This document discusses the concept of physical protection and security. It outlines the basic functions of a physical protection system (PPS) as detection, delay, and response. The key principle is that the PPS response time must be less than the adversary's remaining task time after detection. Effective PPS design incorporates strategies like balanced protection across multiple paths, protection in depth through sequential barriers, and reliability through redundancy.

1. IN THE NAME OF
ALLAH THE MERCIFUL
AND THE BENEFICENT

2. CONCEPT OF
PHYSICAL
PROTECTION AND ITS
PRINCIPALS

3. Socrates once said and I quote
People don’t know
what they don’t know
I know one thing I know nothing

4. Before proceeding any further let us
understand what is PHYSICAL PROTECTION
It is the protection of personnel, hardware,
software, networks and data from physical
actions and events that could cause serious
loss or damage to an enterprise, agency or
institution. This includes protection from fire,
flood, natural disasters, burglary, theft,
vandalism and terrorism.

5. Why is security important in life?
Individual safety and security is important
because both safety and security affect an
individual's well-being. Threats to safety and
security come in many forms, ranging from
deliberate violence to accidental injury.
Violence and injury, at their most extreme,
threaten life itself.

6. What are the primary threats to physical security?
The primary threats to physical security include
the following: inadvertent acts, potential acts of
human error or failure, potential deviations in
quality of service by service providers, power
irregularities; deliberate acts of espionage or
trespass, acts of information extortion, acts of
sabotage etc

7. Objectives
• Identify PPS design strategies
• List basic PPS functions
• Describe process, components, and performance
measures of each PPS function
• Draw timelines for adversary and PPS response
• Explain principle of timely detection
• Characterize effective PPS design concepts

8. Basic Functions of PPS
Detection
• Intrusion
sensing
• Alarm
communication
• Alarm
assessment
• Entry control
Delay
• Passive Barriers
• Dispensable
Barriers
Response
• Guards
• Response
Force

9. Principle of Timely Detection
To interrupt the adversary before he
completes his theft or sabotage task, the
PPS response time must be less than the
adversary task time remaining after
detection

10. Detection Process
Sensor
Activated
Alarm
Initiated
Alarm
Reported
Alarm
Assessed
GuardsTechnologies
Performance measures:
 Probability of sensor alarm (PS)
 Communication and Assessment Time (TC)
 Probability of Assessment (PA)
 Nuisance Alarm Rate (NAR)
 Assessed detection PD = F (PS, TC, PA , NAR)

11. Protection in Depth
Interior Sensor ApplicationsExterior Sensor Applications
Motion (Audio)
Proximity
(Point)
Boundary Penetration
(Wall, window, door)
Motion (Audio)
Boundary Penetration (Fence)
Line Detection (Buried, beam break)

12. Delay Process
Delay provides
obstacles to
Increase the
adversary
task time
Passive Barriers
Dispensable Barriers
 Performance measures
 Time to penetrate or bypass obstacles
 Time to travel across areas
Access delay

13. Role of Delay
• System detection and response time must be less
than adversary task time after first alarm
• To increase system success probability
• Detect intrusion earlier
• Reduce assessment time
• Reduce response time
• Increase adversary task time
Adversary Task Time
Detect
CT
First
Alarm
T0
Alarm
Assessed
AT
Respond
Adversary
Interrupted
TI
PPS Time Required
Delay
Attack
Begins

14. Elements of Delay
Effective Delay Systems
Passive Barriers Dispensable BarriersGuards
Flexible
Continuous
Operational
Cost
Sensitive to
Numbers
Subject to
Compromise
Guards
In Place:
Fail Secure
Commercially
Available
Weak Against
Explosives
Operational:
Aesthetic
Limits
Barriers
Compact:
Rapidly
Deployed
Maximize Delay
at Target
‘Somewhat’
Threat
Independent
Spurious
Activation:
Safety
Concerns
Dispensable
Barriers

15. Response Process
Communicate
to response
force
Deploy
response
force
Interrupt and
neutralize
adversary
 Performance measures
 Probability of communication to response force
 Communication time
 Probability of deployment to adversary location
 Deployment time
 Response force effectiveness

16. Response
• Guards perform routine duties whereas response force is
responsible for defeating adversaries
• Protection planning should address: “What am I
protecting, and where and from whom am I protecting
it?”
• Response planning addresses how to respond
(responder number, positioning, armament, tactics, etc.)
• Higher communication security levels demand higher
complexity and cost
• Response force equipment must be adequate to address
adversary capabilities
• Training and testing of responders is essential for
effective response
• Interaction with outside agencies should be carefully
planned and documented

17. Two Competing Timelines
• Adversary Timeline
• Cross areas
• Penetrate or bypass barriers
• Remove or sabotage target
• PPS Timeline
• Detection process
• Delay process
• Response process
• Overlay of two timelines illustrates PPS effectiveness

18. Effective PPS Design Practices
•Defence in depth
•Protection-in-depth
•Balanced protection
•Reliability

19. Defence in Depth
The concept of physical protection
requires a designed mixture of hardware
(security devices), procedures (including
the organization of guards and the
performance of their duties) and facility
design (including layout).”

20. Protection-in-Depth
• Adversary must defeat or avoid a number of
protective devices in sequence
• Protection-in-depth should
• Increase adversary’s uncertainty about the
system
• Require more extensive preparations and
equipment by adversary prior to attacking the
system
• Create additional steps where the adversary
may fail or abort his mission

21. Balanced Protection
• Many unique physical paths to target
• System only as effective as weakest path
• Provide adequate protection against all threats
along all adversary paths

22. Reliability
• Redundant equipment
• Multiple complementary sensors
• Central Alarm System (CAS) and
Secondary Alarm Stations (SAS)
• Multiple response force locations
• Contingency plans
• Spare parts supply
• Compensatory measures
• External assistance

23. Summary
• Fundamental design strategies
• Deter adversary – impossible to measure
• Defeat adversary – PPS requirement
• Basic PPS functions
• Detection, Delay, Response
• Performances measures
• Probability of Detection
• Delay Time
• Response Time
• Interruption
• Neutralization

24. Summary
• Principle of timely detection
• To interrupt the adversary before he completes his theft or sabotage
task, the PPS response time must be less than the adversary task time
remaining after detection
• Effective design practices
• Balanced protection
• Protection-in-depth
• Reliability