3. Use the plural noun with no article OR
a + singular noun
(same meaning)
http://www.govloop.com/forum/topics/do-working-women-in-washington-d-c-receive-equal-opportunities
4. Nowadays, a woman’s role
and position has changed
OR
Nowadays, women’s roles
and positions have
changed.
5. A woman in the 1980’s
earned less money, and a
woman now earns more.
OR
Women in the 1980’s
earned less money, and
women now earn more.
8. **“In this century, the
breadwinners are
women.”
This means that ALL breadwinners
are now women! (Not true!)
9. **“In this century, the
breadwinners are
women.”
It means that NO men have jobs any
more! (Not true!)
10. You mean:
In this century, more women are
becoming breadwinners.
OR
In this century, many women are
breadwinners.
OR
In this century, more women are
breadwinners than in the past.
13. Even 100 years ago, when MOST
women were housewives, not ALL
women were housewives!
Left: 19th-century nuns: http://www.phatmass.com/phorum/topic/112134-old-habitsdie-hard page-2#.Um10Oxbvw6U. Right: 19th-century prostitutes:
http://samanthabvance.wordpress.com/presentation-page/
14. You mean:
A woman’s role has traditionally
been a housewife.
OR
Most women have usually been
housewives.
OR A housewife has always
been a woman’s traditional role.
17. **“Most modern women
are highly educated and
occupy high paid jobs.”
“Most” means 90-95%, or almost all.
That is not true!
18. **“Most modern women
are highly educated and
occupy high paid jobs.”
Today, lot of women are not highly
educated.
19. **“Most modern women
are highly educated and
occupy high paid jobs.”
Today, lot of women occupy lowpaid jobs.
20. You mean:
Today, more women are highly
educated and occupy high-paid
jobs than in the past.
OR
Today, more and more women
are becoming highly educated
and occupying high-paid jobs.
23. Your quote is the filling in a
“sandwich”!
Quotation
24. For example:
According to Dennis Cauchon, author
of a USA Today article about rolereversal,
“ … wives outearn their husbands
Quote
28% of the time when both work, up
from 16% 25 years ago.” This figure
tells us that American families are
depending more on a wife’s income.
25. Normally, we do not begin or
end a paragraph with
quotation marks!
26. Problem #4
Be sure that you understand the
two things you are comparing!
30. A Very Quick History of
Women in the U.S.
(Similar in Canada, Europe
and Australia)
31. American women @
1860
• No vote
• Few
property
rights
• No good jobs
• Few rights
to divorce.
32. American women @ 1860
If you were:
Rich
Middle Class
Poor
Your husband
or father
decided
everything.
Your servants
did all the work.
You wore
beautiful
clothes and did
almost nothing.
You were a
housewife.
Probably you
also helped with
your family’s
farm or business.
The man in your
life was boss.
You were a
servant, a slave
or a prostitute,
or maybe a
factory worker.
Your life was
very, very hard.
33. American women @ 1860 1920
• No vote: trying
to get the vote
• Increasing
property rights
• A few more
jobs
• College
education for
a few women
• Some rights
to divorce.
34. American women @ 1860 1920
If you were:
Rich
Middle
Class
Your husband or
father decided
almost
everything. Your
servants did all
the work. Maybe
you got some
education, but
you did not
work.
You were a
housewife. If
your husband or
father had a
store of
business,
maybe you
helped out. If
you were single,
you could work
as a teacher,
Poor
You were a
servant or a
prostitute, or
very likely a
factory
worker. Your
life was very
hard.
35. American women1920 1970
•
•
•
•
•
•
Got the vote in 1920.
Equal property rights.
Education increasingly equal to men.
Lots of jobs, but usually less pay than men.
Divorce became easier and more common.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination
36. American women @ 1920 1970
If you were:
Rich
You could
decide most
things about
your life. Your
servants did
some of the
work. You had
an excellent
education, but
you only had a
job if you
wanted one.
Middle Class
You finished
high school, and
often went to
college. Before
you got married,
you probably
worked as a
teacher, nurse
or office worker.
After you got
married, you
were probably a
housewife.
Poor
You worked at
a low-paying
job. Your life
was hard.
37. American women1970 Now
•
•
•
•
•
•
Equal rights under the law.
Education equal or higher than men.
More and more equality in job opportunities.
Equal employment rights under law, but income gap remain
Divorce becomes very common.
Most married women work outside the home.
38. American women @ 1970 Now
If you are:
Rich
You decide
everything
about your life.
You have some
paid household
help. You have
an excellent
education and
probably a highpaying job—
maybe you
make more than
your husband.
Middle Class
Poor
You probably go to
college and maybe
to graduate school.
Your job
opportunities are
more an more
similar to a man’s,
but still not
completely equal.
You probably work
after you are
married. Maybe you
are the
breadwinner or
make more than
your husband.
You work at a lowpaying job. Your life
is hard (harder than
50 years ago)!
Wages for low-level
jobs are lower now,
adjusted for
inflation. If you
have a husband, he
may be out of
work—for poor
people, men’s jobs
have been hit
harder than
women’s.
39. “An American role-reversal: Women the new
breadwinners” (2013) is about a very specific
new phenomenon.
Photo: Janice Burton for the U.S. Army
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/24/female-breadwinners/2015559/
40. This article describes how the percentage of
women who are primary breadwinners for their
families is increasing.
Photo: Janice Burton for the U.S. Army
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/24/female-breadwinners/2015559/
41. For example, the percentage of families in which
the wife is the breadwinner increased from 6% in
1988 to 23% in 2010.
Photo: Janice Burton for the U.S. Army
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/24/female-breadwinners/2015559/
42. BUT remember that these families are STILL the minority!
If the wife is the major breadwinner in 23% of families, that
means that in 77% of families, it is still the husband.
Photo: Janice Burton for the U.S. Army
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/24/female-breadwinners/2015559/
