Vaccination is key to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The document discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, explaining its structure and how it transmits through respiratory droplets. It also summarizes COVID-19 symptoms from mild to severe, complications, and the need for vaccines to be safely and effectively delivered to as many eligible people as possible to control the pandemic.
The document provides information about COVID-19 vaccination training slides. It notes that the slides should be selected depending on the immunizer's background and role in delivering the COVID-19 vaccine program. Additional vaccine details are provided at the end for vaccines that receive regulatory approval. The information may change as knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccines continues to develop.
PHA Covid vaccination for children training slides update 03.2022.pptxJOPHUONG
The document provides information on COVID-19 vaccination for children, including:
1. It outlines the UK COVID-19 vaccination programme for children ages 5-17, including recommendations for vaccinating children ages 5-11 who are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 or live with immunosuppressed individuals, as well as recommendations for vaccinating all children ages 5-11.
2. It discusses recommendations for vaccinating children ages 12-15 who are at higher risk or live with immunosuppressed individuals, as well as recommendations for vaccinating all children ages 12-15.
3. It reviews recommendations for vaccinating young people ages 16-17 who are at higher risk or work in health/social care
The National Institute for Environmental Health Services published this training tool for everyone to understand the concerns related to SARS CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease. The training tool discusses control measures to protect workers and the public from harm.
COVID-19: A guide for Medical Officers in Primary Health Centres. All Details...Shivam Parmar
This document provides guidance for medical officers in primary health centres on responding to COVID-19. It defines COVID-19 and its clinical features. It outlines people at high risk, modes of transmission, and the global and national problem statements. It discusses response strategies to contain spread including prevention, case management, and the role of primary health centres. It covers case detection and referral, facility preparedness, and continuing essential non-COVID services.
The document provides information about COVID-19 and the NSW Health response. It defines SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and details the timeline of the outbreak worldwide and in Australia. It describes NSW Health's response, which includes establishing clinical councils, providing advice to healthcare workers, developing diagnostic tests, managing cases through infection control and public health measures, and regular public updates. It provides guidance on case definitions, testing criteria, and infection prevention and control strategies to prevent transmission, including the use of personal protective equipment and isolation for suspected or confirmed cases.
This document provides information about 2019-nCoV (now known as SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. It discusses the virus's origin in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It describes the virus's structure and transmission methods. It also outlines the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, recommendations for prevention and treatment, and the current situation regarding confirmed cases in Bangladesh.
Covid-19 Pandemic, where are we now? Latest update on Covid-19 Second Wave 20...Shivam Parmar
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update51_pandemic_overview_where_are_we_now.pdf?sfvrsn=709278aa_5
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 basics and workplace exposure risks. It begins with learning objectives about explaining SARS-CoV-2 virus facts, COVID-19 disease, assessing workplace exposure risk, and methods for prevention and response. Various sections cover the virus transmission, incubation period, symptoms, increased risk groups, comparisons to seasonal flu, and treatment/vaccine status. The document also discusses assessing exposure risk in the workplace based on job duties and settings, providing examples of high, medium, and low risk occupations.
The document provides information about COVID-19 vaccination training slides. It notes that the slides should be selected depending on the immunizer's background and role in delivering the COVID-19 vaccine program. Additional vaccine details are provided at the end for vaccines that receive regulatory approval. The information may change as knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccines continues to develop.
PHA Covid vaccination for children training slides update 03.2022.pptxJOPHUONG
The document provides information on COVID-19 vaccination for children, including:
1. It outlines the UK COVID-19 vaccination programme for children ages 5-17, including recommendations for vaccinating children ages 5-11 who are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 or live with immunosuppressed individuals, as well as recommendations for vaccinating all children ages 5-11.
2. It discusses recommendations for vaccinating children ages 12-15 who are at higher risk or live with immunosuppressed individuals, as well as recommendations for vaccinating all children ages 12-15.
3. It reviews recommendations for vaccinating young people ages 16-17 who are at higher risk or work in health/social care
The National Institute for Environmental Health Services published this training tool for everyone to understand the concerns related to SARS CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease. The training tool discusses control measures to protect workers and the public from harm.
COVID-19: A guide for Medical Officers in Primary Health Centres. All Details...Shivam Parmar
This document provides guidance for medical officers in primary health centres on responding to COVID-19. It defines COVID-19 and its clinical features. It outlines people at high risk, modes of transmission, and the global and national problem statements. It discusses response strategies to contain spread including prevention, case management, and the role of primary health centres. It covers case detection and referral, facility preparedness, and continuing essential non-COVID services.
The document provides information about COVID-19 and the NSW Health response. It defines SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and details the timeline of the outbreak worldwide and in Australia. It describes NSW Health's response, which includes establishing clinical councils, providing advice to healthcare workers, developing diagnostic tests, managing cases through infection control and public health measures, and regular public updates. It provides guidance on case definitions, testing criteria, and infection prevention and control strategies to prevent transmission, including the use of personal protective equipment and isolation for suspected or confirmed cases.
This document provides information about 2019-nCoV (now known as SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. It discusses the virus's origin in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It describes the virus's structure and transmission methods. It also outlines the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, recommendations for prevention and treatment, and the current situation regarding confirmed cases in Bangladesh.
Covid-19 Pandemic, where are we now? Latest update on Covid-19 Second Wave 20...Shivam Parmar
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update51_pandemic_overview_where_are_we_now.pdf?sfvrsn=709278aa_5
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 basics and workplace exposure risks. It begins with learning objectives about explaining SARS-CoV-2 virus facts, COVID-19 disease, assessing workplace exposure risk, and methods for prevention and response. Various sections cover the virus transmission, incubation period, symptoms, increased risk groups, comparisons to seasonal flu, and treatment/vaccine status. The document also discusses assessing exposure risk in the workplace based on job duties and settings, providing examples of high, medium, and low risk occupations.
This presentation by Dr. Priyank Punatar discusses Covid-19, including an introduction to the virus, its signs and symptoms, complications, prevention strategies, and vaccines. It outlines who is most at risk from Covid-19, such as healthcare workers, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. The presentation then discusses the various Covid-19 vaccines and aims to dispel common myths about the vaccines and their safety. It emphasizes that the vaccines do not affect fertility or DNA, and that expected side effects are minor and short-term. The goal is to encourage vaccination as an important prevention strategy against this virus.
This document provides an introduction to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes it. It discusses the virology of coronaviruses and details of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It describes the epidemiology of COVID-19, including transmission dynamics, symptoms and disease progression. It also covers variants of concern and the global and local situation of the COVID-19 pandemic.
CORONA VIRUS & it’s effect on daily lifeDanao Maibam
The world is facing a challenging. An essential key to combat COVID-19 is to be educated and be familiar to the disease itself and to plan strategies that will help the world win the fight against the crisis.
Update on SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern OmicronFlavioJimenez3
The document summarizes the latest information from the WHO on the COVID-19 global situation and the Omicron variant of concern. It notes that as of December 10th, over 262 million cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported globally. It describes how viruses evolve over time and defines WHO classifications of variants of interest and variants of concern. It states that Omicron was designated a variant of concern due to evidence of increased transmissibility and that it has over 30 mutations in the spike protein targeted by vaccines. The document outlines the WHO's global approach to monitoring variants and collecting evidence on Omicron's properties and impact.
This document provides a lung doctor's perspective on COVID-19. It summarizes that COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. It transmits through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Older individuals and those with preexisting conditions are at higher risk. Treatments include remdesivir, dexamethasone, and convalescent plasma depending on severity of illness. Chronic manifestations are still unknown. The doctor discusses their experience treating COVID-19 cases in Colorado and anticipation of a potential second wave in the fall.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 including its timeline, transmission, presentation, epidemiology, prevention, and containment plan. It discusses that COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. It outlines the timeline of the outbreak beginning in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It also discusses transmission modes, signs and symptoms, disease progression, prevention strategies like isolation, quarantine, hand hygiene, and use of personal protective equipment.
The document summarizes the latest information on the COVID-19 global situation and the Omicron variant of concern. It notes that as of December 10th, over 262 million cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported worldwide. Omicron was designated a variant of concern by the WHO in November due to evidence of increased transmissibility. While more data is needed, preliminary evidence suggests Omicron may lead to increased reinfection risk compared to other variants. Countries are urged to continue public health measures and increase vaccination coverage to reduce virus spread.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19. It describes COVID-19 as a disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Signs and symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, with older people and those with preexisting conditions at higher risk. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, social distancing, and wearing masks. There is currently no vaccine, though treatments are under investigation. The disease has caused a global pandemic and cases are rising in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
COVID-19 is a highly contagious virus that is 3.5 times more deadly than the seasonal flu. It spreads through respiratory droplets when people are in close contact. There are several variants of concern that spread more easily. Getting exposed can lead to asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, or symptomatic infection. Common symptoms include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Prevention strategies include vaccination, physical distancing, masks, hand hygiene, and isolation of infected individuals. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and secondary prevention to avoid further spread.
This document provides information on the management of CoViD 19. It discusses the virology of SARS-CoV-2, symptoms of CoViD 19, transmission routes, diagnosis methods including RT-PCR testing and CT scans, treatment approaches based on illness severity from mild to severe pneumonia and ARDS, and those at high risk of severe illness such as older patients and those with underlying medical conditions. Pathology findings include diffuse alveolar damage and lymphocytic infiltrates in severe cases.
This document provides information for nursing professionals on COVID-19 in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of infection control through proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, monitoring residents, adjusting visitor policies, and encouraging employee responsibility. Key recommendations include limiting how many germs enter the facility, isolating symptomatic residents, and protecting healthcare workers through appropriate use of PPE.
This document summarizes information about COVID-19 for nursing professionals working in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of strict infection control practices, including excellent hand hygiene, monitoring residents for symptoms, and providing appropriate personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are urged to take action to reduce transmission rates and prevent overwhelming local healthcare systems.
This document provides information for nursing professionals on COVID-19 in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of infection control through hygiene, monitoring residents, appropriate use of PPE, encouraging employee responsibility and adjusting visitor policies. Key recommendations include limiting how germs enter the facility, isolating symptomatic residents, and protecting staff through proper PPE use.
Prinsotel´s establishments have implemented health protocols for preventing COVID-19 that comply with the criteria and requirements set forth in UNE 0066-2:2020 Specifications, establishing the guidelines and recommendations for reducing the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
This presentation provides an overview of COVID-19. It discusses the introduction of the virus, its structure and modes of transmission. It outlines the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods used. Prevention strategies discussed include personal protection measures and community involvement. Treatment currently focuses on isolation and supportive care as there is no cure. Globally, cases and deaths continue to rise with the US and several European countries most impacted. India's strategy included an early lockdown and producing hydroxychloroquine. The presentation notes some positive environmental impacts but also discusses conflicts around the origins and spread of the virus. It concludes that the situation remains serious and prevention relies on individual responsibility.
The median time to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ranges from 8 to 12 days.
https://adrianelias2314-coronavirus-copy.cheetah.builderall.com/
Coronavirus is a new virus which is infecting the whole world and that's why this is considered as Pandemic.
Here, it is explained that what is Covid-19?
Where it was first reported?
What is the Structure of coronavirus?
How it enters the host cell?
What are the symptoms?
How long it to show up the symptoms?
What is the mode of transmission?
Who are at Risk?
10 Worst affected countries.
What is the current situation of India as on the 2nd of August?
Vaccine?
How we can prevent it?
Here it is tried to cover each basic question.
Thank you.
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Ong Hang Cheng, Infectious Disease Physician at University Malaya Medical Center
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs #BestScienceforAll
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause illnesses in mammals and birds. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which was first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019. Common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath. It spreads mainly person to person via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. While most people experience mild symptoms, the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions are at higher risk. Prevention focuses on hand washing, physical distancing and wearing masks. There are currently no approved treatments, but many trials are underway to develop vaccines and therapeutics.
This presentation by Dr. Priyank Punatar discusses Covid-19, including an introduction to the virus, its signs and symptoms, complications, prevention strategies, and vaccines. It outlines who is most at risk from Covid-19, such as healthcare workers, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. The presentation then discusses the various Covid-19 vaccines and aims to dispel common myths about the vaccines and their safety. It emphasizes that the vaccines do not affect fertility or DNA, and that expected side effects are minor and short-term. The goal is to encourage vaccination as an important prevention strategy against this virus.
This document provides an introduction to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes it. It discusses the virology of coronaviruses and details of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It describes the epidemiology of COVID-19, including transmission dynamics, symptoms and disease progression. It also covers variants of concern and the global and local situation of the COVID-19 pandemic.
CORONA VIRUS & it’s effect on daily lifeDanao Maibam
The world is facing a challenging. An essential key to combat COVID-19 is to be educated and be familiar to the disease itself and to plan strategies that will help the world win the fight against the crisis.
Update on SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern OmicronFlavioJimenez3
The document summarizes the latest information from the WHO on the COVID-19 global situation and the Omicron variant of concern. It notes that as of December 10th, over 262 million cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported globally. It describes how viruses evolve over time and defines WHO classifications of variants of interest and variants of concern. It states that Omicron was designated a variant of concern due to evidence of increased transmissibility and that it has over 30 mutations in the spike protein targeted by vaccines. The document outlines the WHO's global approach to monitoring variants and collecting evidence on Omicron's properties and impact.
This document provides a lung doctor's perspective on COVID-19. It summarizes that COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. It transmits through respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces. Common symptoms include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Older individuals and those with preexisting conditions are at higher risk. Treatments include remdesivir, dexamethasone, and convalescent plasma depending on severity of illness. Chronic manifestations are still unknown. The doctor discusses their experience treating COVID-19 cases in Colorado and anticipation of a potential second wave in the fall.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19 including its timeline, transmission, presentation, epidemiology, prevention, and containment plan. It discusses that COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. It outlines the timeline of the outbreak beginning in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It also discusses transmission modes, signs and symptoms, disease progression, prevention strategies like isolation, quarantine, hand hygiene, and use of personal protective equipment.
The document summarizes the latest information on the COVID-19 global situation and the Omicron variant of concern. It notes that as of December 10th, over 262 million cases and 5.2 million deaths have been reported worldwide. Omicron was designated a variant of concern by the WHO in November due to evidence of increased transmissibility. While more data is needed, preliminary evidence suggests Omicron may lead to increased reinfection risk compared to other variants. Countries are urged to continue public health measures and increase vaccination coverage to reduce virus spread.
The document summarizes information about COVID-19. It describes COVID-19 as a disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Signs and symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, with older people and those with preexisting conditions at higher risk. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, social distancing, and wearing masks. There is currently no vaccine, though treatments are under investigation. The disease has caused a global pandemic and cases are rising in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.
COVID-19 is a highly contagious virus that is 3.5 times more deadly than the seasonal flu. It spreads through respiratory droplets when people are in close contact. There are several variants of concern that spread more easily. Getting exposed can lead to asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, or symptomatic infection. Common symptoms include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Prevention strategies include vaccination, physical distancing, masks, hand hygiene, and isolation of infected individuals. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and secondary prevention to avoid further spread.
This document provides information on the management of CoViD 19. It discusses the virology of SARS-CoV-2, symptoms of CoViD 19, transmission routes, diagnosis methods including RT-PCR testing and CT scans, treatment approaches based on illness severity from mild to severe pneumonia and ARDS, and those at high risk of severe illness such as older patients and those with underlying medical conditions. Pathology findings include diffuse alveolar damage and lymphocytic infiltrates in severe cases.
This document provides information for nursing professionals on COVID-19 in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of infection control through proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, monitoring residents, adjusting visitor policies, and encouraging employee responsibility. Key recommendations include limiting how many germs enter the facility, isolating symptomatic residents, and protecting healthcare workers through appropriate use of PPE.
This document summarizes information about COVID-19 for nursing professionals working in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of strict infection control practices, including excellent hand hygiene, monitoring residents for symptoms, and providing appropriate personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are urged to take action to reduce transmission rates and prevent overwhelming local healthcare systems.
This document provides information for nursing professionals on COVID-19 in post-acute care facilities. It discusses the origin and spread of the virus, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of infection control through hygiene, monitoring residents, appropriate use of PPE, encouraging employee responsibility and adjusting visitor policies. Key recommendations include limiting how germs enter the facility, isolating symptomatic residents, and protecting staff through proper PPE use.
Prinsotel´s establishments have implemented health protocols for preventing COVID-19 that comply with the criteria and requirements set forth in UNE 0066-2:2020 Specifications, establishing the guidelines and recommendations for reducing the spread of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
This presentation provides an overview of COVID-19. It discusses the introduction of the virus, its structure and modes of transmission. It outlines the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods used. Prevention strategies discussed include personal protection measures and community involvement. Treatment currently focuses on isolation and supportive care as there is no cure. Globally, cases and deaths continue to rise with the US and several European countries most impacted. India's strategy included an early lockdown and producing hydroxychloroquine. The presentation notes some positive environmental impacts but also discusses conflicts around the origins and spread of the virus. It concludes that the situation remains serious and prevention relies on individual responsibility.
The median time to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ranges from 8 to 12 days.
https://adrianelias2314-coronavirus-copy.cheetah.builderall.com/
Coronavirus is a new virus which is infecting the whole world and that's why this is considered as Pandemic.
Here, it is explained that what is Covid-19?
Where it was first reported?
What is the Structure of coronavirus?
How it enters the host cell?
What are the symptoms?
How long it to show up the symptoms?
What is the mode of transmission?
Who are at Risk?
10 Worst affected countries.
What is the current situation of India as on the 2nd of August?
Vaccine?
How we can prevent it?
Here it is tried to cover each basic question.
Thank you.
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Ong Hang Cheng, Infectious Disease Physician at University Malaya Medical Center
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs #BestScienceforAll
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause illnesses in mammals and birds. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which was first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019. Common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath. It spreads mainly person to person via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. While most people experience mild symptoms, the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions are at higher risk. Prevention focuses on hand washing, physical distancing and wearing masks. There are currently no approved treatments, but many trials are underway to develop vaccines and therapeutics.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. •The information in this slide set was correct at time of publication. As COVID is an evolving disease, much is still
being learned about both the disease and the vaccines which have been developed to prevent it. For this reason,
some of the information may change.
2
COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training
slide set for healthcare practitioners 11 December
2020
3. Table: A comparison of different SARS-CoV–2 neutralizing antibody tests
NAb Test Assay time Biosafety Level S domain
targeted
Pros Cons
Plaque
reduction
neutralization
test (PRNT)
Several days 3 Binding and
fusion
Gold standard,
assay condition
is close to real
situation,
Very slow,
complicated
assay leading to
high variation
Pseudovirus
neutralization
test
Several days 2 Binding and
fusion
More accessible
and higher
sensitivity than
PRNT
Still very slow
and
complicated, but
better than
PRNT
ELISA Several hours 1 NTD and RBD Simple system,
high throughput,
high sensitivity
Unable to
measure fusion
blocking
antibody
Lateral Flow 15 min 0-1 NTD and RBD Most accessible,
fastest, simple,
can be used
outside a lab
Same as ELISA
4. Key messages
• the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause millions of infections and over a million
deaths across the world
• a vaccine to prevent COVID-19 is the most effective way to control the pandemic
• scientists across the world have worked to develop vaccines which have then been rigorously tested
for safety and efficacy
• it is crucial that the COVID-19 vaccine is safely and effectively delivered to as many of those eligible as
possible
• those with a role in delivering the COVID-19 vaccine programme need to be knowledgeable, confident
and competent in order to promote confidence in the vaccination programme and deliver the vaccine
safely
4
COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide
set for healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
5. Introduction
• A new virus emerged in Wuhan, China during December 2019
• This virus, which causes respiratory disease, was identified as being part of the
Coronavirus family and it rapidly spread to all the countries around the world
• By 01/12/20, --------------------------people had tested positive for the virus and -----------------
------- people had died within 28 days of a positive test
• common symptoms of COVID-19 include a high temperature, a continuous dry cough and
loss or change to sense of smell and taste
• About 80% of infected people have no or mild symptoms; 1 in every 6 people who gets
COVID-19 becomes seriously ill
• Older people and those with underlying medical problems such as Diabetes,
Hypertension, Cardiac disease, pulmonary disease and HIV are more likely to develop
serious illness or die from COVID-19
• Measures to contain the virus included social distancing, travel restrictions, closure of
public spaces and the wearing of face coverings, scrupulous hand hygiene etc.
• Despite these measures, the number of positive cases and deaths have continued to
increase on a daily basis
5
COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
6. International and Pakistan COVID-19 timeline – the
first 7 months
31/12/19 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology reported in Wuhan
13/01/202 First case outside China (Thailand)
21/01/2020 293 cases in mainland China, including 15 healthcare workers and 6 deaths
25/01/202 First confirmed case in Europe (France)
30/01/2020 WHO declares Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)
31/01/202
01/03/202
05/03/20 first death
11/03/2020 WHO declares COVID-19 as a pandemic
12/03/20 Government announce
23/03/20 , except for very limited purposes; ii) all non-essential businesses and venues to close; iii) no gatherings of more than two people in public
16/04/20 Decision to maintain social distancing measures for further three weeks
13/05/20
18/05/20 Loss of or change in normal sense of taste or smell added to case definition
19/06/20
04/07/20 Further relaxation of national restrictions (travel restrictions, social distancing, closure of public spaces updates)
24/07/20 Face coverings are now compulsory
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
7. COVID-19 and Coronavirus
• COVID-19 is the disease that is caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus which
belongs to the Coronavirus family
• SARS-CoV-2 stands for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and CoV for coronavirus
• COVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease and 19 is from the year 2019 when it was first seen
• Coronaviruses may cause illness in animals or humans and they are responsible for
causing infections ranging from the common cold to more severe disease such as
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) which have been responsible for two outbreaks during the last twenty
years
• SARS-CoV-2 virus is the most recently discovered coronavirus and has now affected
almost all countries globally
• Because of the global spread and the substantial number of people affected, the
World Health Organisation (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on
11/03/2020 (Pan (all) demos (people))
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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8. Viral infection
• viruses are much smaller than bacteria and consist of a small amount of either DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
• viruses cannot replicate themselves, but need to seek out the replication mechanism contained
within a host cell
• examples of vaccine preventable viral diseases include measles, mumps, rubella, influenza,
hepatitis A and B
• Influenza viruses, which are RNA viruses, are constantly mutating into slightly different forms,
which is why we need to produce and give different flu vaccines every year
• SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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9. Coronavirus structure
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• the key parts of the coronavirus are the RNA and the spike proteins
• the RNA is surrounded by an envelope which has different roles in
the life cycle of the virus. These may include the assembly of new
virus and helping new virus to leave the infected cell
• the spike proteins (S) are anchored into the viral envelope and form
a crown like appearance, like the solar corona, hence the name
coronavirus. The spike proteins attach to the target cell and allow
the virus to enter it
• the RNA is inside the envelope and acts as a template so that once
it is inside the host cell, the coronavirus can replicate itself and be
released into the body
• the spike protein and the RNA have been used to develop and make
different vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2
10. Transmission of COVID-19 infection
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• For transmission to occur, the SARS-CoV-2 virus needs to be
transported to a susceptible person. To do this, it needs to have:
• a portal of exit (from the place where it is living and replicating)
• a mode of transmission (such as coughing, sneezing or even
speaking) and
• a portal of entry (to the susceptible host)
• COVID-19 spreads primarily from person to person through small
droplets from the nose or mouth which are expelled when a person
with COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or speaks.
11. COVID-19 Chain of infection
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• Infectio
us
microb
e
• SARS-
CoV-2
Reservoir
Place where the
virus lives and
replicates: people,
animals
Portal of exit
How the virus leaves the
reservoir
Mouth or nose through
coughing, sneezing or
talking
Modes of
transmission
Person to person,
airborne, direct
contact with virus on a
contaminated surface
Portal of entry
Mucous
membrane of the
nose and mouth
Susceptible
host
Non-immune
person
The chain of infection refers to
the interaction between the
pathogen, the host and the
environment.
12. COVID-19 symptoms
• The estimated incubation period is 3 to 6 days but can vary between 1 and
11 days.
• Symptoms may vary by age but the main symptoms of coronavirus are:
• a new, continuous cough – coughing for more than an hour, or 3 or more
coughing episodes in 24 hours
• a high temperature
• a loss or change to sense of smell or taste
• Other symptoms reported include:
• fatigue and lethargy
• shortness of breath
• headache
• sore throat
• aching muscles
• diarrhoea and vomiting
12 COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
13. COVID-19 symptom progression
• Symptoms may begin gradually and are usually mild.
• the majority of people (around 80%) have asymptomatic to moderate disease and
recover without needing hospital treatment
• around 15% may get severe disease including pneumonia
• older people and those with underlying medical problems such as high blood pressure, heart and
lung problems, diabetes, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness
• around 5% become critically unwell. This may include septic shock and/or multi-organ and
respiratory failure
• The infection fatality rate (the proportion of deaths among all infected individuals) is
estimated to be 0.9% but it varies according to age and sex. It is lower in younger people
(0.5% for those 45-64 years) and higher in those over 75 years of age (11.6%).
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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14. Complications of COVID-19 disease
• Complications from COVID-19 can be severe and fatal.
• The risk of developing complications increases with age and is greater in those with underlying health
conditions.
• The type of complication that can develop may include:
• venous thromboembolism
• heart, liver and kidney problems
• neurological problems
• coagulation (blood clotting) failure
• respiratory failure
• multiple organ failure
• septic shock
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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15. COVID-19 complications in pregnancy
• maternal morbidity is similar to that of other women of reproductive age and the
outcome for women infected during pregnancy is usually good
• however, pregnant women with pre-existing comorbidities such as chronic
hypertension or diabetes, those with higher maternal age, and high body mass
index may experience severe COVID-19 disease
• they may also require intensive care unit admission and invasive ventilation and
around 6% of pregnant women may experience a spontaneous pre-term delivery
• neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 have an increased risk of admission to
a neonatal unit
• although stillbirths have been reported, perinatal deaths are rare and occur in
less than 1% of cases
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
16. COVID-19 vaccine development
• scientists, industry and other organisations have worked collaboratively across the globe to complete
the different phases of vaccine development in parallel, rather than sequentially to make a safe and
effective vaccine available as soon as possible
• by knowing the genetic code for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, various methods to create vaccines can be
used such as using the code itself (mRNA vaccines) or inserting part of this code into existing viruses
(viral vector vaccines)
• by December 2020, over 270 different COVID-19 vaccines were in early development, over 50 of
these were being given to people in clinical trials and 11 were being trialled in large phase 3 trials
• some vaccines have been made using currently used vaccine technology, others have been made
using new approaches or methods used during previous emergencies such as the SARS pandemic
and west African Ebola
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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17. Properties of an ideal vaccine
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• Ideally, a vaccine will:
• produce the same immune protection which usually follows natural infection but without causing disease.
• generate long lasting immunity so that the person is protected if they are exposed to the antigen several years
after vaccination.
• interrupt the spread of infection by preventing carriage of the organism in the vaccinated person
• Vaccines need to be safe and the risk from any side effects should be much lower than the benefit of
preventing deaths and serious complications of the disease.
• For the COVID-19 vaccines, many of these properties can be confirmed from the clinical vaccine trials.
• Longer term ongoing surveillance of the disease and of those vaccinated will show whether:
• vaccine protection is long lasting or booster or annual doses are needed
• the vaccine prevents a vaccinated person from carrying and spreading the virus
18. Stages of vaccine trials
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• Vaccines are extensively tested through several different phases of trials.
• pre-clinical studies using tissue-culture, cell-culture or animal studies. At this stage, safety and
immunogenicity (the ability of the vaccine to produce an immune response) are assessed.
If pre-clinical studies are successful, the vaccine then goes through several different phases
of vaccine trials in humans
• phase I clinical trials are small-scale trials in healthy adult volunteers (generally 20-100) to
assess whether the vaccine is safe in humans and type and extent of immune response it
induces
• phase II clinical trials are larger (several hundred healthy volunteers) and usually carried out in
the target age group(s) the vaccine is likely to be used in. They are looking mainly to assess
the efficacy of the vaccine against artificial infection and clinical disease. Vaccine safety,
side-effects and immune response are also studied
• phase III clinical trials involve the vaccine being studied on a large scale in many hundreds or
thousands of subjects across several sites to evaluate efficacy under natural disease
conditions and make sure that there are no unintended side effects not detected in phase
II studies
19. Safety
• before any of the COVID vaccines can be authorised for widespread use in the population, the
manufacturers have to demonstrate that they are safe and effective
• tens of thousands of people across the world have already received COVID-19 vaccines in clinical
trials
• no serious adverse reactions to the vaccines were seen in the trial participants who received
them
• any reactions reported were similar to those seen following other vaccines such as pain and
tenderness at the injection site and fever, headache, muscle aches and fatigue
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide
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20. Effectiveness
• manufacturers of the COVID-19 vaccines need to show evidence that they will be effective
• they can do this by showing a reduction in virus levels in animal studies where the vaccines were used and that
people in the trials have made an antibody response to the vaccine
• vaccine effectiveness can be calculated by comparing the number of cases of COVID-19 disease in trial participants
who received the COVID-19 vaccine with the number of trial participants who received the placebo or alternative
(non-COVID-19) vaccine
•Those running clinical trials will also look at antibody response:
• after one dose and two doses
• at different dosages of the vaccine
• with different time intervals between vaccine doses
• in different age groups
•
•Over time, they will look at:
• how long the antibodies last and the effect on antibody levels if a booster dose is given.
• whether the vaccine only stops people from becoming severely ill or if it also stops them spreading the virus too.
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide
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21. Regulatory approval and licencing
• in the UK, vaccine manufacturers apply to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory
Agency (MHRA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a product licence but they may issue
a temporary authorisation ahead of the full UK product licence
• in exceptional situations, the MHRA may enact Regulation 174. This enables them to temporarily
authorise the supply of an unlicensed medicinal product in response to certain identified public
health risks, such as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
• the MHRA assess all of the available safety, quality and efficacy data and considers whether the
evidence supports the use of the medicine or vaccine under the legal basis of regulation 174 until
it can be licensed
• the process involves the same level of scrutiny as the usual licensing process and this exception is
only used when strictly necessary to speed up access to a potentially life-saving intervention
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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22. COVID-19 Vaccines
• COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) is a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that
contains the genetic sequence of the antigens found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
•Another COVID-19 vaccine which may shortly be authorised for supply in the UK, subject to
regulatory approval, is:
• AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine which is a non-replicating viral vector vaccine. It uses a weakened
adenovirus as a carrier to deliver the genetic sequence for part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the
body
22
COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
healthcare practitioners 11 December 2020
23. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-
BioNTech)
•The COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 vaccine is a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA ) vaccine.
•It contains the genetic sequence (mRNA) for the spike protein which is found on the surface of the
SARS-CoV-2 virus, wrapped in a lipid envelope (referred to as a nanoparticle) to enable it to be
transported into the cells in the body.
•When injected, the mRNA is taken up by the host’s cells which translate the genetic information and
produce the spike proteins.
•These are then displayed on the surface of the cell. This stimulates the immune system to produce
antibodies and activate T-cells which prepare the immune system to respond to any future exposure
to the SARS-CoV-2 virus by binding to and disabling any virus encountered.
•As there is no whole or live virus involved, the vaccine cannot cause disease. The mRNA naturally
degrades after a few days.
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide
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24. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
• AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine which uses a weakened adenovirus as a
carrier to deliver the SARS-CoV-2 antigen.
• The adenovirus has been modified so that it cannot replicate (grow and multiply by making copies of
itself) in human cells and therefore cause any disease.
• The genes that encode for the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been inserted into the
adenovirus's genetic code to make the vaccine.
• When the vaccine is injected, it enters the host's cells which then manufacture the spike protein.
• This then stimulates the immune system which reacts by producing antibodies and memory cells to
the SARS-CoV-2 virus without causing disease.
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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25. How vaccination works
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COVID-19 Vaccination programme: Core training slide set for
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• Vaccines deliver components known as antigens. These usually consist of inactivated,
attenuated (weakened), modified viruses or bacteria or genetic material from the virus and they
are used to prime the immune system against specific infections.
• Once a vaccine enters the body, and delivers the antigen, the immune system recognises the
antigens as ‘foreign’ to the body and responds to them by making antibodies and memory
cells.
• When memory cells meet the antigen again (either as a natural infection or in a booster dose of
vaccine), specific antibodies are produced much more quickly and in greater numbers than
during the first response.
• This response is similar to the response made to natural infection but without the risks of the
disease itself as the microorganism used in a vaccine is artificially weakened (attenuated),
modified or inactivated (killed).
Editor's Notes
Further information on the SARS-Cov-2 virus and COVID-19 disease, epidemiology and the currently authorised vaccines in the COVID-19 chapter of the Green Book.
Provisional slideset – Subject to revision – Use latest version link:https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/covid-19-vaccination-programme
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Latest data can be obtained from https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/
Diagram of coronavirus virion structure showing spikes that form a "crown" like the solar corona, hence the name
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D_medical_animation_coronavirus_structure.jpg
For more information about COVID vaccines in development, see the LSHTM COVID-19 vaccine tracker https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/.