Brazil is located in South America and has a population that includes descendants of Portuguese, Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans. Its major cities include the capital Brasilia as well as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belém. Brazil has a diverse geography that includes the Amazon River basin, coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, and ecosystems ranging from rainforests to grasslands. After being claimed by Portugal in 1500 and gaining independence in 1822, Brazil transitioned to a republic in 1889 and a period of military rule ended in 1985.