Conceptual models.pdf

1. CONCEPTUAL MODELS
MAMATA COLLEGE OF NURSING

2. INTRODUCTION
Mental health professionals practice within the framework of a conception model
It is an organized complex body of knowledge such as concepts related to human
behaviour
The conceptual model provides philosophical fragments orientations to the
services and scientific knowledge of rendering better services responsibilities and
accountability
The recognized conceptual models that are used in psychiatric nursing practice or
interpersonal model existential model behaviour model psychoanalytical model

3. DEFINITION
It convince the general meaning of the concepts in
a manners that fits the theory it also describe the
activity necessary to measure the constructs
relationships or variables within a theory
-K.P. Neeraja

4. INTERPERSONAL
MODEL

5. INTRODUCTION
Interpersonal model introduction significant
contributions in the interpersonal theory were
made by Harry Stack
He is originator of the theory

6. Basic Assumptions of Interpersonal Theory
 Human being is a social being he is behaviour grows
out of his attempts to establish a meaningful social
relationship with others
Human beings are having the capacity to live
effectively in relationship with others
Personality development is determined in the context
of social interactions with others and it is influenced by
both biological and social factors

7. Sublimation
It is an unconscious process made by
socially acceptable behavioural patterns or
substituted to satisfy partially the needs for
a behavioural pattern

8. Selective in Attention
It is an unconscious substitute process
which cause anxiety go unnoticed by
the individual

9. Dissociation
It will be used to buy an individual
unconsciously to minimise parts of the
individuals experience is to avoid
anxiety

10. Basic Principles of Interpersonal Theory
Development proceeds through various stages in
each states there is involvement of different patterns
of relationship
For example, in infancy need for contact us full field
by the parents

11. Basic Principles of Interpersonal Theory (Conti…)
a. In childhood:
Active participation in activities and interaction with adults will be observed
b. In pre adolescent and adolescent:
Detachment from parents and attachment with peer group increases
c. In early adulthood:
Intimate relationship with Hetero sexual groups resulting into marriage and
family formation
If any failure to make progress satisfactory through various stages may result into
maladapt to behaviour

12. Basic Principles of Interpersonal Theory (Conti…)
d. Anxiety:
It has a direct relationship with the personality formation
For example, for fulfilment of basic needs, an Infant will
depend on a caretaker
e. Early life experience:
Attachment to caretakers to the Infant especially the mother
will influence the individual’s development throughout his life

13. Basic Principles of Interpersonal Theory (Conti…)
f. Social exchange:
The social relationship is established to meet mutual needs each person
needs mutual helper recognition from others for self-identification
g. Social roles:
Every individual has to perform a specific social role said by society
example teacher mother
h. Interpersonal accommodation:
To our more persons interact with each other and establish certain goals to
build a satisfying relationship

14. Modes in Cognitive Process
1. Prototyxic mode
It is characterized by sensations, feelings
2. Para taxic mode
It is also illogical in nature that simultaneous events are considered as
casually related
3. Syntaxic mode
It is developed form characterised by logical thinking emergences in the
Juvenile stage individual develops the ability to relate effectively through this
mode
Human development process through stages of development from infancy
to toddler stage according to Biplo nursing is an interpersonal process that
makes the basic needs of an individual and maintains health status

15. Interpersonal Therapeutic Process
The patient is accepted unconditionally as
a participant in a relationship that fully
satisfice his needs

16. Role of the Patient and the Interpersonal Therapist
In this model that therapist act as participant and
observer he is role is to activity engage the patient
The therapist will have balanced values 3rd and
feelings and interacts as a real person

17. Application to Nursing
Interpersonal theory has been occupied
cornerstone in psychiatric nursing concepts
like anxiety trust securities selfie stick
Anders client relationship

18. Dimensional Approach
a) Unity of interaction
b) Dimensions of interpersonal behaviour focus
c) Interdependency
d) Affiliation
e) Patterns of dyadic interaction
(It is stabilized into a characteristic patterns of interpersonal behaviour)

19. Psychoanalytical Model
or
Psycho Dynamic Theory

20. Introduction
Segment Freud explained the theories of the mind, the
subsequent work by Eric Erikson has greatly added and
changed many of the initial concepts
Psycho analysis system was presented on both theoretical
and practical side on the theoretical side
It presented a theory to understand and explain the human
psyche on the practical side
It studies human behavior and also a therapy to treat the
mentally ill patient

21. DEFINITION
A psychological theory of mind and personality
development based primarily on concept of
intracystic conflict
-K.P. Neeraja

22. Basic Concepts
1. Psychic energy is psychic determinism:
All mental activities conscious and unconscious process meaningful and
purposeful activities that are connected with previous life experiences.
2. Drives:
The motivating forces that determine the behavior of an individual originate from
bio-somatic processes and or are experienced as wishes
3. Cathexis:
The concentration of mental energy on one particular person Idea or object
4. Anti cathexis:
Diversion of mental energy the urging forces are to satisfy

23. Theories of Mind or Topography Theory of Mind
Introduction
 According to this theory, the mind structure of
the human psyche is divided into 3 layers.
This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in
1900

24. The Three Layers of the Mind
1.Conscious mind
2.Subconscious mind
or
Pre conscious mind
3. Unconscious mind

25. The Three Layers of the Mind
1. Conscious mind:
Conscious mind upper portion of the mind
The conscious mental process of thinking is based on the
reality principle
It is a special sense and the cone of attention comes
underwear registration of stimulate from both within
internal and outside

26. 2. Subconscious mind or Pre conscious mind:
It stores all types of information just the surface of
awareness
It can be easily brought to the level of conscious ATM
moments notice whenever required all experience is or
knowledge which have been gained or learned by an
individual through various types of experiences are training
It is between the unconscious mind and the conscious mind

27. 3. Unconscious mind:
The unconscious mind contains ideas and effects
that repress material wishes, designs, feelings, and
motives that can only reach the conscious through
precious than the conscious mind is based on the
pleasure principle id

28. Theory of Psychosexual Development
1. Oral Phase (One & Half Year)
2. Oral Erotic Phase (Sucking, Chewing, And Feeding)
3. Oral Sadistic Phase (Biting)
4. Anal Phase (1-3 Years)
5. Oedipal or Phallic Phase (3-5 Years)
6. Latency Phase (5-12 Years)
7. Genital Phase (12-18 Years)

29. Anal Phase (1-3 Years)
The child gets gratification through the anal and perianal
areas a major achievement in this stage
Annual sphincter control is achieved through toilet training
It consists of two phases
The first one is anal erotic face excretion
The second one is anal sadistic face holding

30. Oedipal or Phallic Phase (3 to 5 years)
The odipose complex includes the wish of
the child for an exclusive libidinal
relationship with the parent of the opposite
sex

31. Latency Phase (5 to 12 years)
This is a stage of relatives’ actual superheroes are
formulated.
Socially appropriate girls like the development of
social interpersonal relationships knowledge and
new skills engage in economic and socialization
activities

32. Genital Phase (12 to 18 years)
It is associated with no neuroendocrine and
bio-somatic maturational components as
adults develops children will develop the
capacity for intimacy and respect for
others

33. The Structural Theory of Mind
In 1923 Sigmund Freud divided the
mental operators into three dynamic
components id, ego, and superego
from the structural theory of mind

34. Id, Ego, & Superego

35. 1. Id:
It is unconscious containing the basic drives
It has the qualities like it must get what it wants and when
it wants in this way it is quite selfish and unethical
It is characterized by the primary process of thinking and is
based on the pleasure principle lacking direct contact with
reality.
It will not follow any rules and consider only satisfaction of
its phone needs and drives

36. 2. Ego:
The ego is primarily determined and guided by the
reality principle
It is intermediate between three sides of forces
The ego maintains a balance between the Id and
superego
Ego is the seat of conscious intellectual differences
function of the mental apparatus

37. 3. Superego:
It is a predominantly unconscious
subdivision of mental operators from the
ego it is the direct and the antithesis of the
id and represents the ethical and moral
aspects of the psyche

38. Behavioural Model or Theory

39. Introduction
It is delivered from learning theories focused on
clients’ actions not on thoughts and feelings
behavioural approach is used frequently to
control the undesirable behaviour

40. Techniques of Behaviour Therapy
Systematic Desensitization – Indication: Phobia obsessive
compulsive neurosis anxiety
 This technique is based on the receive approval inhibition behavioural
principle of Counter conditioning in this clients will attain complete
relaxation and or then be exposed to the stimulus
 Relaxation training will be given example meditation mental imaginary
 Ask the client to construct a hierarchy of anxiety
 Desensitization of the stimuli patient is asked to give a signal
whatever anxiety is produced with each signal He is asked to relax

41. Operant conditioning procedures to increase adaptive
behaviour
Positive reinforcement - to rain force or improve the
performance of the desirable behavior repeatedly a token or
reward material or symbolic appreciation will be given
whenever the client performs an acceptable behavior
Token economy
 Chronically hospitalized patients children up to adolescent
age it is a positive reinforced program

42. Operant conditioning processor to teach new behaviour
1. Modelling:
New desirable behaviour through imitation are by demonstration the client
will be allowed to observe
2. Shaping:
The therapist tries to shape the decided behavioural skills step by step he
positively reinforces the existing behavior and the response
3. Chaining:
Training will be given to learn the complete task in a break up manner
step by step forward chaining and backward chaining.

43. Operant conditioning processor to teach new behaviour (Conti…)
4. Forward chaining:
The therapist will identify the difficulty of the client in performing complex task he will
give chaining to the client to learn first step second step client will achieve third step
until achieve the task
5. Backward Chaining:
In backward direction step by step the client will be assisted to learn desirable task from
last step to next step
6. Backward Chaining:
In backward direction step by step the client will be assisted to learn desirable task from
last step to next step
7. Promoting:
Assisting the client to learn specific target behaviour repeatedly insisting the importance
of desired behaviour and make the client to understand and learn it

44. Operant Conditioning Procedure for Decreasing
Maladaptive Behaviour
1. Indications: Childhood disorders
2. Time out: If the client forms desirable acts exhibits and desirable behaviour
3. Response cost: To teach adaptive behaviour among the client token
programs were activated
4. Punishment: Whenever desirable behaviour is expected it has to be
avoided by administrating some shorts of punishment with a proper or clear
explanation
5. Ignoring: Whenever the problem Attic behaviour exists rewards or attention
can be removed Example: Not having high eye contact or physical contact
6. Restitution: If the client exhibits and desires are a problem behaviour it will
be corrected by giving a wide range of punishment

45. Assertiveness Training:
Alleviates interpersonally based on anxiety
Improve the ability to stand up for one’s rights
Technique:
The therapist will give assertive behaviour training by
role-playing coaching Modelling and role reversal
techniques and then by practicing in it a real life
situations

46. Aversion Therapy:
Indication - alcoholism smoking
Technique:
When an unpresent response occurs due to pleasurable
stimuli immediate punishment and social disapproval
have to be given the curious of unpleasant response
can be prevented

47. Flooding:
Indication:
Anxiety, Phobia, Agar phobia, Speaking difficulties
The therapist will provide Guidance counseling
encouragement for the client to face and so it is
situations in a nongraded manner with no attempt to
reduce anxiety

48. Reciprocal Inhibition:
Wolpe has described this technique according to
this theory the observable behavior or symptom is
a learned response to anxiety that leads to the
detection of anxiety.
The therapist will instruct the client to express
anxiety

49. Role of nurse in behavioural therapy
 Nurses have to keep in mind the principle of
learning while administering behavioral therapy to
the clients
 Uses behavioral approaches like positive
reinforcement relaxation techniques involving the
client and the significant people in the provision of
care

50. Existential Model

51. INTRODUCTION
The theory focuses on person’s present
experience provides less attention to the
person's past

52. Existential View of Behavioural Deviation
Behaviour deviations will occur
When an individual is not free to choose from
among alternative behaviour
When the individual awards socially acceptable
and responsible behaviour

53. Manifestations
Helplessness
Sadness
Loneliness
Self-criticism
Lack of self-awareness lack of commitments

54. Existential Therapeutic Process
The client is helped to accept and
understand his past to live present
and to look forward to the future

55. Role of Existential Therapist
Therapist Act as a guide director and role model
 Provides warm and caring ki values to the client
Help the client to find his way

56. Role of the Client
Client is active in therapy
The client must be open and honest ready for
change
Accepts responsibility for his behaviour

57. Therapies based on the existential model
1. Reality Therapy:
William Glosser invoked this client is help to
identify the life goals and guide the ways to
accomplish is goals

58. 2. Psycho Synthesis:
Roberto explained that the self is considered the inner
centre of awareness and peace-guided imagination and
meditation techniques will be used to achieve self-
awareness and control over the course of his life
3. Rational Emotional Therapy:
Creative oriented

59. 4. Therapy Albert:
The client is encouraged to accept as he is under to
take rest and challenges to try out a new behavior or
action
5. Gestalt Therapy:
Fredrick S. Peris emphasized it the therapist will
encourage the client to identify the feeling which will
enhance self-awareness, self-acceptance

60. 6. Future-Oriented Therapy:
Viktor E. Frank explains the therapy client is oriented towards the
spiritual meaning of his life logos primary life force helps the client
to become aware of his responsibility is the client is guided to take
control of his own life
7. Encounter Group:
Carl Rogers explains the establishment of intimate interactions in a
group situation the client is expected to assume responsibility for his
behaviour and feelings in stress group exercises are practices

61. Thank you