Copyright protects creative works and grants creators ownership and protection of their work. It began officially in the 18th century to encourage learning. Copyright covers expression, not ideas, and requires original works. Ownership initially vests with the creator but can transfer through assignment or licensing. Copyright provides economic rights over reproduction and distribution and moral rights of attribution. Exceptions exist for freedom of expression, access to knowledge, and private use.

1. Copyright
By Doloritha Philip
CHEF Group 3

2. Overview
• Copyright is the basis on which open licensing is built.
• Learning in a digital age requires knowledge
of copyright.
• The interactions and output of learning are
published online.
• Breach of copyright is associated with
Increasing exposure to the high risks.

3. Introduction
• Copyright is a branch or subsection of intellectual property law that aims to
protect the outputs of intellect through.
• For example, trademarks, patents, designs, software licenses, and copyright.
• Copyright is a legal concept that grants creators (authors, musicians, artists, and
other creators) the rights of ownership and protection against unauthorized
uses of their works for a fixed period.
• The public domain refers to creative works which are not protected by
intellectual property rights at all and available for use by all members of the
public.

4. History
Copyright: A foreign concept to the ancient mind
• Copyright in the common law countries (British legal heritage) began
officially in the eighteenth century. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle
wrote: “Imitation is natural to man from childhood [and] the first things
that he learns to come to him through imitation.”
• The ancestors had no proscription against copying or
what we conceive today as plagiarism.
• Our modern concept of copyright in British common
law has developed from the Statute of Queen Anne 1710 An Act for the
Encouragement of Learning.

5. Working globally
• In a digital world, the implementation of intellectual
Property rights across national borders can become
complex.

6. Scope
Key points
• Copyright is used to protect creative works
• Copyright protects the expression, not the underlying idea
• Very often, copyright requires an expression in a particular form
• The work must be original
• No formalities are required

7. Ownership
• Initial ownership of copyright is vested in the creator or author of the work,
except in the case of works made for hire.
• Works made for hire include creative works developed under contract or
produced in the normal course of employment.
• In common law countries for works produced in the normal course of
employment, the employer is considered the first owner of copyright in the
work.
• In civil law countries that attach copyright solely to natural persons (i.e.
where the law considers that legal entities do not have the capacity to
create works), the initial ownership can only vest in the author(s).
However, the employer, whether a natural person or legal entity, may
acquire the rights by virtue of a contract.

8. Rights and protections
• Economic rights relating to the rights to restrict reproduction,
distribution, and adaptations of the work
• Moral rights relating to interests that are not financial or monetary
• Related rights to protect persons other than the authors who are
involved in the dissemination of copyrighted works
• Transfer of rights relating to assignment of rights, licensing, and
transfer of rights

9. Exceptions
• Freedom of expression
• Access to knowledge for the benefit of the public
• Private or personal use

10. Transfer of rights
• There are two ways in which the transfer of rights can occur:
Assignment, where the assignee becomes the new owner of the
copyright, for example, an academic or university who assigns the full
copyright of a research article over to a scholarly journal, very often
without compensation other than the prestige of being published in
the journal concerned; or
• Licensing, where the copyright holder retains ownership of the rights
but contractually grants permissions for certain acts under the
owner’s economic rights for a specific purpose and specific period of
time, for example, providing a publisher the right to distribute printed
copies of a novel and licensing someone else to develop a film script
based on the novel.