2. In modern astronomy, a constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere as
defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). These areas mostly had
their origins in Western-traditional asterisms from which the constellations take
their names. There are 88 officially recognized constellations, covering the
entire sky.[1]
Thus, any given point in a celestial coordinate system can unambiguously be
assigned to a constellation. It is usual in astronomy to give the constellation in
which a given object is found along with its coordinates in order to convey a
rough idea in which part of the sky it is located.
^^CONSTELLATION^^
3. An asterism is a pattern of stars recognized in the Earth's night sky
and may be part of an official constellation. It may also be
composed of stars from more than one constellation. The stars of
the main asterism within a constellation are usually given Greek
letters in their order of brightness, the so-called Bayer designation
introduced by Johann Bayer in 1603. A total of 1,564 stars are so
identified, out of approximately 10,000 stars visible to the naked
eye.[41
ASTERISM
4. The Great Rift, a series of dark patches in the Milky Way, is more visible and
striking in the southern hemisphere than in the northern. It vividly stands out
when conditions are otherwise so dark that the Milky Way's central region casts
shadows on the ground.[44] Some cultures have discerned shapes in these patches
and have given names to these "dark cloud constellations." Members of the Inca
civilization identified various dark areas or dark nebulae in the Milky Way as
animals, and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains.[45] Australian
Aboriginal astronomy also describes dark cloud constellations, the most famous
being the "emu in the sky" whose head is formed by the Coalsack
DARK CLOUD
5. Some of the earliest roots of Indian astronomy can be dated to the period of
Indus Valley Civilization, a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwest Indian
subcontinent. Afterwards the astronomy developed as a discipline of Vedanga or
one of the "auxiliary disciplines" associated with the study of the Vedas,[16] dating
1500 BC or older.The oldest known text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dated to 1400–
1200 BC[17]
As with other traditions, the original application of astronomy was thus religious.
Indian astronomy was influenced by Greek astronomy beginning in the 4th
century BC and through the early centuries of the Common Era, for example by
the Yavanajataka and the Romaka Siddhanta, a Sanskrit translation of a Greek text
disseminated from the 2nd century.[18]
Indian astronomy flowered in the 5th–6th century, with Aryabhata, whose
Aryabhatiya represented the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge at the time.
Later the Indian astronomy significantly influenced medieval Islamic, Chinese and
European astronomy.[1
INDIAN ASTRONOMY