Here are the answers to the quiz questions: 1. The four focus areas of cost efficient construction are: - Material management - Wastage minimization - Labor management - Contract administration 2. Five aspects for cost efficient construction are: - Optimum use of land - Functional design of structure - Optimum use of construction material - Rationalization of specifications - New construction materials and techniques 3. Cost efficient construction means construction of facilities using appropriate technologies that are energy efficient, environmentally friendly, create employment opportunities, and substitute expensive materials with locally available materials. 4. Five factors that should be considered in cost efficient construction are: - Ecologically appropriate - Energy efficient

1. Debre Berhan University
Institute of Technology
College of Engineering
Department of CoTM
C o st Efficient Construction (CoTM5282 )
Organized by Asemamaw D. & Habtamu G.
Sunday, January 15, 2023
C H A P T E R T H R E E
C o s t - E f f e c t i ve C o n s t r u c t i o n

2. 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Cost efficient construction is the construction of;
Cost effective facilities using appropriate technologies
Energy efficient and environmentally friendly structure
Facilities that create employment and skill improvement
opportunities
Structures that substitute expensive and scarce building
material sand its components by local available material
CHAPTER THREE
COST EFFCIENT CONSTRUCTION (CEC)

3.  Strong
 Durable
 Functional
 Aesthetic
 Environmental friendly
 construction
Factors considered in cost efficient construction
 Ecologically appropriate
 Energy efficient
 Affordable and adaptable
 Cost effective material
 Appropriate technologies in
construction

5. Simple machine – save energy in production
Raw material – derived from agro industrial and natural fiber ,
require less energy in production
Products – provide better thermal comfort that result in conservation
of operational energy
A. Energy efficient

6.  Improving waste management and environmental protection
 Utilize local resource
 Substitute wood – preserving forest cover
B. Environmental friendly
C . Employment generating
 Simple machine – with manual handling increases employment
 Small enterprise – can be set up at decentralized locations
 Production of component – involves local people after short training

7.  Easy to manufacture
 Easy affordability
 Easy erection / commissioning
 Faster and cheaper construction
 Effective waste utilization
 Energy efficient and environment friendly
Characteristics of CEC material

8.  Optimum use of land
 Functional design of structure
 Optimum use of construction material
 Rationalization of specifications
 New construction materials and techniques
Aspects for cost reduction

9.  Availability / suitability of raw material
 Availability of skilled labour
 Scale of construction
 Cost variation with conventional material
 Availability of adequate power for production of components
 Disaster resistant requirements
 Environmental aspect
 Acceptability by the people
Factors affecting choice of materials

10.  Low initial cost and productivity
 Lower consumption of materials
 Time saving in construction
 Utilization of waste materials
 Better utilization of space
 Achieving better utilization of equipment
Technology selection criteria

11.  Expensive materials
 Improper Planning
 Inaccurate Project Cost Estimation
 Poor cost management
 Poor waste management
 Lack of skills and knowledge in selection of construction
packages
 Design
 Materials
 Method
Causes of high construction cost

12. Focus areas for cost efficient construction

13.  Material management is concerned with the Planning
identification, procuring, storage and use of construction
materials.
 The purpose of material management is to assure that the right
materials are in the right place, in the right quantities when
needed
Materials Management
 Cost of materials in construction consume around 50-60% of the
project cost.
Causes of project cost increment related to material management
 poor planning and control of materials
 Lack of materials when needed
 Poor identification of materials
 Handling and inadequate storage

14.  Improved labor productivity
 Reduced Bulk Materials Surplus
 Reduced Materials Management Manpower
 Improved Vendor Performance
Benefits of a Materials Management

15.  Waste can be defined as any losses produced by activities that
generate direct or indirect costs but do not add any value to the
product from the point of view of the client.
 It is generated during the construction process because of factors
such as site preparation, material use, material damage, material
non use, excess procurement and human error
 Objective Minimize wastage (minimize labor and material cost
indirectly, minimize machine time) minimize expense cost
effective building.
 Waste minimization is any technique that either avoids,
eliminates or reduces waste at its source
Wastage Minimization

16. The specifications need to address the following areas;
Use of waste reduction techniques during construction;
Reuse of construction waste material on site
Recovery of construction waste material from site for resale and
use elsewhere;
Return of unused construction material to vendors for credit; and
Recycling of construction waste
Waste specifications for construction sites

18. Waste Avoidance
The concept of waste avoidance can be represented with three
components:
Waste prevention,
waste demand management and
Reduction (source control )
I. Waste Prevention
The biggest opportunity to impact on waste generation through
prevention principles is at:
Design
Through design for waste reduction i.e. doing more with less, and
design with consideration for reuse and recycling at the end of life
of a structure.

19. Operations
Through clear communication of designs to the project team to
avoid unnecessary waste through errors.
Procurement
Through the engagement of suppliers to encourage a reduction in
packaging waste, the use of reusable containers and through “take
back” agreements for unused materials.
II. Waste Demand management
Material delivery
Care when loading, transporting and off loading materials.
Material storage
Safe storage, covered storage where necessary and storage
away from jobsite activities.

20. III. Waste reduction
Source control is achieved through:
Separation at source: selective and separate disposal of generated
waste for reuse, recycling and garbage disposal.
On-site reuse: . closure of materials flow loop internally on site
instead of externally in the waste stream.
Waste Management Plan
A waste management plan can be described as a construction
project related plan that gives provisions for the prevention,
separation, salvage, reuse, recycling and disposal of waste.

21. Labor
Work force in construction project include
 Professional skilled
 Semi skilled
 Labors.
Target of labor management
o To do jobs in a lesser time
o lesser construction cost
o building with a lesser cost
Labor Management
Labor Intensive Construction Technology
“labor-intensive approach” –is an approach where labor is the
dominant resource for carrying out works, and where the share of
the total project cost spent on labor is high (typically 25 –60%)

22. Advantages of Labor Intensive Construction
Creates employment for local people (women and youth)
Creation of local entrepreneurs
Promotes local economic development and livelihoods specially
in rural areas
Mitigates rural-urban migration
Skills transfer to workers
Requires fewer skilled operators

23. Techniques towards efficient man power management:
Use of readily/locally available workforce
Focusing on building modules that are lightweight, simple to
assemble, and require minimum skilled labor.
The use of unskilled and the unemployed
Manuals and guidelines
Properly training the laborers

25. Contract Administration
 Develop a detailed “scope of work” for everyone hired to work on
the project.
 Make sure that contractors are licensed and bonded.
 Consider getting estimates for materials and products from at
least three suppliers.
 Hold a pre-construction workshop with all the trade contractors
so that they understand the project goals
Contract Administration, Construction and Inspections

26. END OF CHAPTER 3
THANK YOU!

27. Quiz 1
1. list and explain the four focus areas of cost efficient construction?
2. List five aspects for cost efficient construction?
3. What mean cost efficient construction
4. List five factors that should consider in cost efficient construction?
5. What is the benefits of material management ?