This document analyzes conservative press coverage of educational protests in Spain from 1931-1933 and 2004-2008. It finds that conservative newspapers like ABC and La Razón framed the Education for Citizenship program passed in 2006 as an indoctrination tool that undermined parental rights. These newspapers promoted conflict by overrepresenting opponents, using emotionally charged language depicting victims and threats, and encouraging collective action against the program. The analysis draws parallels between this coverage and conservative press reactions during an educational reform in the 1930s Spanish Republic, finding similarities in doctrinal, moralizing approaches and the use of cultural resonances to frame issues in ways that promote confrontation.
Mussolini, the Doctrine of Fascism, AbridgedDanteK
This document summarizes the Doctrine of Fascism written by Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile in 1932. It outlines key Fascist beliefs including the importance of struggle and action, rejecting liberalism and socialism in favor of authoritarian nationalism and corporatism, believing in inequality and hierarchy, and seeing the state as all-encompassing. Fascism is presented as a positive and spiritual doctrine focused on national rebirth through will and conflict.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who authored Das Kapital and co-founded Marxism and scientific socialism. He argued that the working class will overthrow the capitalist system and establish a classless society. In China, the phrase "go see Marx" means to die, referring to Marx's theories on revolution and communism. The document provides biographical details of Marx and outlines his influential ideas and works, including how his theories have shaped socialist movements and states.
The document discusses the history of newspapers and the public sphere. It describes how printed news emerged in the 15th century and evolved into newspapers in the early 17th century with the first published in England being The Weekly Newes in 1621. It then discusses the rise of coffee houses in the 17th-18th centuries as important gathering places where people would discuss ideas and news, helping form a public sphere. Jurgen Habermas's theory of the public sphere argues that the development of capitalism and rise of the bourgeoisie led to the emergence of a public sphere where people could rationally debate issues.
The Generation of '68 was a youth movement that protested for women's liberation, racial equality, and gay rights. In Spain in 1968, the student movement grew despite Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship. Three major movements emerged: students, labor, and feminism. May 68 had distant echoes in Spain as Franco's regime only acknowledged the events as examples of anarchy. Student protests occurred throughout the year over university reforms and police crackdowns on demonstrations. The legacy of 68 continued with new countercultures that challenged traditional values through music and other forms of cultural expression under Franco's regime.
Globalisation, Transnational Social Movements and Radical Nationalism in Basq...Adriano Cirulli
This document analyzes how globalization and transnational social movements have influenced leftist radical nationalist movements in the Basque Country and Ireland. It finds that these transnational movements have partially influenced the nationalist movements, accelerating existing trends toward more open and democratic structures. In the Basque case, relations with global movements increased tensions around ETA's leadership and use of violence. In Ireland, Sinn Fein adopted frames from global movements to reshape its identity after ending armed struggle, though it remains structured as a political party.
The document discusses the impact of the 1968 student protests, known as May 68, in Spain under Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship. While May 68 had little direct impact in Spain due to the authoritarian regime, it influenced growing student and labor movements in the country. The student movement in Spain was already growing since 1968 and protested the dictatorship through demonstrations and concerts. May 68 ideals of social change and liberating oppressed groups helped radicalize these Spanish protest movements and accelerate demands for democratic reforms after Franco's death.
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the 1968 student protests in France. It describes how student demonstrations against the Vietnam War and for educational reforms grew into a widespread general strike that paralyzed the country. The protests challenged the authoritarian government of President Charles de Gaulle and called for greater social and political freedoms. In the long run, the 1968 movement led to reforms that modernized French society and increased individual liberties.
Mussolini, the Doctrine of Fascism, AbridgedDanteK
This document summarizes the Doctrine of Fascism written by Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile in 1932. It outlines key Fascist beliefs including the importance of struggle and action, rejecting liberalism and socialism in favor of authoritarian nationalism and corporatism, believing in inequality and hierarchy, and seeing the state as all-encompassing. Fascism is presented as a positive and spiritual doctrine focused on national rebirth through will and conflict.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who authored Das Kapital and co-founded Marxism and scientific socialism. He argued that the working class will overthrow the capitalist system and establish a classless society. In China, the phrase "go see Marx" means to die, referring to Marx's theories on revolution and communism. The document provides biographical details of Marx and outlines his influential ideas and works, including how his theories have shaped socialist movements and states.
The document discusses the history of newspapers and the public sphere. It describes how printed news emerged in the 15th century and evolved into newspapers in the early 17th century with the first published in England being The Weekly Newes in 1621. It then discusses the rise of coffee houses in the 17th-18th centuries as important gathering places where people would discuss ideas and news, helping form a public sphere. Jurgen Habermas's theory of the public sphere argues that the development of capitalism and rise of the bourgeoisie led to the emergence of a public sphere where people could rationally debate issues.
The Generation of '68 was a youth movement that protested for women's liberation, racial equality, and gay rights. In Spain in 1968, the student movement grew despite Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship. Three major movements emerged: students, labor, and feminism. May 68 had distant echoes in Spain as Franco's regime only acknowledged the events as examples of anarchy. Student protests occurred throughout the year over university reforms and police crackdowns on demonstrations. The legacy of 68 continued with new countercultures that challenged traditional values through music and other forms of cultural expression under Franco's regime.
Globalisation, Transnational Social Movements and Radical Nationalism in Basq...Adriano Cirulli
This document analyzes how globalization and transnational social movements have influenced leftist radical nationalist movements in the Basque Country and Ireland. It finds that these transnational movements have partially influenced the nationalist movements, accelerating existing trends toward more open and democratic structures. In the Basque case, relations with global movements increased tensions around ETA's leadership and use of violence. In Ireland, Sinn Fein adopted frames from global movements to reshape its identity after ending armed struggle, though it remains structured as a political party.
The document discusses the impact of the 1968 student protests, known as May 68, in Spain under Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship. While May 68 had little direct impact in Spain due to the authoritarian regime, it influenced growing student and labor movements in the country. The student movement in Spain was already growing since 1968 and protested the dictatorship through demonstrations and concerts. May 68 ideals of social change and liberating oppressed groups helped radicalize these Spanish protest movements and accelerate demands for democratic reforms after Franco's death.
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the 1968 student protests in France. It describes how student demonstrations against the Vietnam War and for educational reforms grew into a widespread general strike that paralyzed the country. The protests challenged the authoritarian government of President Charles de Gaulle and called for greater social and political freedoms. In the long run, the 1968 movement led to reforms that modernized French society and increased individual liberties.
This document provides an overview of the AS/A2 History course which focuses on 19th and 20th century British and European history, examining states and societies. The course consists of 4 units - the first two units focus on British political history from 1945-1990 and Germany and Italy from 1918-1943. The third unit examines the expansion of nationalism and superpower relations from 1944-1990. The fourth unit involves a 4000 word internally assessed assignment on a 100 year history period or the state and the poor from 1815-1839. Each unit involves written examinations with essay or source-based questions.
The document summarizes key concepts and events from late 19th and early 20th century European history. It lists factors that drove industrialization like steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum. It also mentions the growth of socialism through the Second International and challenges to old political systems through forces like public education and the rise of a new educated middle class.
Historians divide postwar Lithuanian resistance into three periods related to changes in Soviet leadership: Stalin (1944-1953), Khrushchev (1954-1964), and Brezhnev (1964-1982). The first period involved armed guerrilla resistance like the Forest Brothers through 1948. By the second period, Lithuania had lost 1/6 of its population to deportations, war, and resistance, and open resistance turned to exploiting and reforming the Soviet system. The Catholic Church played a leading role in resisting the Soviets and remained a symbol of Lithuanian identity despite Soviet intimidation and deportations.
Liberal pluralism media theory argues that:
1) The media acts as the "fourth estate" in society, alongside the government, legal system, and church, by keeping the public informed about these institutions and holding the powerful accountable.
2) Unlike Marxist views that see the media as a tool for class domination, pluralists believe the media responds to audience demands in democratic societies with a range of political views.
3) Pluralists see the media as generally playing a positive role by facilitating an informed electorate and democratic debate, while still being subject to reasonable criticism.
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, constitutional monarchies ruled in Britain and France, while absolutism continued in Central and Eastern Europe under monarchs and in the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire. By 1848, nationalist groups struggling for freedom and political radicals had sparked revolution in major European cities including Paris and Berlin. While the 1848 revolutions did not immediately impact politics, they were emotionally powerful experiences for those who participated in or witnessed the violent battles in city streets between revolutionaries and government forces.
The English School of Thought, also known as the International Society Approach, aims to provide a third way between realism and liberalism in International Relations theory. It incorporates elements of both realist and liberal thought by recognizing states as the key actors operating in an anarchic system, while also acknowledging the role of international institutions and norms. The English School views the international system not just as a realm of conflict but as an international society bound by common rules and values. However, critics argue that by attempting to blend multiple theoretical perspectives, the English School lacks coherence and fails to establish a clear independent theoretical framework. This paper provides a critical examination of the key tenets and assumptions of the English School as well as the main criticisms against it.
Humor y periodismo valenciano tras la dictadura franquista: identificación y ...Adolfo Carratalá
Conference presentation. XIII Congreso Internacional Asociación Historiadores de la Comunicación 'El humor en la historia de la comunicación' (22 octubre 2013, Cuenca).
Risas ¿pecadoras?: la Iglesia en el humor gráfico de El Alcázar y Tele/eXpres...Adolfo Carratalá
Conference presentation. XIII Congreso Internacional Asociación Historiadores de la Comunicación 'El humor en la historia de la comunicación' (22 octubre 2013, Cuenca).
Educación para la Ciudadanía y su acción a través de la prensaAdolfo Carratalá
Este documento analiza la cobertura de la prensa conservadora española (ABC y La Razón) sobre la asignatura de Educación para la Ciudadanía entre 2004-2007. Se encontró que los editoriales presentaron la materia con sospecha de adoctrinamiento socialista y confirmaron esos temores. También intervinieron en el conflicto legitimando la objeción de conciencia y demandando cambios al Ministerio de Educación. En conclusión, los editoriales adoptaron un enfoque combativo en lugar de cumplir su función mediadora.
Spanish Press Coverage of the Polish Presidency of the European Union Adolfo Carratalá
This document analyzes Spanish press coverage of Poland's presidency of the European Union in newspapers El Mundo and El País. It finds that El Mundo paid little attention to the presidency and usually mentioned Poland in relation to Spanish interests. El País provided more in-depth coverage, including pieces explaining Poland's politics and economy. Overall, the Polish presidency received limited coverage in major Spanish newspapers.
El análisis del mensaje movilizador en el estudio sobre interacción entre med...Adolfo Carratalá
Este documento describe un estudio sobre la interacción entre la prensa y la acción social durante un conflicto sobre la educación en España. El estudio analiza los marcos discursivos utilizados por dos periódicos y las organizaciones involucradas para dar sentido al fenómeno y movilizar a la gente. La metodología incluye el análisis cualitativo de textos de prensa contemporánea y publicaciones de las organizaciones para comparar sus discursos y evaluar su influencia recíproca. El autor también discute las precauciones y limitaciones de este tipo
This document is a manifesto for a European Renaissance written by Alain de Benoist and Charles Champetier. It summarizes the key ideas of the French New Right movement over its 30+ year history. The manifesto is divided into three parts: 1) Predicaments, which provides a critical analysis of modernity and identifies liberalism as the dominant ideology responsible for modernity's crisis; 2) Foundations, which outlines an alternative anthropological and philosophical vision; 3) Positions, which takes stances on current issues and the future of European civilization. The manifesto calls for transcending modernity and liberalism through the development of sovereign spaces liberated from their domination.
This document provides an overview of the AS/A2 History course which focuses on 19th and 20th century British and European history, examining states and societies. The course consists of 4 units - the first two units focus on British political history from 1945-1990 and Germany and Italy from 1918-1943. The third unit examines the expansion of nationalism and superpower relations from 1944-1990. The fourth unit involves a 4000 word internally assessed assignment on a 100 year history period or the state and the poor from 1815-1839. Each unit involves written examinations with essay or source-based questions.
The document summarizes key concepts and events from late 19th and early 20th century European history. It lists factors that drove industrialization like steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum. It also mentions the growth of socialism through the Second International and challenges to old political systems through forces like public education and the rise of a new educated middle class.
Historians divide postwar Lithuanian resistance into three periods related to changes in Soviet leadership: Stalin (1944-1953), Khrushchev (1954-1964), and Brezhnev (1964-1982). The first period involved armed guerrilla resistance like the Forest Brothers through 1948. By the second period, Lithuania had lost 1/6 of its population to deportations, war, and resistance, and open resistance turned to exploiting and reforming the Soviet system. The Catholic Church played a leading role in resisting the Soviets and remained a symbol of Lithuanian identity despite Soviet intimidation and deportations.
Liberal pluralism media theory argues that:
1) The media acts as the "fourth estate" in society, alongside the government, legal system, and church, by keeping the public informed about these institutions and holding the powerful accountable.
2) Unlike Marxist views that see the media as a tool for class domination, pluralists believe the media responds to audience demands in democratic societies with a range of political views.
3) Pluralists see the media as generally playing a positive role by facilitating an informed electorate and democratic debate, while still being subject to reasonable criticism.
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, constitutional monarchies ruled in Britain and France, while absolutism continued in Central and Eastern Europe under monarchs and in the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire. By 1848, nationalist groups struggling for freedom and political radicals had sparked revolution in major European cities including Paris and Berlin. While the 1848 revolutions did not immediately impact politics, they were emotionally powerful experiences for those who participated in or witnessed the violent battles in city streets between revolutionaries and government forces.
The English School of Thought, also known as the International Society Approach, aims to provide a third way between realism and liberalism in International Relations theory. It incorporates elements of both realist and liberal thought by recognizing states as the key actors operating in an anarchic system, while also acknowledging the role of international institutions and norms. The English School views the international system not just as a realm of conflict but as an international society bound by common rules and values. However, critics argue that by attempting to blend multiple theoretical perspectives, the English School lacks coherence and fails to establish a clear independent theoretical framework. This paper provides a critical examination of the key tenets and assumptions of the English School as well as the main criticisms against it.
Humor y periodismo valenciano tras la dictadura franquista: identificación y ...Adolfo Carratalá
Conference presentation. XIII Congreso Internacional Asociación Historiadores de la Comunicación 'El humor en la historia de la comunicación' (22 octubre 2013, Cuenca).
Risas ¿pecadoras?: la Iglesia en el humor gráfico de El Alcázar y Tele/eXpres...Adolfo Carratalá
Conference presentation. XIII Congreso Internacional Asociación Historiadores de la Comunicación 'El humor en la historia de la comunicación' (22 octubre 2013, Cuenca).
Educación para la Ciudadanía y su acción a través de la prensaAdolfo Carratalá
Este documento analiza la cobertura de la prensa conservadora española (ABC y La Razón) sobre la asignatura de Educación para la Ciudadanía entre 2004-2007. Se encontró que los editoriales presentaron la materia con sospecha de adoctrinamiento socialista y confirmaron esos temores. También intervinieron en el conflicto legitimando la objeción de conciencia y demandando cambios al Ministerio de Educación. En conclusión, los editoriales adoptaron un enfoque combativo en lugar de cumplir su función mediadora.
Spanish Press Coverage of the Polish Presidency of the European Union Adolfo Carratalá
This document analyzes Spanish press coverage of Poland's presidency of the European Union in newspapers El Mundo and El País. It finds that El Mundo paid little attention to the presidency and usually mentioned Poland in relation to Spanish interests. El País provided more in-depth coverage, including pieces explaining Poland's politics and economy. Overall, the Polish presidency received limited coverage in major Spanish newspapers.
El análisis del mensaje movilizador en el estudio sobre interacción entre med...Adolfo Carratalá
Este documento describe un estudio sobre la interacción entre la prensa y la acción social durante un conflicto sobre la educación en España. El estudio analiza los marcos discursivos utilizados por dos periódicos y las organizaciones involucradas para dar sentido al fenómeno y movilizar a la gente. La metodología incluye el análisis cualitativo de textos de prensa contemporánea y publicaciones de las organizaciones para comparar sus discursos y evaluar su influencia recíproca. El autor también discute las precauciones y limitaciones de este tipo
This document is a manifesto for a European Renaissance written by Alain de Benoist and Charles Champetier. It summarizes the key ideas of the French New Right movement over its 30+ year history. The manifesto is divided into three parts: 1) Predicaments, which provides a critical analysis of modernity and identifies liberalism as the dominant ideology responsible for modernity's crisis; 2) Foundations, which outlines an alternative anthropological and philosophical vision; 3) Positions, which takes stances on current issues and the future of European civilization. The manifesto calls for transcending modernity and liberalism through the development of sovereign spaces liberated from their domination.
The document discusses different models of media systems and their relationship to public knowledge and democratic processes. It analyzes public service media traditions in countries like the UK, US, Denmark and Finland, finding that citizens in countries with strong public service broadcasting traditions tend to have higher levels of political and international knowledge. The document also examines debates around concepts like free speech, commercialization of media, and the role of media in serving the public interest.
The document discusses Jurgen Habermas's concept of the public sphere. It provides context on Habermas's background and influences, then outlines the historical development of the public sphere from ancient Greece to today. Key aspects summarized include Habermas viewing the public sphere as a space for open discussion that can influence politics, and his analysis of how the commodification of media has weakened the public sphere over time by making information less accessible. The document also discusses different actors within the public sphere like citizens, civil society and media organizations.
Liberal pluralism media theory argues that:
1) The media acts as the "fourth estate" in society, alongside the government, legal system, and church, by keeping the public informed on political issues and holding powerful institutions accountable.
2) Unlike Marxist views that see the media as a tool for class domination, pluralists believe the media responds to audience demands in a free market and serves an important democratic role in society.
3) The government has some power to address market failures and ensure a diversity of viewpoints, such as through public media like the BBC, but pluralists largely believe the media should be free to express itself.
Liberal pluralism media theory argues that:
1) The media acts as a "fourth estate" in society by keeping the public informed about the activities of government, the legal system, and the church.
2) The media fulfills an important democratic role by monitoring powerful institutions and scrutinizing politicians, allowing even the powerful to be held accountable.
3) A free market of ideas drives media organizations to be responsive to audience demands and fill gaps in the market with new products.
1. Jurgen Habermas developed the concept of the public sphere as a space where private citizens could publicly discuss political issues.
2. A study analyzed newspaper coverage of the 1999 Scottish election and found that Scottish papers provided substantially more coverage compared to UK papers, with a greater emphasis on feature articles and opinions to inform voters.
3. The findings suggest that newspaper coverage can help facilitate an informed public sphere where citizens discuss issues to make democratic decisions.
The document discusses key ideas and thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. Philosophes such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu applied reason and scientific thinking to critique society and propose new forms of government. They advocated for natural rights, limited government, separation of powers, and democracy. As a result of Enlightenment thought, people began questioning authority and the stage was set for revolution.
The document discusses the role of media in developing democracies like Iraq. It argues that dismantling old state-controlled media systems and establishing free, independent media is crucial for increasing government accountability, facilitating public debate, and strengthening democracy. The document uses Al Jazeera as a case study, noting that its talk shows have provided an important public forum for discussion and differing views in the Arab world. Overall, it advocates for open media systems that reflect social diversity and serve as a watchdog on government as countries transition to democracy.
The document provides a historical overview of journalism in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses the development of newspapers from early colonial publications to penny papers that appealed to mass audiences. It also covers the rise of yellow journalism in the late 19th century pioneered by Pulitzer and Hearst, as well as the shift to objective journalism in the 20th century. The document also outlines four theories of the press - authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and communist - and their perspectives on who can access media and what barriers exist.
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
This document provides an overview of topics related to media in the online age, including: the historical development of online media and how the internet has transformed media production and audiences; debates around the future of media; and concepts from cultural theorists like Marx, Gramsci, and Chomsky regarding media control and cultural hegemony. It discusses the media's role as the "Fourth Estate" and Chomsky's view that people are meant to remain isolated spectators rather than organized participants in politics.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The document discusses various methods of public advocacy and lobbying for social justice and human rights. It outlines the history of media legislation in Britain from the 17th century to the end of licensing laws. It then discusses different eras of social reform movements and nationalist movements in India. Legislative advocacy through parliamentary discussions and social justice lobbying to create awareness are described as important tools. The role of print and electronic media in lobbying elected officials and bringing issues of rights violations to public attention is also highlighted.
There are four main eras of media theory:
1) The Era of Mass Society and Mass Culture viewed media as influential but negative, and worried about its power over ordinary people.
2) The Era of Scientific Perspective on Mass Media emphasized careful scientific experiments showing media's effects were limited.
3) During the Era of Limited Effects, limited effects theory was widely supported and research declined.
4) The Era of Cultural Criticism focused on how media promotes hegemonic cultures that serve elite interests.
This document discusses the role of ideology in politics. It defines ideology as a system of political ideas developed for political action like governing a country or organizing a revolution. Ideologies provide programs for political action and frameworks for understanding issues of power, rights, and society. They differ based on views of human nature, the relationship between individuals and society, and concepts of equality. Political ideologies exist on a spectrum from left to right and are shaped by factors like time, social class, and periods of crisis. Major ideologies discussed include conservatism, liberalism, socialism, fascism, nationalism, and anarchism.
This document discusses censorship and freedom of expression in the United States. It provides background on the first amendment which guarantees free speech. It then explores the definition and history of censorship, including its use by governments and religious groups to control information and ideas. The document also examines key Supreme Court cases that have helped define what can be censored as obscene in the US, such as the 1973 Miller test. It notes censorship continues to be debated in regards to media and the internet.
This document provides an introduction to media psychology and discusses the relationship between media and politics. It covers several key topics:
1) It defines politics and media, and traces the origins of freedom of the press in the US.
2) It explains theories by Patterson, Sabato, and Zaller about how media coverage of elections has changed over time and the consequences of these changes.
3) It discusses how media and campaigns interact, with a focus on conventions, debates, and negative political advertising.
Similar to Conservative press and educational protests in Spain: Analysis of two terms: 1931-1933 and 2004-2008. (20)
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
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Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
ACSA confirms operational readiness ahead the arrival of Heads of State at OR...
Conservative press and educational protests in Spain: Analysis of two terms: 1931-1933 and 2004-2008.
1. ANALYSIS OF TWO TERMS:
1931-1933 AND 2004-2008
PROTEST AND THE MEDIA
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER – LONDON - 13TH
JUNE 2013
Conservative press and
educational protests in Spain
Adolfo Carratalá
Universitat de València
2. The subject: Education for Citizenship
Recommendation of the Council of Europe in 2002
Taught in 15 European countries
Passed in Spain in 2006
Aims:
Gender equality
Rights and duties
Peaceful resolution of conflicts
Promote tolerance to others
4. Objective: promote conscientious objection
Option advocated by all organizations
Presented as legitimate (even legal) by the
conservative press
Challenged by legal experts and the Government
Refused by the Supreme Court
Nearly two years after the occurrence of the first
5. Conservative media
ABC
Founded in 1903
Royalist
Third-largest newspaper
Circulation: 228.159
La Razón
Founded in 1998
Right-wing
Sixth-largest newspaper
Circulation: 153.024
6. Media Frame Analysis: Influence SM
Subject: indoctrination tool + includes moral issues
Parents: lose their constitutional rights to educate
their children according to their convictions
Children: Victims of an ideological plan
Collective action is necessary
9. Media Frame Analysis: propaganda
Not balanced
Overrepresentation of opponents
Dishonest coverage: Zapatero’s invention, denounce contents
and aims that the subject doesn’t consider
Emotional approach
Victimization + Image of threat
Opinion discourses based on fallacies
Newspapers as political and agitation actors
Promote conflict
Encourage collective action
10. Media Frame Analysis: propaganda
A Guide protects
Catholic school
against
Citizenship
The first victims of
Citizenship
13. Media Frame Analysis: propaganda
Model of writing
to support the
objection
Steps to object
14. Media Frame Analysis: propaganda
Objectors: harassed
and persecuted
Against objection, persecution
15. Media Frame Analysis: Cult
Resonances
II Republic (1931-1936): religious persecution
Educational reform of the socialist government that
forbade the teaching of religious orders
Opposition of Church and Parents Organizations
Heated criticism by catholic press
Sectarian and persecutory law
Responds to obscure interests
People can and must confront
16. Media Frame Analysis: Cult
Resonances
An attack on freedom of
conscience
Another
attack on
religion
The anti-Catholic persecution in
Spain ...
19. CONCLUSIONS
Contribution to the social revelance of the action
carried out by the collectives
Promoted the conflict rather than the consensus
Emotional approach to the issue
Similarities between the historical and current press
Doctrinal and moralising
Cultural resonances – discursive and symbolic memory
Similar aims
20. Thank you for your attention!!
adolfo.carratala@uv.es
Editor's Notes
Good morning, everybody and thank you to the members of the Organizing. English is not my language so I will try to make myself understood.
The action of the media has always been key in the development of social protests. The success and, more often, the failure of these have relied heavily on the journalistic account that offers them coverage. Although the relationship between media and movements has been traditionally adversarial, the harmony between:
the conservative press and
collective actions ideologically close
are characterized by showing a clear sinergy of interests and
shared efforts toward common goals.
There are many examples. Obviusly, in the USA. But the phenomenon is also quite remarkable in Spain, where the Catholic press believes that its involvement in social conflicts is one of its legitimate functions. This participation means, in many cases, the legitimation and the promotion of causes defended by religious and conservative organisations.
This has been demonstrated, for example, in periods in which debates about values and education have been more intense, as happened during :
the First Biennium of the Second Republic (1931-1933)
or during the first term of President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero socialist (2004-2008).
In both periods, the conservative press favoured the protest giving a fundamental role to the discourse produced and spread by the critical movement.
This paper aims to compare the two periods to determine what similarities and differences are between them.
To start I would like to remember some key points about the issue we are going to talk about.
The subject was suggested by the Council of Europe in 2002, worried because of the increasing political and civil apathy among European citizens.
The subject, with different names, already exists as an independent subject in 15 countries and it didn’t provoke any conflict in these societies.
In Spain it was included in a new Education Law endorsed by more than half of Parliament. We have to say that in this term, the Government also passed other progressive laws like same-sex marriage, express divorce, biomedical research and other norms that were interpreted like an attack by the conservative sectors of the Spanish society.
The main purposes of the subject are to improve the gender equality, to make people more conscious about their rights and duties as citizens, to make them able to use the dialogue to resolve conflicts and to promote acceptance of the diversity.
This slide shows the main opponents to the subject. We can identify three different but interrelated actors:
1) Social organizations. The most active were these four that you can see here… Family Forum, Catholic Confederation of Parents of Students, Professionals for Ethics and SpeakUp.org
2) The members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy
3) The conservative political party in Spain, in the opposition at that time, but winner of the elections that took place some days ago.
--- A first doubt that I have, that we can discuss later is if we can think in these social organizations as social movements or not…
The conscientious objection was the objective that led the action of these organizations. All of them said that the parents had no other options to avoid this attack.
Nevertheless, this protest presented a lot of doubts.
The conservative newspapers showed the objection as a legitimate action. Sometimes, they even said that it was recognized by the law or the Constitution.
However, most of the legal experts and also the Government always said that it was not a measure that parents could take because the objection was only legally regulated for specific situations, as the abortion.
Finally, the Supreme Court ruled that the subject was compulsory for all and it was not possible to object against it. But by then, the conflict had already hit two academic years and thousands of parents had decided not to take their children to school.
Our interest is to analyze how media framed this conflict and if their coverage was affected by the organizations discourse.
We focus on the two main newspapers of the conservative political spectrum.
The first one is ABC, a historical newspaper in Spain because it was founded in 1903. It has always been a defender of the monarchical system.
Nowadays, it’s the third-largest newspaper in terms of diffusion.
The second one is La Razon, younger than ABC. It’s clearly conservative, always endorsing the Popular Party ideas. Its circulation is lower than ABC.
First of all I want to talk briefly about the organizations’ frame. To understand it we can identify three key points…
What is the subject for them? A tool used by the Administration to indoctrinate little children and to influence their moral to become their slaves and future voters.
So… What about the parents? They suffer an injustice because they loose one of their main rights. And, therefore, the children are victims of an evil attack.
This reasoning leads us to understand that we have to do something about it. We have to act collectively to stop this plan.
This frame we can find it in organizations magazines, like these two that you can see in this slide…
We can also find it in pamphlets distributed by this movement…
So… from a first approach to their frames we can say three important things:
It’s not a balanced frame.
The opponents are overrepresented because both newspapers always coverage the issue as if it was a movement endorsed by more people that in fact support these actions. They try to transmit the idea that it’s a majority of the society who is against the subject.
Moreover, some reports suggest that it’s a crazy idea of the president (they usually don’t about the European origin of the subject) and even say that Education for Citizenship includes objectives that are not really there (related to sexuality, nationalism…)
It’s an emotional coverage
They use a victimization frame: there is a victim (children) and an attack (subject)
In columns and editorials, they don’t use arguments but exaggerated analogies (with Hitler and the communist Russia) and metaphors (lobotomy and corruption of minors)
They don’t try to do a journalistic task but to promote conflict. They don’t want to help to find solutions or consent but to encourage collective action to cause unrest in the education community.
I would like to draw your attention to these two headlines. As you can check, the bold words suggest that the subject is an attack and the students are its victims.
Notice how the picture of children were used often to increase the emotional approach.
Here, we can see how they try to point out the strength of the movement.
Sometimes, as we can see in these examples, both newspapers act as organizations’ magazines, publishing guides to help the parents to object.
This slide shows two headlines in which we can identify the persecution rhetoric. One frame that remind us of another historical moment, when the conservative organizations became very active and involved with educational issues.
One of the points I defend in my research is that the frame developed in this conflict has cultural resonances with the II Republic, a short period of the Spanish XX century, previous to the Civil War. In that period, a new Constitution and several laws tried to modernize a society that still had old structures.
One of the objectives was to promote the secularization of the society with different norms. But catholic church and several organizations call it religious persecution.
The main conflict was connected with a reform that forbade religious orders to continue teaching. Very quickly, the conservative organizations and the catholic press began to criticize this law. They said:
it was a persecution
that was related to Masonic groups and
that all the families should oppose to this norm refusing to take their children to the public schools.
Here we can see some headlines from that period in which we can identify this persecution frame…
The pictures were also used to construct this injustice frame
Another example, with women and children…
In both periods, newspapers contributed to the SOCIAL RELEVANCE of the action carried out by the collectives.
Regarding the type of mediation developed, we can assert that both diaries PROMOTED the conflict rather than consensus, favoring the criticism made by the opponents of the subject.
As we can see, there is a clear LEGITIMASION of the conflict as a reasonable reaction.
3) Newspapers offered an EMOTIONAL APPROACH of the issue, sacrificing an accurate interpretation.
Favouring a FRAMING based on PERSONALISATION and the VICTIMISED perspective of the phenomenon. The opponents are not rebels anymore but victims
4) Evident SIMILARITIES with the Second’s Republic press of provocation:
The current conservative press in Spain is still political and as DOCTRINAL and MORALISING. However, we found that it uses a more secular language.
The study of the intertextuality indicates that there are appeals to images that are very powerful in discursive and SYMBOLIC memory in the Spanish conservative ideology. Especially, the ideas related with the PERSECUTION of Catholics and SOCIALISTS as totalitarian leaders, hiding communist plans.
That takes us to recognize similar OBJECTIVES too. On one hand, the DELIGITIMISATION of government institutions and, on the other hand, the calling for citizens to DISOBEY laws adopted democratically.