1) Convention over Configuration is a software design paradigm that seeks to decrease the number of decisions developers need to make by introducing conventions or standard ways of doing things. This gains simplicity without necessarily losing flexibility. 2) In .NET, configuration was historically used for many things like settings, but this led to problems like "XML Hell" with too much configuration. 3) .NET 4.0 and other frameworks are embracing conventions over configuration, by standardizing naming, structure, and other conventions to remove the need for extensive configuration files and code.