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1. Ecuador
Constitution

2. Article 11 (Part of it)
● The exercise of rights shall be governed by the following
principles:
● 1. Rights can be exercised, promoted and enforced individually
or collectively before competent authorities; these authorities
shall guarantee their enforcement.
● All persons are equal and shall enjoy the same rights, duties and
opportunities.

3. Article 11 (Part of it)
● No one shall be discriminated against for reasons of ethnic belonging,
place of birth, age, sex, gender identity, cultural identity, civil status,
language, religion, ideology, political affiliation, legal record, socio-
economic condition, migratory status, sexual orientation, health
status, HIV carrier, disability, physical difference or any other
distinguishing feature, whether personal or collective, temporary or
permanent, which might be aimed at or result in the diminishment
or annulment of recognition, enjoyment or exercise of rights. All
forms of discrimination are punishable by law.

4. Article 11 (Part of it)
● The State shall adopt affirmative action measures that promote
real equality for the benefit of the rights-bearers who are in a
situation of inequality.
● 6. All principles and rights are unalienable, obligatory, indivisible,
interdependent and of equal importance.
● 9. The State's supreme duty consists of respecting and enforcing
respect for the rights guaranteed in the Constitution.

5. Article 12
The human right to water is essential and cannot be waived.
Water constitutes a national strategic asset for use by the
public and it is unalienable, not subject to a statute of
limitations, immune from seizure and essential for life.

6. Article 13
Persons and community groups have the right to safe and
permanent access to healthy, sufficient and nutritional food,
preferably produced locally and in keeping with their various
identities and cultural traditions.
The Ecuadorian State shall promote food sovereignty.

7. Article 17 (Part of it)
The State shall foster plurality and diversity in
communication and, for this purpose, shall:
3. Not permit the oligopolistic or monopolistic ownership,
whether direct or indirect, of the media and use of
frequencies.

8. Article 20
The State shall guarantee the conscience clause for all
persons, professional secrecy and the confidentiality of the
sources of those who inform, issue their opinions through
the media or other forms of communication or who work in
any communication activity.

9. Article 21
Persons have the right to build and uphold their own cultural
identity, to decide their belonging to one or various cultural
communities, and to express these choices; the right to
aesthetic freedom; the right to learn about the historical past of
their cultures and to gain access to their cultural heritage; to
disseminate their own cultural expressions and to have access
to diverse cultural expressions.
Culture cannot be used as an excuse when infringing rights
recognized in the Constitution.

10. Article 35
Elderly persons, girls, children and adolescents, pregnant
women, persons with disabilities, persons in prison and those
who suffer from disastrous or highly complex diseases shall
receive priority and specialized care in the public and private
sectors. The same priority care shall be received by persons in
situations of risk, victims of domestic and sexual violence, child
mistreatment, natural or manmade disasters. The State shall
provide special protection to persons who are doubly
vulnerable.

11. Article 43
The State shall guarantee the rights of pregnant and breast-
feeding women to:
• 1. Not be discriminated for their pregnancy in
education, social, and labor sectors.
• 2. Free maternal healthcare services.
• 3. Priority protection and care of their integral health
and life during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
• 4. The facilities needed for their recovery after
pregnancy and during breast-feeding.

12. Article 61 (Part of it)
Ecuadorians benefit from the following rights:
5. To audit activities conducted by the government.

13. Article 69 (Part of it)
To protect the rights of persons who are members of a
family:
6. Daughters and sons shall have the same rights, without
any consideration given to kinship or adoption background.

14. Article 73
The State shall apply preventive and restrictive measures on
activities that might lead to the extinction of species, the
destruction of ecosystems and the permanent alteration of
natural cycles.
The introduction of organisms and organic and inorganic
material that might definitively alter the nation's genetic
assets is forbidden.

15. Article 282
The State shall make laws for the use and access to land that
must fulfill social and environmental functions. A national land
fund, established by law, shall regulate the equitable access of
campesinos to land.
Large estate farming and land concentration is forbidden, as is
the monopolizing or privatizing of water and sources thereof.
The State shall regulate the use and management of irrigation
water for food production, abiding by the principles of equity,
efficiency and environmental sustainability.

16. Article 284
The economic policy shall have the following objectives:
• 1. To ensure an adequate distribution of the country's
revenues and wealth.
• 2. To encourage national production, systemic
productivity and competitiveness, the accumulation of scientific
and technological knowledge, strategic insertion into the world
economy, and complementary productive activities within
regional integration.
• 3. To ensure food and energy sovereignty.

17. Article 284
• 4. To promote the incorporation of added value with
maximum efficiency, within the biophysical limits of nature,
and respect for life and cultures.
• 5. To achieve a balanced development of the national
territory, integration among regions, in the rural sector, and
between the countryside and the city, in economic, social and
cultural terms.
• 6. To foster full employment and value all forms of
work, with respect for labor rights.

18. Article 284
• 6. To foster full employment and value all forms of
work, with respect for labor rights.
• 7. To uphold economic buoyancy, understood as the
maximum sustainable level of production and employment over
time.
• 8. To foster the fair and complementary exchange of
goods and services on transparent, efficient markets.
• 9. To encourage socially and environmentally
responsible consumption.

19. Article 285
The fiscal policy shall have the following specific objectives:
• 1. The financing of services, investment and public
goods.
• 2. The redistribution of revenues through appropriate
transfers, taxes and subsidies.
• 3. The creation of incentives for investment in different
sectors of the economy and for the production of goods and
services that are socially desirable and environmentally
acceptable.

20. Article 290
Public borrowing shall be subject to the following regulations:
• 1. Public borrowing shall be resorted to only when fiscal
revenues and resources from international cooperation are insufficient.
• 2. Public borrowing shall be monitored to ensure that it does
not affect sovereignty, rights, the good way of living and nature
conservation.
• 3. Public borrowing shall be used exclusively to finance
programs and projects investing in infrastructure, or those with the
financial capacity for repayment. Financing the foreign public debt may
be rescheduled only if new conditions are more beneficial to Ecuador.

21. Article 290
• 4. Renegotiation agreements shall not contain, either
tacitly or expressly, any form of anatocism or usury.
• 5. Debts declared unlawful by the competent authority
shall be challenged. In the case of declared illegality, the right
to recovery shall be exercised.
• 6. Any legal action for administrative or civil liabilities
arising from the acquisition or management of the public debt
shall not be subject to a statute of limitations.

22. Article 290
• 7. State is forbidden to take up any private debt.
• 8. The granting of debt securities by the State shall
be regulated by law.
• 9. The Executive Branch may decide whether or not
to take up debts of the decentralized autonomous
governments.

23. Article 326 (Part of it)
The right to work is underpinned by the following principles:
1. The State shall promote full employment and the
elimination of under-employment and unemployment.
4. Work of equal value shall be given equal pay.

24. Article 409
Soil conservation, especially its fertile layer, is a matter of
public interest and national priority. A regulatory framework
shall be established for its protection and sustainable use to
prevent its degradation, in particular as a result of pollution,
desertification, and erosion.
In areas affected by processes of degradation and
desertification, the State shall develop and promote forestation,
reforestation, and revegetation projects that avoid single-crop
farming and preferably use native species adapted to the area.

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