This document summarizes a statistical analysis of wheat crops grown under various conditions. Key findings include:
- Spring planting yielded 12 more bushels per acre than fall planting.
- Clay and sandy soils yielded more than rocky soils, with no difference between clay and sandy.
- Indian brown seed variety had the highest yield at 58 bushels per acre.
- Use of fungicide increased yields by 13 bushels per acre.
- Use of both pesticides together increased yields most, while individual pesticides had little effect.
- Fertilizer use strongly correlated with higher yields, with optimal amounts of 60-80 pounds per acre.
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Understanding factors conditioning fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. ...Frédéric Baudron
Fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is an invasive lepidopteran pest established in most of sub-Saharan Africa since 2016. Although, the immediate reaction of governments has been to invest in chemical pesticides, control methods based on agronomic management would be more affordable to resource-constrained smallholders and minimize risks for health and the environment. However, little is known about the most effective agronomic practices that could control FAW in typical African smallholder conditions. In addition, the impact of FAW on yield in Africa has been reported as very large, but these estimates are largely based on farmers’ perceptions, but not on rigorous field scouting methods. Thus, the objectives of this study were to understand the factors conditioning FAW infestation in African smallholder maize fields and quantify its impact on yield, using two Districts of Eastern Zimbabwe as cases. 791 smallholder maize plots were scouted for FAW and the head of the corresponding farming household interviewed. Grain yield was later determined in about 20% of these fields. FAW infestation was found to be significantly reduced by weed control – either through herbicides or through frequent weeding operations – and through minimum- and zero-tillage. Conversely, pumpkin intercropping was found to significantly increase FAW infestation. Some maize varieties also appeared more susceptible that others to FAW infestation. Although the infestation levels recorded in this research (35 to 48%, depending on the proxy of infestation used) are commensurate with infestation levels found by other studies conducted on the continent, our best estimate of the impact of this infestation on yield (9.14%) is much lower than what these studies found. Although our study presents limitations, losses due to FAW in Africa could have been over-estimated. The threat that FAW represents for African smallholders, although very real, should not divert attention away from other pressing challenges they face.
This document summarizes the results of a 2015 trial conducted by Willet Dairy, LLC to evaluate the effects of two Bayer fungicide products (Stratego YLD and Proline 480 SC) on corn silage yield and quality. The trial included five treatments applied to replicated plots in two fields: an untreated control and various application timings of the fungicides alone and in combination. The trial found no significant differences in silage yield or quality between treatments. However, mycotoxins were detected in the untreated control but not in any of the fungicide treated plots.
The document summarizes the results of a nitrogen rate trial conducted in corn silage fields in New York in 2015. The trial tested different nitrogen application rates from 0 to 120 pounds and also evaluated the accuracy of the Adapt-N nitrogen recommendation tool under wet field conditions. Results showed that the 120 pound nitrogen treatment yielded significantly more than the 0 pound treatment. However, Adapt-N underestimated nitrogen needs due to unusually high rainfall. The wet weather required higher nitrogen rates to compensate for losses.
Finding a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change is the first step to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries. In Côte d’Ivoire the oilseed Citrullus lanatus constitutes a source of income for farmers. The lack of knowledge on the suitable sowing dates of this plant engenders it low production. Thus to resolve this problem, some field trial were carried out in Gbokora (Daloa). An experimental design with three blocs randomized was set up. Experimentation consisted to realize a sowing during two growing seasons: season 1 (S1) and season (S2). For each season five sowing dates separated with two weeks were realized: Early 1 (E1), Early 2 (E2), Middle (M), Later 1 (L1) and Later 2 (L2). It emerges from this study that to improve the yield of this plant, the crop should be grown during the first season. In addition, planting must be done between mid-March and the beginning of April. This period corresponds to the beginning of the rainy season in the study area. However, if the farmers wish to produce the plant in the second growing season, they will have to wait until the beginning of August, which corresponds to the short rainy season.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Understanding factors conditioning fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. ...Frédéric Baudron
Fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is an invasive lepidopteran pest established in most of sub-Saharan Africa since 2016. Although, the immediate reaction of governments has been to invest in chemical pesticides, control methods based on agronomic management would be more affordable to resource-constrained smallholders and minimize risks for health and the environment. However, little is known about the most effective agronomic practices that could control FAW in typical African smallholder conditions. In addition, the impact of FAW on yield in Africa has been reported as very large, but these estimates are largely based on farmers’ perceptions, but not on rigorous field scouting methods. Thus, the objectives of this study were to understand the factors conditioning FAW infestation in African smallholder maize fields and quantify its impact on yield, using two Districts of Eastern Zimbabwe as cases. 791 smallholder maize plots were scouted for FAW and the head of the corresponding farming household interviewed. Grain yield was later determined in about 20% of these fields. FAW infestation was found to be significantly reduced by weed control – either through herbicides or through frequent weeding operations – and through minimum- and zero-tillage. Conversely, pumpkin intercropping was found to significantly increase FAW infestation. Some maize varieties also appeared more susceptible that others to FAW infestation. Although the infestation levels recorded in this research (35 to 48%, depending on the proxy of infestation used) are commensurate with infestation levels found by other studies conducted on the continent, our best estimate of the impact of this infestation on yield (9.14%) is much lower than what these studies found. Although our study presents limitations, losses due to FAW in Africa could have been over-estimated. The threat that FAW represents for African smallholders, although very real, should not divert attention away from other pressing challenges they face.
This document summarizes the results of a 2015 trial conducted by Willet Dairy, LLC to evaluate the effects of two Bayer fungicide products (Stratego YLD and Proline 480 SC) on corn silage yield and quality. The trial included five treatments applied to replicated plots in two fields: an untreated control and various application timings of the fungicides alone and in combination. The trial found no significant differences in silage yield or quality between treatments. However, mycotoxins were detected in the untreated control but not in any of the fungicide treated plots.
The document summarizes the results of a nitrogen rate trial conducted in corn silage fields in New York in 2015. The trial tested different nitrogen application rates from 0 to 120 pounds and also evaluated the accuracy of the Adapt-N nitrogen recommendation tool under wet field conditions. Results showed that the 120 pound nitrogen treatment yielded significantly more than the 0 pound treatment. However, Adapt-N underestimated nitrogen needs due to unusually high rainfall. The wet weather required higher nitrogen rates to compensate for losses.
Finding a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change is the first step to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries. In Côte d’Ivoire the oilseed Citrullus lanatus constitutes a source of income for farmers. The lack of knowledge on the suitable sowing dates of this plant engenders it low production. Thus to resolve this problem, some field trial were carried out in Gbokora (Daloa). An experimental design with three blocs randomized was set up. Experimentation consisted to realize a sowing during two growing seasons: season 1 (S1) and season (S2). For each season five sowing dates separated with two weeks were realized: Early 1 (E1), Early 2 (E2), Middle (M), Later 1 (L1) and Later 2 (L2). It emerges from this study that to improve the yield of this plant, the crop should be grown during the first season. In addition, planting must be done between mid-March and the beginning of April. This period corresponds to the beginning of the rainy season in the study area. However, if the farmers wish to produce the plant in the second growing season, they will have to wait until the beginning of August, which corresponds to the short rainy season.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo usar distintas funciones de correo electrónico y editar imágenes. Explica que Firefox y Chrome son navegadores de código abierto, cómo acceder a una cuenta de correo electrónico, cómo enviar y responder mensajes de correo, adjuntar archivos y fotos, y reenviar mensajes. También lista sitios web para editar imágenes y aplicar efectos como Photo Effect, Pixlr, Photofunia, y Picnik.
Practice is essential for developing skills and abilities. Regular practice in a particular area, such as playing a sport or musical instrument, allows one to gradually improve their proficiency over time through experience and repetition. Consistent practice of important tasks makes one's performance more automatic and helps maximize their potential.
Clip & Cut is a new hair salon opening in downtown Chicago. They will offer haircuts, coloring, highlighting and other hair services at affordable prices. The salon aims to provide quality hair care with a friendly and relaxing atmosphere for all customers.
Paul Gregory Kaiser provides 3 business references and 3 personal references. For business references, he lists an instructor from Bristol University, a former landlord, and a former manager. For personal references, he lists a former neighbor and present day friend, a former co-worker and present day friend, and a former classmate and present day friend. All references include the person's name, relationship to Kaiser, contact information, and length of time known.
Practice is essential for improving one's skills and abilities. Regular practice in a particular area, such as a sport, musical instrument, or profession, helps to strengthen performance and build mastery over time. Consistent practice of important tasks makes one's abilities stronger and more refined.
The document appears to be a technical file related to printing processes as it contains abbreviations for color separations including CMYK which stands for Cyan Magenta Yellow blacK. However, there is very little other contextual information provided so a full understanding of the purpose or content of the document cannot be determined from the limited information given.
The document contains a single name: Farfan Ballesteros Felipe. It does not provide any other details about this individual such as their occupation, age, nationality or other biographical information. The brevity of the document leaves much unknown about the person named within it.
Odekhe Joy Eshioramhe's curriculum vitae provides personal and professional details in two pages. It includes his name, date of birth, contact information, education history, work experience, languages, and skills. He has a Master's in Finance from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and is currently working as the Accounts & Administrative Manager at Ruch Investment & Manufacturing Ltd in Lagos, Nigeria since December 2011. His CV details his relevant work experience, education qualifications, computer skills, hobbies and availability of references.
El documento resume los planes de trabajo para varios grados durante la semana del 29 de octubre al 2 de noviembre. Los estudiantes de segundo grado aprenderán sobre nutrición y alimentos, mientras que los de tercer grado usarán PowerPoint para integrar un proyecto de estudios sociales sobre los indios de Puerto Rico. Los de cuarto grado usarán Comic Life y PowerPoint para un proyecto sobre vocabulario taíno.
Name: Jane Doe
Date: July XX, 2014
Instructor’s Name: Beverly Hamilton
Assignment: SCIE XXX Lab Report
Title: Using Scientific Method
Purpose
The purpose of this lab is to be to determine how much fertilizer is needed to
yield the most amount of Maize.
Introduction
Why is soil such an important part of cropping/ framing? In a paper prepared as
background in “Soil Biodiversity and Sustainable Agricultural” it clearly states that “the
improvement in agricultural sustainability requires, alongside effective water and crop
management, the optimal use and management of soil fertility and soil physical
properties..... Consider the issue of soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem management of
great importance to the achievement of sustainable, resources-efficient and productive
agriculture” (soil-biodiversity, 2013). So it is safe to say that soil is so important because
it is essential to our survival. Soil play a large role in one of our major food sources and it
doesn’t just affect human but animals as well.
Arable soil is commonly used in agriculture, which is due to its ability to grow various
kinds of crops. Nonarable soil however is not appropriate for agricultural purposes.
Nonarable soil is unsuitable because of reasons such as, lack of water, abundance of salt
or sand, high precipitation, etc. Nevertheless, nonarable soil can harvest crops so long it
is properly fertilized. Both arable and nonarable lands have been chosen as an
experimental cultivation site near the city of Melle, Germany where the yield of maize
Comment [BH1]: This should be a single
sentence.
Comment [BH2]: This paragraph talks about the
importance of soil.
was observed from 1990 through 1998. The climate variations have also been carefully
recorded on equally sized lots of both types of land.
Nitrogen is the key ingredient of proteins, which are the most important molecules of life.
“The use of nitrogen fertilizer is essential in modern agriculture because it increase the
crop yield by stimulating the growth rate of any plant. As nitrogen is accumulated, the
plants synthesize their proteins more efficiently” (M.U.S.E., 2013). The nitrogen
fertilizer helps produce plants it strengthens their structure and the plants become
immune to its environment even if the environment is inhabitable.
Hypothesis/Predicted Outcome
Based on the material collected, I trust that if arable and nonarable soil is
supplemented with the equal amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, the crop grown on arable soil
will grow healthier than that growing on nonarable soil.
Methods
The method of testing will involve the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizer in 10 arable and
10 nonarable sandy loam soils plots of the same size over the course of a year. Each plot
will have a different amount of nitrogen fertilizer added to the soil to measure the amount
maize growth to the amount of fertilizer. Starting.
Addressing soil fertility and food security issues with fertilizer trees in M...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
1) A study in Malawi evaluated the effects of fertilizer trees on soil fertility and maize yields, finding variable results. 2) Data was collected from 2011-2013 on plots with Faidherbia albida, Gliricidia sepium, Tephrosia vogelii, Cajanus cajan, and Sesbania sesban compared to sole crop plots. 3) On average, maize yields were higher with fertilizer trees than sole crops, but effects varied depending on the tree species, fertilizer use, elevation, and other local conditions.
DuPont Pioneer conducted corn population research trials across North America from 2001-2012. The results showed that the optimal seeding rate depends on yield levels, with higher rates needed for higher yields. For typical Midwest yields of 190-220 bushels per acre in 2013, the optimal economic seeding rate was found to be 34,600 seeds per acre. Hybrid improvements have allowed for higher populations over time, with the top yielding hybrids from 2009-2012 performing best at 40,000 plants per acre. Growers can use these results to determine the best seeding rates for their hybrids, locations, and management practices.
This document summarizes research on Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), a disease threatening maize production in East Africa. The research evaluated over 2,700 maize varieties for resistance/tolerance to MLN in Tanzania. Preliminary results identified 12 hybrids with higher yields than commercial checks, with the highest yielding 8.1 tons/hectare. Planting time was also found to impact MLN occurrence, with late planting carrying higher disease risk. The research aims to identify resistant varieties to integrate into crop/livestock systems and enhance smallholder productivity in the face of the MLN challenge.
Integration of maize Lethal Necrosis disease management in crop-livestock int...africa-rising
Poster prepared by MB Jumbo, D Makumbi, Janet Njeri Kimunye, G Mahuku, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
The study evaluated 25 wheat genotypes for yield and its components under natural field conditions. Data was recorded for various morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance. Most traits showed significant genetic variability except chlorophyll content. Plant height ranged from 51-110 cm with a mean of 80.6 cm. Number of tillers ranged from 3.4-11.4 with a mean of 7.4. Correlation analysis revealed plant height had positive correlations with spike length, plant biomass and 1000 grain weight. Number of tillers showed positive correlation with plant biomass. The study aims to identify traits that can help in wheat variety development with improved yield under biotic and abiotic stresses.
This document summarizes findings from a survey of yield differences between transgenic and non-transgenic crops. The survey found no clear evidence that GM crops yield more than conventionally bred crops due to a lack of valid comparative trials. GM crops are derived from a single parent and carry one or few transferred genes, whereas conventional crops benefit from hybrid vigor through crossing varieties. The document goes on to describe methods of plant breeding, including traditional, Mendelian, and Isolection breeding, and compares these proven methods to GM technology which aims to transfer genes via cell bombardment.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
This document summarizes a study examining the synergies between using cover crops and harvesting corn stover. It finds that cover crops provide agronomic benefits like reducing soil erosion but also incur costs to plant and terminate. The study uses several approaches to analyze if the additional revenue from higher stover removal rates allowed by cover crops can offset the costs of adopting cover crops. It estimates cover crop costs and benefits, performs benefit-cost analyses under different stover price scenarios, and uses a linear programming model to simulate farm impacts. The results show cover crops may allow up to 4 additional tons/ha of stover removal without harming soils. At current stover prices, net benefits ranged from losses to gains, but at higher prices,
Este documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo usar distintas funciones de correo electrónico y editar imágenes. Explica que Firefox y Chrome son navegadores de código abierto, cómo acceder a una cuenta de correo electrónico, cómo enviar y responder mensajes de correo, adjuntar archivos y fotos, y reenviar mensajes. También lista sitios web para editar imágenes y aplicar efectos como Photo Effect, Pixlr, Photofunia, y Picnik.
Practice is essential for developing skills and abilities. Regular practice in a particular area, such as playing a sport or musical instrument, allows one to gradually improve their proficiency over time through experience and repetition. Consistent practice of important tasks makes one's performance more automatic and helps maximize their potential.
Clip & Cut is a new hair salon opening in downtown Chicago. They will offer haircuts, coloring, highlighting and other hair services at affordable prices. The salon aims to provide quality hair care with a friendly and relaxing atmosphere for all customers.
Paul Gregory Kaiser provides 3 business references and 3 personal references. For business references, he lists an instructor from Bristol University, a former landlord, and a former manager. For personal references, he lists a former neighbor and present day friend, a former co-worker and present day friend, and a former classmate and present day friend. All references include the person's name, relationship to Kaiser, contact information, and length of time known.
Practice is essential for improving one's skills and abilities. Regular practice in a particular area, such as a sport, musical instrument, or profession, helps to strengthen performance and build mastery over time. Consistent practice of important tasks makes one's abilities stronger and more refined.
The document appears to be a technical file related to printing processes as it contains abbreviations for color separations including CMYK which stands for Cyan Magenta Yellow blacK. However, there is very little other contextual information provided so a full understanding of the purpose or content of the document cannot be determined from the limited information given.
The document contains a single name: Farfan Ballesteros Felipe. It does not provide any other details about this individual such as their occupation, age, nationality or other biographical information. The brevity of the document leaves much unknown about the person named within it.
Odekhe Joy Eshioramhe's curriculum vitae provides personal and professional details in two pages. It includes his name, date of birth, contact information, education history, work experience, languages, and skills. He has a Master's in Finance from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and is currently working as the Accounts & Administrative Manager at Ruch Investment & Manufacturing Ltd in Lagos, Nigeria since December 2011. His CV details his relevant work experience, education qualifications, computer skills, hobbies and availability of references.
El documento resume los planes de trabajo para varios grados durante la semana del 29 de octubre al 2 de noviembre. Los estudiantes de segundo grado aprenderán sobre nutrición y alimentos, mientras que los de tercer grado usarán PowerPoint para integrar un proyecto de estudios sociales sobre los indios de Puerto Rico. Los de cuarto grado usarán Comic Life y PowerPoint para un proyecto sobre vocabulario taíno.
Name: Jane Doe
Date: July XX, 2014
Instructor’s Name: Beverly Hamilton
Assignment: SCIE XXX Lab Report
Title: Using Scientific Method
Purpose
The purpose of this lab is to be to determine how much fertilizer is needed to
yield the most amount of Maize.
Introduction
Why is soil such an important part of cropping/ framing? In a paper prepared as
background in “Soil Biodiversity and Sustainable Agricultural” it clearly states that “the
improvement in agricultural sustainability requires, alongside effective water and crop
management, the optimal use and management of soil fertility and soil physical
properties..... Consider the issue of soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem management of
great importance to the achievement of sustainable, resources-efficient and productive
agriculture” (soil-biodiversity, 2013). So it is safe to say that soil is so important because
it is essential to our survival. Soil play a large role in one of our major food sources and it
doesn’t just affect human but animals as well.
Arable soil is commonly used in agriculture, which is due to its ability to grow various
kinds of crops. Nonarable soil however is not appropriate for agricultural purposes.
Nonarable soil is unsuitable because of reasons such as, lack of water, abundance of salt
or sand, high precipitation, etc. Nevertheless, nonarable soil can harvest crops so long it
is properly fertilized. Both arable and nonarable lands have been chosen as an
experimental cultivation site near the city of Melle, Germany where the yield of maize
Comment [BH1]: This should be a single
sentence.
Comment [BH2]: This paragraph talks about the
importance of soil.
was observed from 1990 through 1998. The climate variations have also been carefully
recorded on equally sized lots of both types of land.
Nitrogen is the key ingredient of proteins, which are the most important molecules of life.
“The use of nitrogen fertilizer is essential in modern agriculture because it increase the
crop yield by stimulating the growth rate of any plant. As nitrogen is accumulated, the
plants synthesize their proteins more efficiently” (M.U.S.E., 2013). The nitrogen
fertilizer helps produce plants it strengthens their structure and the plants become
immune to its environment even if the environment is inhabitable.
Hypothesis/Predicted Outcome
Based on the material collected, I trust that if arable and nonarable soil is
supplemented with the equal amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, the crop grown on arable soil
will grow healthier than that growing on nonarable soil.
Methods
The method of testing will involve the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizer in 10 arable and
10 nonarable sandy loam soils plots of the same size over the course of a year. Each plot
will have a different amount of nitrogen fertilizer added to the soil to measure the amount
maize growth to the amount of fertilizer. Starting.
Addressing soil fertility and food security issues with fertilizer trees in M...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
1) A study in Malawi evaluated the effects of fertilizer trees on soil fertility and maize yields, finding variable results. 2) Data was collected from 2011-2013 on plots with Faidherbia albida, Gliricidia sepium, Tephrosia vogelii, Cajanus cajan, and Sesbania sesban compared to sole crop plots. 3) On average, maize yields were higher with fertilizer trees than sole crops, but effects varied depending on the tree species, fertilizer use, elevation, and other local conditions.
DuPont Pioneer conducted corn population research trials across North America from 2001-2012. The results showed that the optimal seeding rate depends on yield levels, with higher rates needed for higher yields. For typical Midwest yields of 190-220 bushels per acre in 2013, the optimal economic seeding rate was found to be 34,600 seeds per acre. Hybrid improvements have allowed for higher populations over time, with the top yielding hybrids from 2009-2012 performing best at 40,000 plants per acre. Growers can use these results to determine the best seeding rates for their hybrids, locations, and management practices.
This document summarizes research on Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), a disease threatening maize production in East Africa. The research evaluated over 2,700 maize varieties for resistance/tolerance to MLN in Tanzania. Preliminary results identified 12 hybrids with higher yields than commercial checks, with the highest yielding 8.1 tons/hectare. Planting time was also found to impact MLN occurrence, with late planting carrying higher disease risk. The research aims to identify resistant varieties to integrate into crop/livestock systems and enhance smallholder productivity in the face of the MLN challenge.
Integration of maize Lethal Necrosis disease management in crop-livestock int...africa-rising
Poster prepared by MB Jumbo, D Makumbi, Janet Njeri Kimunye, G Mahuku, M Bekunda and I Hoeschle-Zeledon for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
The study evaluated 25 wheat genotypes for yield and its components under natural field conditions. Data was recorded for various morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance. Most traits showed significant genetic variability except chlorophyll content. Plant height ranged from 51-110 cm with a mean of 80.6 cm. Number of tillers ranged from 3.4-11.4 with a mean of 7.4. Correlation analysis revealed plant height had positive correlations with spike length, plant biomass and 1000 grain weight. Number of tillers showed positive correlation with plant biomass. The study aims to identify traits that can help in wheat variety development with improved yield under biotic and abiotic stresses.
This document summarizes findings from a survey of yield differences between transgenic and non-transgenic crops. The survey found no clear evidence that GM crops yield more than conventionally bred crops due to a lack of valid comparative trials. GM crops are derived from a single parent and carry one or few transferred genes, whereas conventional crops benefit from hybrid vigor through crossing varieties. The document goes on to describe methods of plant breeding, including traditional, Mendelian, and Isolection breeding, and compares these proven methods to GM technology which aims to transfer genes via cell bombardment.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
This document summarizes a study examining the synergies between using cover crops and harvesting corn stover. It finds that cover crops provide agronomic benefits like reducing soil erosion but also incur costs to plant and terminate. The study uses several approaches to analyze if the additional revenue from higher stover removal rates allowed by cover crops can offset the costs of adopting cover crops. It estimates cover crop costs and benefits, performs benefit-cost analyses under different stover price scenarios, and uses a linear programming model to simulate farm impacts. The results show cover crops may allow up to 4 additional tons/ha of stover removal without harming soils. At current stover prices, net benefits ranged from losses to gains, but at higher prices,
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Higher Input Prices Result in Greater Economic Incentives for Precision Agric...nacaa
Higher input prices can increase economic incentives for precision agriculture. The study evaluated fertilizer application rates using four scenarios on a farm with nine years of GPS yield data. Scenario 1 used the farmer's normal practices. Scenario 2 used 2.5 acre grid soil sampling. Scenario 3 used management zones based on soil type. Scenario 4 used zones based on GPS crop removal. Scenarios 2-4 all reduced fertilizer use and increased net returns, with savings of $36-88 per acre compared to normal practices. Precision agriculture was shown to be economically beneficial.
Vijay Bhosekar_ Published Article_ Organic Agriculturevijay bhosekar
Over 30 years of studies at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania found that:
1) Organic systems produced equal yields of corn and soybeans compared to conventional systems, while improving soil quality.
2) Organic systems were more profitable than conventional systems due to lower costs and premium prices for organic crops.
3) Organic systems used less energy and emitted fewer greenhouse gases than conventional systems to produce the same amount of crops.
Vijay bhosekar published article organic agriculturevijay bhosekar
Over 30 years of studies at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania found that:
1) Organic systems produced equal yields of corn and soybeans compared to conventional systems, while improving soil quality.
2) Organic systems were more profitable than conventional systems due to lower costs and premium prices for organic crops.
3) Organic systems used less energy and emitted fewer greenhouse gases than conventional systems to produce the same amount of crops.
NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE FALLOW WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTION COMPARISON IN...nacaa
An on-farm study compared conventional tillage fallow, no-till early seeding, and no-till late seeding winter wheat systems over four years. Soil moisture was similar down to three feet between treatments, but conventional tillage had more moisture in the upper eight inches. No-till systems had less soil compaction between ten and sixteen inches deep. Grain yield and economic return were similar for conventional tillage and no-till early seeding, averaging over $170 per acre. No-till late seeding yielded 20% less and had $115 per acre return over costs.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
This study evaluated the effects of three sowing methods (drilling, broadcasting, and broadcasting in standing water) and three seed rates (125 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter season in Quetta, Pakistan using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that drilling wheat at a seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased various growth and yield parameters compared to other treatments. This treatment led to taller plants, more tillers per plant, more spikes per plant, more grains per spike, higher 1000-grain weight, and greater grain and straw yield per plot. Uniform seed distribution and proper
Empirical EO based approach to wheat yield forecasting and its adaptation wit...CIMMYT
This document discusses an empirical Earth Observation (EO) based approach to wheat yield forecasting and its adaptation within the GEOGLAM framework. GEOGLAM is an international initiative that aims to inform agricultural decisions through coordinated Earth observations. The approach uses multi-temporal satellite data like NDVI to develop quantitative wheat yield forecasts at regional/national scales. A key challenge is obtaining annual crop type maps for spatially explicit time series. Aggregating high-resolution wheat masks to coarser resolutions can mitigate effects of crop rotations over time.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
1. April 20, 2010
To: United States Government
From: Kelan Kline
Re: Analysis of Wheat Crops in Various Growing Conditions
Per your request we have conducted a statistical analysis of the wheat crop in various testing and
growing conditions. We are able to better understand the factors which impact wheat yields
under various growing conditions after our testing and consolidating of the data. The
Government has instructed us to send copies of the analysis to all members of the United Nations
relief agencies working on this issue. This report will help U.N. workers understand which
growing conditions are best suited to be implemented by Afghani farmers to produce the highest
yield.
1. United Nations relief agencies: Please find your copy attached.
2. United Nations relief agencies: Provide acknowledgment of receipt of this email
If you have questions regarding any of the analysis or report, please contact me no later than
May 5th at (585-880-7047) or kelankline@gmail.com.
3. Wheat Analysis
Kline 1
Recent Research Contract from U.S. Government for
Wheat Analysis
Introduction:
This report delivers the results from a statistical analysis from a recent research contract provided
by the U.S. government. The research was done in order to help United Nations relief agencies
better help Afghani farmers produce the most wheat yield for the lowest cost. The U.S.
government and United Nations have authorized this study in support for the post-war assistance
to Afghani farmers.
The U.S. government has asked a major seed-grain company to provide crop test data on various
strains of wheat seeds, grown under various growing conditions. These conditions included:
amount of rain, variety in soil, fertilizer use, soil type, season, elevation, fungicide, and pesticide.
A total of 200 usable records were compiled for the analysis.
Numerous statistical analysis tools were applied to the data in order to gain an understanding of
the degree to which various factors are associated with advantageous outcomes. Details of the
analysis, including methods used, data preparation issues, and explanations of various in-depth
statistical constructs, appear in Appendix A. Highlights of the statistical analysis are discussed
below. Conclusions and recommendations are made, based on the discussion.
4. Wheat Analysis
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24%
51%
26%
Wheat Type Monsanto 225
delkab
droughtmaster
indian brown
45%
28%
28%
Soil Type
clay
rocky
sandy
40%
60%
Planting Season
Fall
Spring
50%50%
Fungicide Use
No
Yes
The large sample size collected, combined with the statistical methods used, allow us to state that
all conclusions and assertions reached are made with a 95% degree of confidence.
Descriptive Analysis:
We started by providing a brief overview of the data provided by the major seed-grain company.
There were 200 different growing conditions in which the data was collected. From the data
collected we can be 95% confident wheat yield will be between 45.4 bushels and 49.8 bushels.
The averages from these groups are listed below:
Rainfall=7.14 inches per season
Fertilizer=55.58 lbs. per acre
Elevation=2019 meters
The following exhibits show how various characteristics of the test plots are distributed. By
viewing these exhibits, one should be able to understand at a much broader view what the data
collected looked like. A detailed statistical analysis can be found in Appendix A-1 and A-2.
Exhibit 1 – Breakdown of proportions
5. Wheat Analysis
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29%
21%35%
16%
Pesticide Type
Neither
Joint Worm Only
Both
Root Worm Only
0
100
200
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 +3000
#incategory
Meters
Elevation
0
50
100
2 4 6 8 10 +10
#incategory
Inches per year
Amount of Rain
Exhibit 1 – Breakdown of proportions
continued
Exhibit 2- 81.5% of wheat tested was from an elevation of 2500-3000 meters
As seen in the exhibit above most of the data was taken from a crop field with an elevation of
2500 meters. This is significant in the fact that we do not have data from a lot of different
elevations.
Exhibit 3 – 42.5% of total rainfall was 8-10 inches
6. Wheat Analysis
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0
20
40
60
80
15 30 45 60 75 100 +100
#ineachcategory
Lbs. Per Acre
FertilizerUse
The above exhibit shows that on average the rainfall is around 8 inch’s. The range we used was 2
inches to above 10 inch’s.
Exhibit 4 – 33.5% of fertilizer used was 60-75 Acers
All of the wheat yield data given to us used between 15 lbs to 100 lbs of fertilizer. The majority
of fertilizer used was 60 lbs per acre.
Summary Analysis:
Impact on crop yields in fall and spring:
This analysis considers whether planting in the fall or spring had a better bushel per acre yield in
wheat. The average yield of wheat was 47.59 bushels. The results of this analysis are shown
below in exhibit 5:
Fall Spring
Mean (Bushels per acre) 40.3 52.4
Test Plots 80 120
Exhibit 5 – Average wheat yield fall vs. spring
The observed difference in averages from fall to spring is very significant. The difference is
around 12 more bushels yield when planting in the spring instead of the fall. From this analysis
7. Wheat Analysis
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planting in the spring would be much more advantageous. See Appendix A-3 for a detailed
statistical analysis.
Impact of soil type on yield:
The next analysis considers if the type of soil that the wheat was planted in had any effect on
yield. Clay soils yielded an average of 52.69 bushels per acre, sandy has an average of 50.18, and
rocky had an average of 36.71. The results of this analysis are below in exhibit 6:
Groups # Plots Average (bushel per acre)
Rocky 55 36.7
Clay 89 52.7
Sandy 56 50.2
Exhibit 6 – Average yield per soil type
The observed difference in averages shows there was not a statistical significant difference
between clay and sandy. When choosing which soil to use, clay and sandy will yield more than
rocky, but there is no advantage in choosing clay or sandy. See Appendix A-4 for a detailed
statistical analysis.
Impact of seedtype on yield:
The next analysis studied whether the type of seed had a statistical significant difference in the
outcome of yield per acre. Indian brown seed shows the largest average yield per acre with
58.29. Results of the analysis are shown below in exhibit 7.
8. Wheat Analysis
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Groups # of plots Average (bushels per acre)
Indian Brown 51 58.3
Delkab Droughtmaster 102 45.3
Monsanto 225 47 40.9
Exhibit 7 – Average yield per seed type
The difference between Indian brown and the other two seed types is statistically significant. See
Appendix A-5 for a detailed statistical analysis. Using Indian brown would be the most
advantageous seed to use to produce the largest amount of yield per acre.
Impact on yield with the use of fungicide:
This analysis studied whether the use of pre-emergence fungicide had a significant impact on the
amount of yield produced. The results from this analysis can be seen below in exhibit 8:
No Fungi Fungi
Average (bushels per acre) 40.9 54.3
# of plots 100 100
Exhibit 8 – Average yield with the use of Fungicide
The analysis shown above is significant in the difference in yield. The use of fungicide increased
the amount of yield by 13 bushels more per acre. The use of fungicide is proven to be beneficial
and we would highly recommend using fungicide. For a detailed statistical analysis see
Appendix A-6.
Impact on yield with the use of pesticide:
The next analysis considered if there was a significant difference in yield with the use of
different pesticides. As stated in Exhibit 9, the average yield when using root worm was 43.13
9. Wheat Analysis
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bushels, joint worm 41 bushels, both pesticides at 57 bushels, and the use of both pesticides was
70 bushels. The results are shown below in exhibit 9.
Type of Pesticide # of plots Average (yield per acre)
Root Worm 32 43.1
Joint Worm 41 45.2
Neither 57 33.9
Both 70 62.2
Exhibit 9 – Average wheat yield with the use of different pesticides
The differences show about are all significant except the difference seen between the use of root
worm and joint worm. To explain further, there is no value added in choosing between the two
pesticides, there is a not a significant difference. We would suggest using both of the pesticides if
the cost of doing so does not out weight the valued added in the increase of yield per acre. The
use of both pesticides together greatly increases the amount of yield in wheat. See Appendix A-7
for a detailed statistical analysis.
Correlation between the use of fertilizer and yield:
This analysis investigated whether it is worth spending the extra money on fertilizer. Fertilizer
can be very expensive so this analysis was extremely important to complete in order to see if
there is a strong correlating1 in the use of fertilizer and the amount of yield produced. As seen in
exhibit 10 below there is a strong correlation between the use of fertilizer and the amount of
yield produced; the analysis identified a .717 correlation.
1 Correlation is a numeric measure of the strength of association between two variables. Correlation coefficients
vary between -1 and 1, with 0 suggesting no association and 1 and -1 suggesting strong associations.The sign of the
correlation coefficients specified whether the variable move in opposite directions (negative correlation) or whether
the variables raise and fall together(positive correlation).
10. Wheat Analysis
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
YeildinBushels
Fertilizer (lbs per acre)
Scatter Chart for Fertilizervs. Yeild
Exhibit 10 – Correlation between fertilizer use and yield
The correlation is a positive correlation as seen above. Exhibit 10 does a great job of
demonstrating the increase in wheat yield with the increase in fertilizer used. If cost efficient,
using more fertilizer will produce a larger wheat yield will be significantly beneficial. From
looking at exhibit 10 the use of 60lbs to 80lbs of fertilizer would be the most cost efficient and
beneficial to wheat yield. For a detailed statistical analysis see Appendix A-8.
Correlation between rainfall and wheat yield:
The next analysis tested the strength of the correlation between the amount of rainfall and the
amount of yield per acre. This is also very important analysis to better understand the
relationship between the amount of rainfall and yield produced per acre. The analysis suggested
a correlation of about .68 for both rainfall and yield per acre. This fairly strong correlation
suggests a close, predictive relationship between these two variables; see exhibit 11. In summary,
the more rainfall the higher the wheat yield will likely be. This being said too much rain would
flood the crops and ruin them for no yield.
11. Wheat Analysis
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
YieldBushels
Rain Fall (Inch)
Scatter Chart Rain vs. Yeild
Exhibit 11 – Correlation between rainfall and wheat yield
In summary the results of this analysis in exhibit 11 show that an increase in rainfall will in turn
increase the amount of wheat yield. We recommend trying to plant in regions that have a good
amount of rainfall. See Appendix A-9 for a detailed statistical analysis.
Correlation between elevation and wheat yield:
This analysis compared elevation to amount of wheat yield. The correlation is negative with a
coefficient of -.45, this meaning that it is not a very strong correlation. Exhibit 12 outlines show
this negative correlation (the tendency for the data points to cluster along a straight downward
line), it also shows a vertical cluster between 2000 meters and 2500 meters, which explains that
the correlation is more complex than what the eye may see.
12. Wheat Analysis
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
YeildinBushels
Elevation (Meters)
Scatter Chart for Elevation vs. Yield
Exhibit 12 – Correlation between elevation and wheat yield
In summary, the higher the elevation the lower the wheat yields per acre. The correlation
between elevation and yield is a complex correlation and it is considered moderate. For a
detailed statistical analysis refer to Appendix A-10.
Predicting wheat yield:
The next analysis was done with the goal of determining what variables would be significant in
predicting wheat yield in bushels per acre using a regression2 analysis. As detailed in Appendix
A-11 and A-12 rain, fertilizer, Indian brown seed, rocky soil, and the use of both pesticides were
found to be the most predictive numeric variables. The left over variables such as elevation,
fungicide, Monsanto 225 seed, Delkab droughtmaster seed, sandy soil, clay soil, fall/spring
2 The use of regression to make quantitative predictions of one variable from the values of other variables.
A regression analysis is used to help point out which variables in an equations have the most significance
in predicting an outcome. Variables are taken out of the equation if they have no significance, which in
turn makes the equation and accurate and simple as possible.
13. Wheat Analysis
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planting, joint worm/root worm/no pesticide were all irrelevant in regard to predicting wheat
yield.
This analysis determined that the following equation is fairly effective in predicting wheat yield,
with approximately 75% of the variation of total wheat yield effectively predicted.
Total yield = 16.50 + 1.71(rainfall) + .27(Lbs. of fertilizer) + 8.76(Indian brown) - 5.53(Rocky
soil) + 9.54(Both Pesticides)
“Indian brown” is set to 1 if Indian brown was used and 0 otherwise. Likewise, “Rocky soil” is
set to 1 if wheat was planted in rocky soil and 0 if it was not. Last “Both Pesticides” is set to 1 if
both pesticides (rootworm/jointworm) were used and 0 if they were not both used. Our equation
suggests that having a good amount of rainfall and fertilizer increases wheat yield. Also, it is
advantageous to use Indian brown seeds, with the addition of using both pesticides. Finally,
planting in rocky soil decreases the amount of yield by a predicted 5.53 bushels per acre. Please
refer to Appendix A-13 for a detailed statistical analysis.
Example estimated wheat yield with predetermined conditions:
In this analysis we examined two hypothetical growing situations and calculated an estimated
yield based on our equation above. Our first example supposes the following conditions: Indian
Brown seed, 5 inches of rainfall per year, and 50 pounds per acre of fertilizer, rocky soil, fall
planting, elevation 1500 meters, no fungicide, and no pesticide. With these variables we were
able to determine an estimate of 41.8 bushels per acre, as seen in our equation below:
14. Wheat Analysis
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Total yield=16.50 + 1.71(5) + .27(50) + 8.76(1) - 5.53(1) + 9.54(0) = 41.8
Our second growing condition has the following conditions: Monsanto 225 seed, 10 inches of
rainfall per year, 30 pounds per acre of fertilizer, clay soil, spring planting, elevation 500 meters,
fungicide applied, and both pesticides applied. From the above variables we were able to
estimate 51.2 bushels per acre as seen in the equation below:
Total yield=16.50 + 1.71(10) + .27(30) + 8.76(0) – 5.53(0) + 9.54(1) = 51.2
Prediction of wheat yield in three regions of Afghanistan:
In the following analysis we researched three different regions in Afghanistan that could be
possible locations to grow wheat. We found the soil type along with the amount of rainfall for
each region; this information was found on the websites listed below. Other variables were
assumed such as 75 pounds per acre of fertilizer, the use of Indian brown seed (best seed), and no
fungicide or pesticides. The three regions we selected to use as a research and estimate tool are:
Kabul, Herat, and Nili. Starting with Kabul we found 13.22 inches of rainfall and rocky soil,
with this information and the assumed variables we found an estimate of 62.59 bushels per acre.
Second was Herat, we found they had 9.33 inches of rainfall and clay soil, again using these
variables and the assumed variables; we found an estimate of 61.46 bushels per acre. Last was
Nili, we found they had 5.4 inches of rain and rocky soil, once again using these variables and
the assumed variables, we were able to estimate 49.21 bushels per acre. Go to Appendix A-14
for a detailed statistical analysis.
Herat:
http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/afghanistan/Herat.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Afghanistan_physical_en.png
http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/afghanistan-soil.html
Kabul:
http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/pageinfo_pays.php3?Pays=AFG&Opt=climate
Nili:
http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Nili-weather-averages/Bamian/AF.aspx
15. Wheat Analysis
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Summary and Conclusion:
We were assigned by the U.S. government to conduct a statistical analysis in order to better
understand the factors that impact wheat yield under various growing conditions. This analysis
was performed to aid the United Nations with their continued effort in post-war assistance to
Afghani farmers. The data was provided by a major seed-grain company, 200 samples of various
strains of wheat seeds, and tested plus recorded growing conditions.
We applied numerous statistical analysis tools to the data in order to gain an understanding of the
degree to which various factors are related with advantageous outcomes, and we were successful.
The large sample size, combined with the statistical approaches used, allow us to state that all
assertions made are made with a 95% degree of confidence.
Recommendations:
Many recommendations to the U.S. government and United Nations were included within the
main body of the report. For convenience, they are summarized here:
Planting in the spring did first show up as being advantageous over planting in the fall,
but after our research of three different regions we found that most of the rainfall comes
in the fall season. It would be extremely hard to have good crop yields in the spring with
the little amount of rainfall. (see page 6);
Do not plant in rocky soil; wheat yields are much smaller in rocky soil. (see page 7);
Out of the three seed options to choose to buy from Indian brown will provide the most
yields. Depending on cost, Indian brown is by far the best option. (see page 7);
16. Wheat Analysis
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Coating the seeds in fungicide is recommended; there is a significant difference in total
yield output with the use of fungicide compared to not using of fungicide. (see page 7);
We would suggest using both of the pesticides if the cost of doing so does not out weight
the valued added in the increase of yield per acre. The use of both pesticides together
greatly increases the amount of yield in wheat. (see page 8);
If cost efficient, using more fertilizer will produce a larger wheat yield which will be
significantly beneficial. (see page 10) ;
We recommend trying to plant in regions that have a good amount of rainfall. The more
rainfall the larger the wheat yield up to the extent of flooding. (see page 11);
Planting at lower elevations should help produce larger wheat yields. Through our
research we found that normally the lower the elevation the better the soil is to plant. The
higher the elevation the more rocky, which we have stated greatly reduces yield. (see
page 12);
Our equation suggests that having a good amount of rainfall and fertilizer increases wheat
yield. Also, it is advantageous to use Indian brown seeds, with the addition of using both
pesticides. Lastly, planting in rocky soil decreases the amount of yield by a predicted
5.53 bushels per acre. (See page 13);
Out of the three regions we researched and estimated, wheat yield for Kabul had the
greatest estimated wheat yield. This in turn suggests that planting in Kabul would
produce more yield than Herat and Nili. (see page 14).
17. Wheat Analysis
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In conclusion, we recommend purchasing Indian brown seed as Indian brown significantly
increase the amount of wheat that is produced compared to the other seeds. We would also
recommend being careful where to plant these seeds as there are many growing conditions that
are extremely important to avoid. An example of one of these would be rocky soil, which would
also take out planting at high elevations since these two things go hand in hand. Also, based on
our research of the three regions in Afghanistan, it is necessary to plant the seeds in the fall, the
reason being, there is not enough rainfall in spring to have a successful yield.
At last, the success of the U.S. government and United Nations post-war assistance to Afghani
farmers will be up to the Afghani. Using the analysis we have provided and executing on the
recommendations given will ensure a successful post-war assistance. We believe this analysis
has been very beneficial to our company, U.S. government, and United Nations. We thank you
for your time and know our statistical analysis has provided the opportunity to help with the
post-war assistance, and save thousands upon thousands of dollars in mistakes that most likely
would have been made.