SCORE INCLUDING POVERTY AFROAM FEMHH PUBAST
UNEMP"
Presence of Common
Scales:
variable is a regression based factor score based on a principal
components factor analysis of five of the variables.
Standardized missing values.Extent of Processing:
Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
Access and Availability
A list of the data formats available for this study can be found
in the

summary of holdings. Detailed file-level information (such as
record
length, case count, and variable count) is listed in the file
manifest.
Note:
2012 Original ICPSR Release:
Dataset(s): • DS1: Intercity Variation in Youth Homicide,
Robbery, and Assault,
Publications
A list of publications related to, or based on, this data
collection can be
accessed from the study's download page on the NACJD Web
site or
Final Reports and Other
Publication Resources:
through the ICPSR Bibliography of Data-Related Literature at
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ICPSR/citations/index.html. The
list of citations
- v -
- ICPSR 30981 -
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cgi-bin/summholdings?study=30981
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cgi-
bin/showfile?type=manifest&study=30981
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ICPSR/citations/index.html

includes links to abstracts and publications in Portable
Document Format
(PDF) files or text files when available.
Final reports and other publications describing research
conducted on a
variety of criminal justice topics are available from the National
Criminal
Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). NCJRS was established in
1972
by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), an agency of the U.S.
Department
of Justice, to provide research findings to criminal justice
professionals
and researchers. NCJRS operates specialized clearinghouses
that are
staffed by information specialists who supply a range of
reference, referral,
and distribution services. Publications can be obtained from
NCJRS at
NIJ/NCJRS, Box 6000, Rockville, MD, 20849-6000, 800-851-
3420 or
301-519-5500. TTY Service for the Hearing Impaired is 877-
712-9279
(toll-free) or 301-947-8374 (local). The URL for the NCJRS
Web site is:
http://www.ncjrs.gov/
NIJ Data Resources Program
The National Institute of Justice Data Resources Program (DRP)
makes
datasets from NIJ-funded research and evaluation projects
available to

About the DRP:
the research community and sponsors research and training
activities
devoted to secondary data analysis. Datasets are archived by the
National
Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD) at the Inter-
university
Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the
University
of Michigan.
The NACJD maintains a World Wide Web site with instructions
for
transferring files and sending messages. Criminal justice data
funded by
the Department of Justice are available via the Internet at this
site at no
charge to the user. NACJD may be contacted at NACJD/ICPSR,
P.O.
Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1248, 800-999-0960. The
URL for the
NACJD Web site is:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/
- vi -
- ICPSR 30981 -
http://www.ncjrs.gov/
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/

Data Completeness Report
Notes: (1) Variables are individually listed only if they have
greater than 5% missing data. These variables are listed under
the appropriate percentage category in the order in which they
appear in the data file. (2) The Data Completeness Report
only captures information about system missing or other values
that are declared missing. Codes that have a label implying
that they are missing but that are not declared missing values
are not reflected in this report. Data users should consult the
codebook for more specific information about missing values.
(3) Some variables that have 100% missing data may have
been blanked by ICPSR to protect respondent confidentiality.
Data users should consult the codebook for more specific
information about blanked variables. (4) Data do not contain
skip patterns or skip patterns are not reflected in the data as
coded.
Table 1: Distribution of Variables by Percentage of Missing
Values
Percent of Cases with
Missing Values
Variable Name and Label
(Total Cases = 2093 )
have 0% Missing Values( 27 of 39 variables)69.2%
have 0% - 1% Missing Values( 0 of 39 variables)0.0%

6.2%NON-IMPUTED # OF HOMICIDESHOMICIDE
5.2%POPULATIONPOP
have 100% missing values( 0 of 39 variables)0.0%
- i -
- ICPSR 30981 -
ICPSR 30981Terms of UseBibliographic DescriptionScope of
StudyMethodologyAccess and AvailabilityPublicationsNIJ Data
Resources ProgramData Completeness Report

Criminal Justice Statistics Lab 4CRJS-3020-01 Points 30A

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