Contemporary Issues in Bioethics
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This book provides a comprehensive overview of key issues in bioethics. It contains 777 pages of essays and court cases on topics such as human reproduction, euthanasia, genetics, health care rights, organ transplantation, medical research ethics, and public health policy. The anthology aims to give balanced coverage of bioethics from different perspectives to help readers understand these complex issues. It is edited by Tom L. Beauchamp and published by Cengage Learning.
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Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
6
Biocentric Ethics and the
Inherent Value of Life
DISCUSSION: Synthetic Biology and the Value of Life
Does life itself have inherent moral value?
Several criteria for moral standing were
examined in the previous chapter, includ-
ing sensation and being conscious. For
many observers, such attributes as sensa-
tion and consciousness themselves serve a
higher end of life, and therefore they
conclude that only life itself seems to be
plausible candidate for the inherent value
that moral standing implies. A “biocen-
tric” ethics is an approach that begins
with the inherent value of life as its
foundational principle of value.
The diversity of life on earth is amaz-
ingly complex. Biological science has been
categorizing animal and plant species
since before Aristotle began his taxonomy
of living organisms more than 2,000 years
ago. Current estimates suggest that more
than 1.4 million different species have
been scientifically categorized.1 But, these
categorized species represent only a small
percentage of the actual number of spe-
cies that exist. On the basis of research
conducted in tropical forests, some esti-
mates place the number at more than 30
or 40 million species. Biologist E. O. Wilson
estimates that invertebrate species alone
may number as many as 30 million. Each
species contains from a few members (for
example, the California condor) to many
billions of members (such as bacteria).
Each species exists in an ecological niche in
which its members interact with their
environment to maintain life. Wilson tells
of many highly specialized life-forms.
One of my favorite examples of such
specialists living in microniches are the
mites that live on the bodies of army
ants: one kind is found only on the
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through various bizarre
configurations.2
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2. It describes the Human Genome Project and GINA, a law protecting Americans from genetic discrimination.
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Molecular biology is the science of biomolecules. Even though the term “biomolecules” includes all molecules such as proteins, fatty acids etc, it is refers to nucleic acid these days.
The application of molecular technology in medicine is almost endless, some of the applications of molecular methods are:
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5. Detection of mutations
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Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
6
Biocentric Ethics and the
Inherent Value of Life
DISCUSSION: Synthetic Biology and the Value of Life
Does life itself have inherent moral value?
Several criteria for moral standing were
examined in the previous chapter, includ-
ing sensation and being conscious. For
many observers, such attributes as sensa-
tion and consciousness themselves serve a
higher end of life, and therefore they
conclude that only life itself seems to be
plausible candidate for the inherent value
that moral standing implies. A “biocen-
tric” ethics is an approach that begins
with the inherent value of life as its
foundational principle of value.
The diversity of life on earth is amaz-
ingly complex. Biological science has been
categorizing animal and plant species
since before Aristotle began his taxonomy
of living organisms more than 2,000 years
ago. Current estimates suggest that more
than 1.4 million different species have
been scientifically categorized.1 But, these
categorized species represent only a small
percentage of the actual number of spe-
cies that exist. On the basis of research
conducted in tropical forests, some esti-
mates place the number at more than 30
or 40 million species. Biologist E. O. Wilson
estimates that invertebrate species alone
may number as many as 30 million. Each
species contains from a few members (for
example, the California condor) to many
billions of members (such as bacteria).
Each species exists in an ecological niche in
which its members interact with their
environment to maintain life. Wilson tells
of many highly specialized life-forms.
One of my favorite examples of such
specialists living in microniches are the
mites that live on the bodies of army
ants: one kind is found only on the
mandibles of the soldier caste, where it
sits and feeds from the mouth of its
host; another kind is found only on the
hind foot of the soldier caste, where it
sucks blood for a living, and so on
through various bizarre
configurations.2
125
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1. It provides an overview of basic genetics principles like dominant and recessive traits as well as Punnett squares.
2. It describes the Human Genome Project and GINA, a law protecting Americans from genetic discrimination.
3. Genetic disorders, genetic counseling, and karyotyping are explained.
4. The cloning of primates like ANDi and debates around human cloning and designer humans are covered.
what is life and scientific method (talk1)
The document provides an overview of biology and the scientific method. It discusses that biology is the study of living things through various branches and approaches. The scientific method is used to generate hypotheses and test theories through controlled experiments. Some key aspects of living things discussed are cells, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth, genetics, and reproduction. Paradigm shifts in scientific theories over time are also mentioned. The document then discusses some benefits of science like medicines and vaccines but also risks like nuclear weapons. It raises ethical issues around topics like nuclear power, animal testing, and human experimentation.
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This document provides an overview of bioethics. It begins by defining ethics as the study of morality and principles of conduct. Bioethics is then defined as applying ethical principles to medicine and healthcare issues arising from biotechnology and medical advances. The history of bioethics dates back to ancient times but the field emerged in the 1970s due to new ethical issues. Principles of bioethics include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. Examples of ethical issues discussed include abortion, euthanasia, human cloning, and stem cell research. The document emphasizes that science and research must be conducted ethically.
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Bioethics emerged in the 1970s to address the intersection of science and human values as scientific progress accelerated. Throughout history, from the Hippocratic oath to modern technological innovations, the ethical implications of science have been an ongoing concern. Several historical examples demonstrate the limits between science and nature, such as the Nazi regime's eugenics policies and experiments on human prisoners in concentration camps. Genetic engineering and in vitro fertilization now allow for new forms of editing human embryos, but these advances also raise important ethical issues, as demonstrated by the controversy over the first reported use of CRISPR gene editing to produce genetically modified babies. While science plays a crucial role, its development must consider multiple perspectives to ensure discussion of overcoming nature
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