This document compares the welfare states of Sweden and Spain. Sweden follows a social democratic model that aims to universally provide high-quality public services. Spain follows a Mediterranean model that combines universal services with social insurance. Sweden spends more on health care and social benefits as a percentage of GDP. Swedish social transfers are also more effective at reducing poverty. While there are differences, more research is needed to fully understand the models.
This EIU report has been commissioned by Gilead Sciences. It looks at health outcomes of treatment relative to cost and at the structure of Spanish healthcare delivery, the process of making healthcare more accountable in Spain, and the growth and adoption of value-based measures.
The aim of this paper is to identify patterns of utilization of formal and informal long term care (LTC) across European countries and discuss possible determinants of demand for different types of care. Specific research questions are of the volume of different types of care and conditions under which care is undertaken. The latter include demographic factors, especially ageing of the society, health status and limitations caused by poor health, family settings and social networking. The analysis indicates substantial differences in obtaining LTC across European countries depending on the tradition and social protection model that determine availability of institutional care and provision of informal care. In the Nordic-type countries with high state responsibility and high provision of institutional care, informal care is of less importance and - if received - it is mostly care provided from on irregular basis from outside the family. With growing needs for care, formal settings come in. Countries of the continental Europe are less unified with high share of people using formal settings of care, but also combining formal and informal care. In Mediterranean countries provision of informal care, including personal care, plays much greater role than formal LTC.
Authored by: Agnieszka Sowa, Izabela Styczynska
Published in 2011
This EIU report has been commissioned by Gilead Sciences. It looks at health outcomes of treatment relative to cost and at the structure of Spanish healthcare delivery, the process of making healthcare more accountable in Spain, and the growth and adoption of value-based measures.
The aim of this paper is to identify patterns of utilization of formal and informal long term care (LTC) across European countries and discuss possible determinants of demand for different types of care. Specific research questions are of the volume of different types of care and conditions under which care is undertaken. The latter include demographic factors, especially ageing of the society, health status and limitations caused by poor health, family settings and social networking. The analysis indicates substantial differences in obtaining LTC across European countries depending on the tradition and social protection model that determine availability of institutional care and provision of informal care. In the Nordic-type countries with high state responsibility and high provision of institutional care, informal care is of less importance and - if received - it is mostly care provided from on irregular basis from outside the family. With growing needs for care, formal settings come in. Countries of the continental Europe are less unified with high share of people using formal settings of care, but also combining formal and informal care. In Mediterranean countries provision of informal care, including personal care, plays much greater role than formal LTC.
Authored by: Agnieszka Sowa, Izabela Styczynska
Published in 2011
No Longer a Purely Political Question: Challenging the Austerity Approach Thr...Gabriel Armas-Cardona
Reviewing the austerity crisis in Europe, the lack of human rights discourse, and how to promote economic, social and cultural rights in a similar context. Presentation given on April 8, 2016.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Your comments are making this work in progress much more interesting. Thank you! This an early version of a presentation requested by @MiquelDuran at Universidad de Girona and mi department at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. I explain how do we incorporate new technologies and skills in classes and research. It is work in progress and open to improvement. All comments welcomed. Esta presentación es una propuesta de Miquel Duran y un un encargo de la UAM sobre cómo incorporo la tecnología a mi trabajo en la universidad. Todos los comentarios son bienvenidos. Es trabajo en progreso.
Health system comparison Ireland and the USA Mark O'Donovan
Content: Health systems review.
Overview: Essay comparing the health systems in Ireland and the United States of America in terms of equity, efficiency and effectiveness.
Please Note
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
No Longer a Purely Political Question: Challenging the Austerity Approach Thr...Gabriel Armas-Cardona
Reviewing the austerity crisis in Europe, the lack of human rights discourse, and how to promote economic, social and cultural rights in a similar context. Presentation given on April 8, 2016.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a P...ijtsrd
This paper examines the problem of youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria, with a view of highlighting the need for effective and sustainable social protection strategy in the country. Majority of Nigerians are engulfed in the ocean of poverty. The Nigerian government seem to have shown lighter effort in its contractual obligation to provide socioeconomic security to its citizens. There is drastic collapse of social security, increase in unemployment rate and consequently high rate of poverty. Youth are very important stakeholders in any society; they are regarded not only as useful resources in nation-building but also the backbone of any societal development. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the dual problem of poverty and unemployment especially among the youths as the major disease that crippled the attempt by Nigeria to achieve sustainable development and at the same time ascertain the need for the formulation and implementation of effective and sustainable social protection strategy as a means of tackling the ever increasing rate of unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. The paper recommended that, for Nigeria to tackle unemployment and poverty problem, the priority of the people shall be identified, corruption must be eliminated and informal sectors, such as agriculture, shall be incorporated into the national economic priority, not public sector or oil alone. Muazu Abdullahi Ishaq | Sulaiman Isyaku Muhammad | Aminu Abdullahi | Jamilu Abdulahmid Bello"Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: Effective Social Protection as a Panacea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5961.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/5961/youth-unemployment-and-poverty-in-nigeria--effective-social-protection-as-a-panacea/muazu-abdullahi-ishaq
Your comments are making this work in progress much more interesting. Thank you! This an early version of a presentation requested by @MiquelDuran at Universidad de Girona and mi department at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. I explain how do we incorporate new technologies and skills in classes and research. It is work in progress and open to improvement. All comments welcomed. Esta presentación es una propuesta de Miquel Duran y un un encargo de la UAM sobre cómo incorporo la tecnología a mi trabajo en la universidad. Todos los comentarios son bienvenidos. Es trabajo en progreso.
Health system comparison Ireland and the USA Mark O'Donovan
Content: Health systems review.
Overview: Essay comparing the health systems in Ireland and the United States of America in terms of equity, efficiency and effectiveness.
Please Note
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
Older People with Chronic Diseases: A Vision of the Futurekomalicarol
The Spanish Constitution in article 43 establishes the Right to
Health and its development, through the General Law on Health,
urges the National Health System (SNS) and the Health Services
of the Autonomous Communities (CCAA), to develop Comprehensive Plans or Regional Health Plans
This article analyses Spanish pension plans, which have had growing trend over the last years. They are considered a complement to the public pensions offered by the social security system, and many companies, especially large ones, set up pension plans for their employees as a measure of corporate social responsibility. The
aim of this paper is to describe the pension plan system in Spain and analyse its profitability. For this purpose, the study has focused on the plans offered by financial institutions listed on the IBEX35 in 2022 since they are the most important and, as they have similar characteristics, we avoid comparative bias. The study covers the 5-year period from 2017 to 2021 and analyses the pension plan profitability from different points of view: according to the category of the plan, the management entity and the analysis of the average profitability of each category of the
different entities. The results show that equities, mixed equities and mixed fixed income plans, in this order, are the most numerous. They are also the ones that have generated the highest profitability in recent years, in general terms.
However, guaranteed income plans are the most stable over time. Moreover, it is observed that results are similar in the different management companies analised.
EU regulation of health services but what about public health?tamsin.rose
Highlights some of the issues with the planned approach by the EU to regulate healthcare services and social welfare services across Europe. Raises questions about public health and the importance of civil society (NGOs) as service providers and building social capital
The Netherlands ranks high in The Economist Intelligence
Unit’s Mental Health Integration Index, coming seventh overall.
The evolution of the system has been unusual: the country
created an extensive parallel system of community care without doing much do reduce hospital-based provision.
Well-designed social protection systems can improve the lives of people and r...DRIVERS
Policy brief produced by the DRIVERS project, aimed at practitioners and policy makers. Provides information about how income & social protection are important for health and health inequalities, solutions to improve health equity, and opportunities to advocate at the national and European levels.
Research done while in PwC Mexico. A short version was included as part of a PwC publication "Future of Pacific Alliance", that was presented at the presidental summit in Chile on July 2016.
Italian Regions are the accountable entities for healthcare policies: their activity is not limited to
policymaking but includes also management and financing of the Healthcare Public Utilities and services. A
first step will be the creation of a dataset of revenues and expenditures of the Healthcare sector. Second, the cofinancing policy will be analyzed using comparative grids of in/out-flows of each Region. Third, it will be taken
into account the regional fiscal coverage of the balance deficit. The sample is composed by the Italian Regions.
Last the analysis between our theoretical approach based on law and the real economic balance. Furthermore it
will be analyzed the National and Regional Healthcare System financing (in)-stability, highlighting current cash
flows, sources and investments using the “separation” of the Healthcare accounting items in the Balance Sheet.
Through chi-square test analysis and method of OLS the group of study look a possible relation be-tween
balance and respect of lea without finding a relationship. Latter, it will be represented an analysis of the National
Health Fund allocation to the Regions. It will be also conducted a critical analysis of the current allocation
formula and it will be proposed a simplified criterion of allocation.
Some arguments are briefly presented about the negative consequences of the deep global economic and financial crisis of 2008 on the economic activity and the social situation in Spain. Reformulation, sustainability and financial viability of social welfare in Spain require a new management through resource efficiency, increasing market presence and initiative of stakeholders as a whole. In this sense, the main credible argument of the welfare social in Spain depends on a new perspective on socialization and generosity of social protection system. Specifically, the solution to the crisis must come through economic growth, increased productivity, employment and competitiveness and not by the way of increasing levels of social protection.
Jussi Tervola, Susanna Mukkila, Katja Ilmarinen ja Satu Kapiainen: The effect...THL
Jussi Tervola, Susanna Mukkila, Katja Ilmarinen ja Satu Kapiainen. Workshop: Projecting population health and care needs using population survey and register data. 17.9.2018.
France ranks 13th overall in The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Mental Health Integration Index, but its category results are uneven, ranging from first place in the “Opportunities” category to 20th in “Environment”.
The organisation of mental health provision in local sectors
enables the creation of some high-quality care systems, but has led to significant inconsistency across the country.
The UK ranks second overall in The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Mental Health Integration Index and first in two individual categories.
English policy towards those with mental illness has seen a steady improvement, bolstered by a generally supportive political environment. Current policy is strong, and aims to create a “parity of esteem” between mental and physical health services (ie, giving equal value to mental and physical health).
In recent years, population ageing has attracted the attention of research and policy advisors in all European countries. Several policy actions have been directed toward ensuring optimal long-term care (LTC) for elderly people while maintaining fiscal rationality. LTC systems are very different across all European countries. Their design is characterized by diverse arrangements for the provision of care/organization and financing. Despite general concerns, the Polish LTC system is still at the bottom of the pile in terms of the organization and provision of care.
Authored by: Izabela Styczynska
Similar to Comparative Politics - Course report: "How different are the Spanish and Swedish welfare states?" (19)
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Comparative Politics - Course report: "How different are the Spanish and Swedish welfare states?"
1. How different are the Swedish and Spanish
welfare states?
This report shows the differences between welfare states in Spain and Sweden with
regard to ideological basis and model, coverage offered to citizens and relative
public expenditure. This report briefly analyses the welfare system model that
applies to both countries, taking the typology designed by Gøsta Esping-Andersen
as a reference. The report also pays attention to two components of the welfare
state: the health care system and the expenditure on social benefits and its
effectiveness on reducing at-risk poverty, as an appropriate measure to assess
performance of both welfare systems.
Key words
Welfare state – public expenditure – Spain – Sweden – welfare system model – social
benefits – health care system
Carlos Palomo Lario1
carlosp.l.91@gmail.com
www.linkedin.com/in/carlospalomolario
E-magazine: www.scoop.it/t/welfare-states-spain-aand-sweden
This report has been prepared for
2. HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE SWEDISH AND SPANISH WELFARE STATES? By Carlos Palomo
This article will be useful for the client because it offers an overview of the welfare system in
Spain and Sweden that enables to know some of the most important features of both cases,
particularly in the area of social benefits, where important data on public expenditure are
provided. Moreover, data on the effectiveness of social transfers at reducing at-risk poverty,
which can be considered one of the most accurate measures to assess the quality of a welfare
state, are included. In addition, the client can also find qualitative information referred to
which model of welfare regime each country corresponds to and referred to the health care
system of both countries. In brief, this article tries to offer a short but comprehensive
introduction to some of the most important elements that comprise any welfare state.
Ideological basis and welfare system model
According to Gøsta Esping Andersen’s (1993 citated in Pérez Nieto, 2005: 22) classic
typologies of welfare state, the Swedish one belongs to the «social democratic» or
«Scandinavian» model. The underlying aim of this model is to build a universal network of
services with regard to citizenship (universal coverage by the public system), with standards
tending to optimum quality rather than minimum and trying to avoid state-markets conflicts
and tensions between social classes. The focus is on providing high-quality public
equalitarian services to every person, within a supportive and redistributive system.
Moreover, the Swedish welfare state shows commitment to sustained full employment for
men and women (Esping-Andersen, 1993: 285). However, the idea of the Swedish state as
universal provider can be challenged due to reforms in the last two decades.
Spain was not included in Esping-Andersen’s original typologies, but in the mid-90s scholars
started to pay more attention to it and considered this country as part of a new model: the
Mediterranean welfare state. Countries belonging to this model are considered an
underdeveloped form of the conservative-corporatist model, whose aim is at reducing social
differences up to an acceptable minimum but not trying to eliminate them (Pérez Nieto, 2005:
22). Spain has a model that combines universal services (education and health care) with
social insurance-based services together with a great importance given to the family as
services provider as a result of the believe that they are self-sufficient to take care of their
members (Moreno and Bruquetas, 2011: 26-27) and as result of the underfunding of social
services.
Health care
The Swedish health care system has a «cradle to grave approach» (Hort, 2008: 435): health
attention covers children before they are born and old people until their death. For mothers or
future mothers, the public system offers sexual health guidance, prevention centres, parental
education and regular check-ups of expectant mothers. All these services are free of charge
during the whole pregnancy (Hort, 2008: 435). For children and youngsters up to twenty years
old, full public medical attention is provided at no direct cost. Every adult has the right of free
dentist and general practitioner choice, notwithstanding the limited choice in sparsely
populated areas. For adults, the system is also heavily subsidised with public funds. However,
they have to pay a fee to use all services. Managed by the county councils with a high degree
of independence, hospitals have among them a competition-cooperation relation. Together
with the public system, there are also publicly subsidised private practitioners (Hort, 2008:
436). Swedish citizens, EU citizens and people from countries with agreements with Sweden
are entitled to use the Swedish public health care system.
In the case of Spain, universal health care is paid with funds taken from taxes and no direct
co-payment is required for users except for medicines, prostheses and other services, but the
general idea is that health care is free. The coverage used to be almost universal for residents
[2]
3. HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE SWEDISH AND SPANISH WELFARE STATES? By Carlos Palomo
in Spain in equal conditions, but recent reforms have limited this situation. Since the 90s and
mainly in the 2000s, private management has increased in public services and
«mercantilisation» has grown due to the withdrawal of medicines from the public health
system. Both strategies were aimed at reducing the high structural deficit of the health care
system (Villota Gil-Escoin and Vázquez, 2008: 176). These strategies have also been
implemented «to balance the universal right to health with the economic interests of the
private sector» (Villota Gil-Escoin and Vázquez, 2008: 178).
In the EU15 context, Spain and Sweden are in the ends when talking about copayment in
health care public services. In Spain, there is copayment mainly in medicines, whereas
general practice, consultancy attention, hospital attention and emergencies are free of direct
charge: they are paid through taxes. On the opposite, Sweden has the copayment system in all
the health care services, regardless of the voluntary decision of the patient to use the services
(general practice, emergencies, and medicines) or not (hospital attention and consultancy
attention). So, Swedish system aims at collecting money and discouraging potential patients
to use health services, whereas the Spanish one offers an open and almost free attention
(Cirera, Mas and Viñolas, 2011).
If we look at total expenditure on health care as percentage of GDP (OCDE, 2012), Spain
expended an average of 8.9% of its GDP in health care between 2004 and 2010, whereas
Sweden expended an average of 9.3 %. There is a slight difference, but the underlying trend is
much more interesting, as in 2004 Spain expended 8.2% and Sweden 9.1% of their respective
GDP in health. Six years later, in 2010, both countries expended the same: 9.6 % of their
GDP. Therefore, Spain has made a bigger effort to equalise expenditure on health. However,
with regard to the percentage of public expenditure over total expenditure on health
(OCDE, 2012), between 2004 and 2010 the average of the analysed years is 72.4 % in the
case of Spain, whereas the Swedish one is higher: 81.3 %. These percentages of public
expenditure are translated into an average public per capita expenditure between 2004 and
2010 (OCDE, 2012) of US$ 1,952.6 expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) in the case
of Spain and US$ PPP 2,748.8 in the case of Sweden. Figures are clear: Sweden invested in
public health care roughly US$ PPP 800 per person on average more than Spain in the
analysed years.
Social benefits
Spain expended an average of 21.82 % of its GDP on social protection (Eurostat, 2012)
between 2005 and 2009 and Sweden expended an average percentage of 30.43 in the same
1
years. If we look at which functions expenditure on social benefits is dedicated to
(Eurostat, 2012), we see that Spain, between 2005 and 2009, expended an average of 7.4% in
disability whereas Sweden expended more than double: 14.9%. In both cases, respective
expenditure is roughly constant in all the years. In old age, Spain expended in the same years
an average of 32.2% of social benefits, whereas Sweden expended an average of 38.7% of
social benefits. The percentage of social benefits dedicated to families and children between
2005 and 2009 ranged between an average of 6.1% in Spain to an average of 10% in Sweden.
This small difference must be highlighted, as Sweden is considered a much more family-
supportive country. With regard to housing, Spain invested an average of 0.86% of social
benefits; Sweden invested an average of 1.6%, two times more than Spain. In social
1
Social benefits consist of transfers, in cash or in kind, by social protection schemes to households and
individuals to relieve them of the burden of a defined set of risks or needs. The functions (or risks) are:
sickness/healthcare, disability, old age, survivors, family/children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion not
elsewhere classified (n.e.c). Within social protection, apart from social benefits, administration costs and
miscellaneous expenditure by social protection schemes (payment of property income and other) are included.
[3]
4. HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE SWEDISH AND SPANISH WELFARE STATES? By Carlos Palomo
exclusion, the Mediterranean country invested between 2005 and 2009 an average of 0.9% of
social benefits, whereas Sweden invested, on average, 2.1% of social benefits.
The average share of people at-risk poverty2 before social transfers between 2005 and
2011 was 25.45% in Spain and 27.8% in Sweden. As we can see, surprisingly, in Sweden the
share is bigger although the country is richer. However, the situation changes considerably
after social transfers, as they reduce poverty in Spain by 17.75% on average, which
represents an average of 20.1% of people below the threshold of poverty, whereas Sweden
reduces the share of people at-risk poverty by an average of 56.48%, which represents 12,1%
of its inhabitants under the poverty threshold, a great difference with the situation prior to
social transfers. To sum up, social transfers effectiveness is much higher in Sweden and,
therefore, more efficient. Although the Nordic country continues to be one of the countries in
the world with the lowest income inequality (the Gini coefficient is 0.24, lower than the rich
world average of 0.31), this indicator has increased over the last few years 3. With regard to
Spain, the Gini coefficient in the late 2000s was 0.3174.
Conclusions
Given the previous exposition, I conclude that the hypothesis is partly verified. The welfare
regime models are considered by scholars very different with regard to their ideological basis
and their focus on services to citizens. Hence, the hypothesis related to this aspect is verified.
When talking about health care, qualitative differences are not so easy to see in the presented
information. The only one I consider is clear enough to remark is the difference in co-
payment: access to attention is easier in Spain and, hence, better for users. However, there is
not sufficient information in this work to verify or refute the hypothesis. Further research is
necessary. Regarding public expenditure on health care, the situation is the opposite: I
consider that public expenditure is quite different in both countries in terms of percentage of
public expenditure and per capita public expenditure. So, the hypothesis related to this
concrete variable is verified.
Finally, data from expenditure on social benefits also show an important gap in the percentage
dedicated to this matter. However, it is not as big as initially expected. Moreover, there is a
greater difference in social transfer effectiveness in reducing at-risk poverty: Sweden is much
more effective. Therefore, with regard to this aspect, the hypothesis is clearly verified.
However, no qualitative differences related to coverage can be concluded.
Overall, it is important to note that, in order to have a more detailed picture of both welfare
systems, further research is necessary, and this work can be useful as a starting point for that
aim.
References
2
Eurostat describes this at-risk poverty rate as the share of persons with an equivalised disposable income below
the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equivalised disposable income.
3
The new model, The Economist, October 13 th 2012 (online):
http://www.economist.com/node/21564412?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/the_new_model [check: 4th November 2012].
4
Income distribution-inequality, OECD (online): http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=INEQUALITY
[consultation: 24th November 2012].
[4]
5. HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE SWEDISH AND SPANISH WELFARE STATES? By Carlos Palomo
Hort, S. (2009), «The Swedish welfare state: A model in constant flux» in The Handbook of
European Welfare States, eds. Klaus Schubert, Simon Hegelich and Ursula Bazant, London,
New York: Routledge
Villota Gil-Escoin. P. and Vázquez, S. (2009), «The welfare state in Spain: Unfinished
business» in The Handbook of European Welfare States, eds. Klaus Schubert, Simon
Hegelich and Ursula Bazant, London, New York: Routledge
Mas, N., Cirera, L. and Viñolas, G. (2011), «Los sistemas de copago en Europa, Estados
Unidos y Canadá: implicaciones para el caso español», Documento de Investigación DI-939,
Public-Private Research Center, IESE Business School, 1-22 (online):
th
http://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/DI-0939.pdf [last check: 24 November 2012].
Pérez Nieto, E. (2005), «El estado del bienestar y las políticas públicas» in Análisis de
Políticas Públicas, ed. Margarita Pérez Sánchez, Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada.
Moreno Fuentes, F. J. and Bruquetas Callejo, M. (2011), Inmigración y Estado de bienestar
en España, Barcelona: Obra Social “la Caixa”.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1993), Los tres mundos del Estado del bienestar, Valencia: Edicions
Alfons el Magnànim.
«Sweden: The new model», The Economist, 13th October 2012 (online):
http://www.economist.com/node/21564412?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/the_new_model [consultation: 4th
November 2012].
Eurostat [last check: 29th November 2012].
- Expenditure on social protection (% of the GDP) (online): http://ow.ly/fHdwX
- Social benefits by function (% of social benefits): http://ow.ly/fHdCL
- At-risk-poverty rate before social transfers by sex: http://alturl.com/vuqpf
- At-risk poverty rate after social transfers by sex: http://alturl.com/gju8p
OECD Health Data 2012 – Frequently Requested Data (online): http://ow.ly/fHf1H [last
check: 29th November 2012].
- Total expenditure on health, % gross domestic product.
- Public expenditure on health/capita, US$ purchasing power parity.
- Public expenditure on health, % total expenditure on health.
OECD, Income distribution-inequality, (online):
th
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=INEQUALITY [last check: 24 November
2012].
[5]