Ppt

1. CUME 106 Electrical and
electronics principles

2. The Start of the Modern
Electronics Era
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain at Bell
Labs - Brattain and Bardeen invented
the bipolar transistor in 1947.
The first germanium bipolar transistor.
Roughly 50 years later, electronics
account for 10% (4 trillion dollars) of
the world GDP.

3. Electronics Milestones
1874 Braun invents the solid-state
rectifier.
1906 DeForest invents triode vacuum
tube.
1907-1927
First radio circuits developed from
diodes and triodes.
1925 Lilienfeld field-effect device patent
filed.
1947 Bardeen and Brattain at Bell
Laboratories invent bipolar
transistors.
1952 Commercial bipolar transistor
production at Texas Instruments.
1956 Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley
receive Nobel prize.
1958 Integrated circuit developed by
Kilby and Noyce
1961 First commercial IC from Fairchild
Semiconductor
1963 IEEE formed from merger or IRE
and AIEE
1968 First commercial IC opamp
1970 One transistor DRAM cell invented
by Dennard at IBM.
1971 4004 Intel microprocessor
introduced.
1978 First commercial 1-kilobit memory.
1974 8080 microprocessor introduced.
1984 Megabit memory chip introduced.
2000 Alferov, Kilby, and Kromer share
Nobel prize

4. Evolution of Electronic Devices
Vacuum
Tubes
Discrete
Transistors
SSI and MSI
Integrated
Circuits
VLSI
Surface-Mount
Circuits

5. Microelectronics Proliferation
 The integrated circuit was invented in 1958.
 World transistor production has more than doubled every year for
the past twenty years.
 Every year, more transistors are produced than in all previous years
combined.
 Approximately 109 transistors were produced in a recent year.
 Roughly 50 transistors for every ant in the world .
*Source: Gordon Moore’s Plenary address at the 2003 International Solid State
Circuits Conference.

6. 5 Commendments
 Moore’s Law : The number of transistors on a
chip doubles annually
 Rock’s Law : The cost of semiconductor tools
doubles every four years
 Machrone’s Law: The PC you want to buy will
always be $5000
 Metcalfe’s Law : A network’s value grows
proportionately to the number of its users
squared

7. 5 Commandments(cont.)
 Wirth’s Law : Software is slowing faster
than hardware is accelerating
 Further Reading: “5 Commandments”,
IEEE Spectrum December 2003, pp. 31-
35.

8. IC Design Step 1: RTL

9. IC Design 2 : Layout

10. IC Design 3 : Fabrication

11. IC Design 4 : Chip

12. IC Design 5 : System

13. Analog versus Digital
Electronics
 Most observables are analog
 But the most convenient way to
represent and transmit information
electronically is digital
 Analog/digital and digital/analog
conversion is essential

17. Digital signal representation
 By using binary numbers we can represent any quantity. For
example a binary two (10) could represent a 2 volt signal. But
we generally have to agree on some sort of “code” and the
dynamic range of the signal in order to know the form and
the minimum number of bits.
 Possible digital representation for a pure sine wave of known
frequency. We must choose maximum value and “resolution”
or “error,” then we can encode the numbers. Suppose we
want 1V accuracy of amplitude with maximum amplitude of
50V, we could use a simple pure binary code with 6 bits of
information.

18. Digital representations of
logical functions
 Digital signals also offer an effective way to
execute logic. The formalism for performing
logic with binary variables is called switching
algebra or boolean algebra.
 Digital electronics combines two important
properties:
– The ability to represent real functions by coding
the information in digital form.
– The ability to control a system by a process of
manipulation and evaluation of digital variables
using switching algebra.

19. Digital Representations of logic
functions (cont.)
 Digital signals can be transmitted, received,
amplified, and retransmitted with no
degradation.
 Binary numbers are a natural method of
expressing logic variables.
 Complex logic functions are easily expressed
as binary function.
 With digital representation, we can achieve
arbitrary levels of “ dynamic range,” that is,
the ratio of the largest possible signal to the
smallest than can be distinguished above the
background noise.
 Digital information is easily and inexpensively
stored

20. COUNTING IN
DECIMAL AND BINARY
• Number System -
Code using symbols that refer to
a number of items.
• Decimal Number System -
Uses ten symbols (base 10 system)
• Binary System -
Uses two symbols (base 2 system)

21. PLACE VALUE
• Numeric value of symbols in different positions.
• Example - Place value in binary system:
Binary
8s 4s 2s 1s
Number
Place Value
Yes Yes No No
1 0 0
1
RESULT: Binary 1100 = decimal 8 + 4 + 0 + 0 = decimal 12

22. BINARY TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Convert Binary Number 110011
to a Decimal Number:
32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 51
1 1 0 0 1 1
Decimal
Binary

23. TEST
Convert the following binary
numbers into decimal numbers:
Binary 1001 = 9
Binary 1111 =
Binary 0010 =
15
2

24. DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
Divide by 2 Process
Decimal # 13 ÷ 2 = 6 remainder 1
6 ÷ 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1
1 1
0
1

25. TEST
Convert the following decimal
numbers into binary:
Decimal 11 =
Decimal 4 =
Decimal 17 =
1011
0100
10001

26. ELECTRONIC TRANSLATORS
Devices that convert from decimal to
binary numbers and from binary to
decimal numbers.
Encoders -
translates from decimal to binary
Decoders -
translates from binary to decimal

27. ELECTRONIC ENCODER -
DECIMAL TO BINARY
0
Decimal
to
Binary
Encoder
Binary output
Decimal input
0 0 0 0
5
0 1 0 1
7
0 1 1 1
3
0 0 1 1
• Encoders are available in IC form.
• This encoder translates from decimal
input to binary (BCD) output.

28. Binary-to-
7-Segment
Decoder/
Driver
ELECTRONIC DECODING:
BINARY TO DECIMAL
Binary input
0 0 0 0
Decimal output
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
• Electronic decoders are available in IC form.
• This decoder translates from binary to decimal.
• Decimals are shown on an 7-segment LED display.
• This decoder also drives the 7-segment display.

29. Uses 16 symbols -Base 16 System
0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Decimal
1
9
10
15
16
Binary
0001
1001
1010
1111
10000
Hexadecimal
1
9
A
F
10
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

30. •Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Hexadecimal C 3
Binary 1100 0011
Binary 1110 1010
Hexadecimal E A
•Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
HEXADECIMAL AND
BINARY CONVERSIONS

31. DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
CONVERSION
Divide by 16 Process
Decimal # 47 ÷ 16 = 2 remainder 15
2 ÷ 16 = 0 remainder 2
F
2

32. HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
CONVERSION
Convert hexadecimal number
2DB to a decimal number
512 + 208 + 11 = 731
2 D B
Hexadecimal
Decimal
Place Value 256s 16s 1s
(256 x 2) (16 x 13) (1 x 11)

33. TEST
Convert Hexadecimal number A6 to Binary
Convert Hexadecimal number 16 to Decimal
Convert Decimal 63 to Hexadecimal
63 =
16 =
A6 = 1010 0110 (Binary)
22 (Decimal)
3F (Hexadecimal)

34. OCTAL NUMBERS
Uses 8 symbols -Base 8 System
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal
1
6
7
8
9
Octal
1
6
7
10
11
Binary
001
110
111
001 000
001 001

35. PRACTICAL SUGGESTION ON
NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSIONS
• Use a scientific calculator
• Most scientific calculators have DEC, BIN,
OCT, and HEX modes and can either
convert between codes or perform
arithmetic in different number systems.
• Most scientific calculators also have other
functions that are valuable in digital
electronics such as AND, OR, NOT,
XOR, and XNOR logic functions.