Communicating Human Biomonitoring Results To Ensure Policy Coherence With Public Health Recommendations Analyzing Breastmilk Whilst Protecting, Promoting And Supporting Breastfeeding
This document discusses communicating human biomonitoring results of chemicals found in breastmilk. While finding chemicals in breastmilk can motivate stronger environmental laws, messages about this risk undermining public health recommendations to breastfeed. Studies show that despite exposure to chemicals like PCBs and DDT, breastfed infants perform better on developmental tests than formula-fed infants. Long-term breastfeeding appears to counteract harm from prenatal chemical exposure. When presenting biomonitoring results, the focus should be on enacting legislation to reduce chemicals while protecting breastfeeding as the optimal way to feed infants.
The document discusses new functions and updates for a home automation system, including:
1) Allowing up to three video devices to operate simultaneously in each apartment using a new 2-wire video pivot device.
2) Integration between apartments, including intercom functions.
3) Connection of home CCTV cameras via new interface modules.
4) Integration with home sound diffusion and automation systems using new command modules.
Impact Of Breast Feeding On Admission For Pneumonia During Postneonatal Perio...Biblioteca Virtual
This nested case-control study examined the impact of breastfeeding on pneumonia admissions among postneonatal children in Brazil. The researchers found that breastfeeding was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia admissions. Children who were exclusively breastfed for 4 months or longer had a lower risk compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. Longer duration of breastfeeding was protective against pneumonia admissions in the postneonatal period.
The document discusses using stories in English language lessons to motivate students, teach culture and values, and help develop students' brains. It notes that stories provide logical order, expose students to schemas and new information, and allow for intellectual and imaginative journeys. Creating original stories can make teachers more creative and less dependent on prepared resources while still knowing their students well. The document then provides an example story titled "The Little Witch and the Magic Carpet Ride".
InfluêNcia Do Apoio à AmamentaçãO Sobre O Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo Dos B...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou os índices de aleitamento exclusivo no primeiro mês de vida de bebês nascidos em hospitais com e sem a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) em Pelotas, Brasil.
2) Os resultados mostraram que bebês nascidos em hospitais sem a IHAC tiveram maior risco de não receber apoio ao aleitamento, de não mamar na primeira hora e de receber chupeta e chá no hospital.
3) A prevalência de aleitamento exclusivo com um mês foi
This document provides guidance for childcare centers on supporting breastfeeding mothers. It recommends exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months, continuing breastfeeding for at least 1 year as per WHO guidelines. The benefits of breastfeeding are outlined for both baby and mother's health and the childcare center's role in assisting working mothers to continue breastfeeding is discussed.
The Transformer Association (TTA) is a trade association that connects members in the transformer industry. As the voice of the industry, TTA provides networking and educational opportunities for members at semi-annual meetings and through its website. TTA works with safety agencies and monitors industry trends to disseminate information to members. Membership benefits include business development opportunities, learning about new technologies, and participating in committees to advance the industry. TTA's mission is to provide value to manufacturers, suppliers, consultants, and safety agencies in the transformer industry in North America.
The document discusses new functions and updates for a home automation system, including:
1) Allowing up to three video devices to operate simultaneously in each apartment using a new 2-wire video pivot device.
2) Integration between apartments, including intercom functions.
3) Connection of home CCTV cameras via new interface modules.
4) Integration with home sound diffusion and automation systems using new command modules.
Impact Of Breast Feeding On Admission For Pneumonia During Postneonatal Perio...Biblioteca Virtual
This nested case-control study examined the impact of breastfeeding on pneumonia admissions among postneonatal children in Brazil. The researchers found that breastfeeding was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia admissions. Children who were exclusively breastfed for 4 months or longer had a lower risk compared to those breastfed for less than 1 month. Longer duration of breastfeeding was protective against pneumonia admissions in the postneonatal period.
The document discusses using stories in English language lessons to motivate students, teach culture and values, and help develop students' brains. It notes that stories provide logical order, expose students to schemas and new information, and allow for intellectual and imaginative journeys. Creating original stories can make teachers more creative and less dependent on prepared resources while still knowing their students well. The document then provides an example story titled "The Little Witch and the Magic Carpet Ride".
InfluêNcia Do Apoio à AmamentaçãO Sobre O Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo Dos B...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou os índices de aleitamento exclusivo no primeiro mês de vida de bebês nascidos em hospitais com e sem a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) em Pelotas, Brasil.
2) Os resultados mostraram que bebês nascidos em hospitais sem a IHAC tiveram maior risco de não receber apoio ao aleitamento, de não mamar na primeira hora e de receber chupeta e chá no hospital.
3) A prevalência de aleitamento exclusivo com um mês foi
This document provides guidance for childcare centers on supporting breastfeeding mothers. It recommends exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months, continuing breastfeeding for at least 1 year as per WHO guidelines. The benefits of breastfeeding are outlined for both baby and mother's health and the childcare center's role in assisting working mothers to continue breastfeeding is discussed.
The Transformer Association (TTA) is a trade association that connects members in the transformer industry. As the voice of the industry, TTA provides networking and educational opportunities for members at semi-annual meetings and through its website. TTA works with safety agencies and monitors industry trends to disseminate information to members. Membership benefits include business development opportunities, learning about new technologies, and participating in committees to advance the industry. TTA's mission is to provide value to manufacturers, suppliers, consultants, and safety agencies in the transformer industry in North America.
We recently polled our nurses on fun statistics about their scrubs, and would like to share this infographic with you on the results. Please feel free to use on your company blog or anywhere you want to share these fun scrub statistics.
Randomized, Controlled Trial Of A Prenatal And Postnatal Lactation ConsultantBiblioteca Virtual
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on the duration and intensity of breastfeeding up to 12 months. Over 300 low-income women receiving prenatal care at two community health centers were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group received individualized support from lactation consultants including prenatal meetings, a postpartum hospital visit, and home visits/phone calls. The trial found the intervention group was more likely to breastfeed through 20 weeks and had higher breastfeeding intensity scores at 13 and 52 weeks compared to the control group. US-born women in the control group had the lowest breastfeeding intensity. The study concluded the "best-practices" lactation
The document discusses using iPod touches for mobile learning and provides tips for using various apps. It includes a quick quiz about common iPod apps and their icons. It also lists learning theories, Bloom's Digital Taxonomy, tips for using features like photos and voice recordings, and resources for finding more mobile learning apps and information.
The document discusses the rationale and proposed reforms for education in the UK. It argues that reforms are needed to create a workforce with the skills required for continued economic success and to develop responsible citizens. The reforms proposed include raising the minimum school leaving age, introducing new qualifications in vocational training and academics, and tailoring education more to individual needs through programs like the Foundation Learning Tier. The goal is to better prepare young people for further education and employment and ensure all have an opportunity to succeed.
This document is the PeopleSoft Setup Manager PeopleBook for PeopleSoft Enterprise HRMS and Campus Solutions 8.9. It provides information about using PeopleSoft Setup Manager to implement PeopleSoft applications. Setup Manager allows you to create configuration sets by selecting products, features, and business processes. It then generates setup task lists to guide the implementation process. Tasks can be reviewed, completed in parallel, and tracked to implement the selected configuration. Additional resources and documentation are also referenced.
This document provides instructions for performing basic text mining using RapidMiner, including creating a variable list, installing RapidMiner, launching a new project, installing the text processing extension, preparing and reading in data, dividing documents word by word, and analyzing results. It also references an additional resource on data mining and marketing interactions.
The document is an advertisement for Chisholm Gallery, LLC, an art gallery located in New York. It provides their contact information, including their phone number 845-505-1147. The gallery specializes in fine art and can be reached by calling their phone number.
Nutritional Factors In Milk From Brazilian Mothers Delivering Small For Gesta...Biblioteca Virtual
This study analyzed the composition of breast milk from Brazilian mothers who delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term infants, preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants, and term appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Milk samples were collected from mothers in each group 48 hours and 7, 15, 30, and 60 days after delivery and analyzed for osmolarity, proteins, fat, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Osmolarity, proteins, fat, calcium, potassium, and magnesium did not significantly differ between groups over time. Sodium levels were higher in milk from mothers of SGA infants and preterm infants on days 7, 15, and 30 compared
This document summarizes a study on bacterial contamination found in powdered infant formula. The key points are:
- Testing found that over 50% of powdered formula samples from 35 countries were contaminated with Enterobacteria bacteria.
- Several outbreaks of illness in neonatal intensive care units were linked to formula contaminated with Salmonella or Enterobacter sakazakii bacteria before the formula was opened.
- In response, some formula brands recalled batches and health authorities issued safety warnings, but more needs to be done to inform consumers directly of the risks and encourage stricter manufacturing practices.
The document provides 13 tips for business owners on providing good customer service. It emphasizes that customer service is defined by customers, not businesses, and involves making the customer experience as easy as possible. Some key tips include empowering front-line employees to solve problems, treating customers and employees well, sincerely apologizing and fixing issues, and being a problem solver rather than creator. The document also provides examples of both good and bad customer service from various companies to illustrate the points.
Lithium Likes to Loves Tour - Silicon ValleyLithium
Turn customer likes into customer loves! Get all the presentations from the Lithium Likes to Loves tour stop in Silicon Valley--Lithium, 24 Hour Fitness, HP, and Edelman Digital.
1. This document provides recommendations for analgesia and anesthesia for breastfeeding mothers during labor, delivery, postpartum, and other surgeries.
2. It recommends that nonpharmacologic pain management and support during labor can reduce need for medication and promote better breastfeeding outcomes. Short-acting opioids like fentanyl are preferred if needed.
3. For c-sections, regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthesia to minimize separation of mother and baby and enable earlier breastfeeding. Oral nonopioid medications are recommended for postpartum pain.
4. For other surgeries, resuming breastfeeding depends on infant factors and maternal alertness. Single doses have minimal effects, but frequent opioid
This document provides a user guide for BBM on Android devices. It introduces the key features of BBM such as profiles, contacts, chatting, groups, and FAQs. The guide explains how to perform common tasks like changing your status, adding contacts, starting a chat, and joining or creating groups. It also provides help with troubleshooting issues and describes how to get additional support.
Frequently Asked Questions (Faq) About Breastfeeding In A Contaminated Enviro...Biblioteca Virtual
Chemical contaminants are harming children's health and passing from mother to child. Babies are exposed both before birth, through the placenta and breastmilk, and after birth through contact with the environment. While chemical residues are found in breastmilk, breastfeeding is not discouraged as it provides benefits and the risks of not breastfeeding are greater. Lowering exposure to toxic chemicals would benefit everyone, especially developing babies. Monitoring breastmilk can help identify community exposures and guide policy, but individual testing is usually not needed.
Effectiveness Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion In Low Income Mothers A Ra...Biblioteca Virtual
The study compared the antifungal effects of human milk, cow's milk, and various infant formulas against environmental fungi. Human milk showed significantly greater antifungal activity than the other substances tested, inhibiting nearly all fungal growth. Both prebiotic and probiotic formulas also demonstrated antifungal effects, though to a lesser degree than human milk. The results indicate that human milk protects infants from fungal infections not only through nutrition but also via its antifungal properties.
We recently polled our nurses on fun statistics about their scrubs, and would like to share this infographic with you on the results. Please feel free to use on your company blog or anywhere you want to share these fun scrub statistics.
Randomized, Controlled Trial Of A Prenatal And Postnatal Lactation ConsultantBiblioteca Virtual
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a prenatal and postnatal lactation consultant intervention on the duration and intensity of breastfeeding up to 12 months. Over 300 low-income women receiving prenatal care at two community health centers were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group received individualized support from lactation consultants including prenatal meetings, a postpartum hospital visit, and home visits/phone calls. The trial found the intervention group was more likely to breastfeed through 20 weeks and had higher breastfeeding intensity scores at 13 and 52 weeks compared to the control group. US-born women in the control group had the lowest breastfeeding intensity. The study concluded the "best-practices" lactation
The document discusses using iPod touches for mobile learning and provides tips for using various apps. It includes a quick quiz about common iPod apps and their icons. It also lists learning theories, Bloom's Digital Taxonomy, tips for using features like photos and voice recordings, and resources for finding more mobile learning apps and information.
The document discusses the rationale and proposed reforms for education in the UK. It argues that reforms are needed to create a workforce with the skills required for continued economic success and to develop responsible citizens. The reforms proposed include raising the minimum school leaving age, introducing new qualifications in vocational training and academics, and tailoring education more to individual needs through programs like the Foundation Learning Tier. The goal is to better prepare young people for further education and employment and ensure all have an opportunity to succeed.
This document is the PeopleSoft Setup Manager PeopleBook for PeopleSoft Enterprise HRMS and Campus Solutions 8.9. It provides information about using PeopleSoft Setup Manager to implement PeopleSoft applications. Setup Manager allows you to create configuration sets by selecting products, features, and business processes. It then generates setup task lists to guide the implementation process. Tasks can be reviewed, completed in parallel, and tracked to implement the selected configuration. Additional resources and documentation are also referenced.
This document provides instructions for performing basic text mining using RapidMiner, including creating a variable list, installing RapidMiner, launching a new project, installing the text processing extension, preparing and reading in data, dividing documents word by word, and analyzing results. It also references an additional resource on data mining and marketing interactions.
The document is an advertisement for Chisholm Gallery, LLC, an art gallery located in New York. It provides their contact information, including their phone number 845-505-1147. The gallery specializes in fine art and can be reached by calling their phone number.
Nutritional Factors In Milk From Brazilian Mothers Delivering Small For Gesta...Biblioteca Virtual
This study analyzed the composition of breast milk from Brazilian mothers who delivered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) term infants, preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants, and term appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. Milk samples were collected from mothers in each group 48 hours and 7, 15, 30, and 60 days after delivery and analyzed for osmolarity, proteins, fat, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Osmolarity, proteins, fat, calcium, potassium, and magnesium did not significantly differ between groups over time. Sodium levels were higher in milk from mothers of SGA infants and preterm infants on days 7, 15, and 30 compared
This document summarizes a study on bacterial contamination found in powdered infant formula. The key points are:
- Testing found that over 50% of powdered formula samples from 35 countries were contaminated with Enterobacteria bacteria.
- Several outbreaks of illness in neonatal intensive care units were linked to formula contaminated with Salmonella or Enterobacter sakazakii bacteria before the formula was opened.
- In response, some formula brands recalled batches and health authorities issued safety warnings, but more needs to be done to inform consumers directly of the risks and encourage stricter manufacturing practices.
The document provides 13 tips for business owners on providing good customer service. It emphasizes that customer service is defined by customers, not businesses, and involves making the customer experience as easy as possible. Some key tips include empowering front-line employees to solve problems, treating customers and employees well, sincerely apologizing and fixing issues, and being a problem solver rather than creator. The document also provides examples of both good and bad customer service from various companies to illustrate the points.
Lithium Likes to Loves Tour - Silicon ValleyLithium
Turn customer likes into customer loves! Get all the presentations from the Lithium Likes to Loves tour stop in Silicon Valley--Lithium, 24 Hour Fitness, HP, and Edelman Digital.
1. This document provides recommendations for analgesia and anesthesia for breastfeeding mothers during labor, delivery, postpartum, and other surgeries.
2. It recommends that nonpharmacologic pain management and support during labor can reduce need for medication and promote better breastfeeding outcomes. Short-acting opioids like fentanyl are preferred if needed.
3. For c-sections, regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthesia to minimize separation of mother and baby and enable earlier breastfeeding. Oral nonopioid medications are recommended for postpartum pain.
4. For other surgeries, resuming breastfeeding depends on infant factors and maternal alertness. Single doses have minimal effects, but frequent opioid
This document provides a user guide for BBM on Android devices. It introduces the key features of BBM such as profiles, contacts, chatting, groups, and FAQs. The guide explains how to perform common tasks like changing your status, adding contacts, starting a chat, and joining or creating groups. It also provides help with troubleshooting issues and describes how to get additional support.
Similar to Communicating Human Biomonitoring Results To Ensure Policy Coherence With Public Health Recommendations Analyzing Breastmilk Whilst Protecting, Promoting And Supporting Breastfeeding
Frequently Asked Questions (Faq) About Breastfeeding In A Contaminated Enviro...Biblioteca Virtual
Chemical contaminants are harming children's health and passing from mother to child. Babies are exposed both before birth, through the placenta and breastmilk, and after birth through contact with the environment. While chemical residues are found in breastmilk, breastfeeding is not discouraged as it provides benefits and the risks of not breastfeeding are greater. Lowering exposure to toxic chemicals would benefit everyone, especially developing babies. Monitoring breastmilk can help identify community exposures and guide policy, but individual testing is usually not needed.
Effectiveness Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion In Low Income Mothers A Ra...Biblioteca Virtual
The study compared the antifungal effects of human milk, cow's milk, and various infant formulas against environmental fungi. Human milk showed significantly greater antifungal activity than the other substances tested, inhibiting nearly all fungal growth. Both prebiotic and probiotic formulas also demonstrated antifungal effects, though to a lesser degree than human milk. The results indicate that human milk protects infants from fungal infections not only through nutrition but also via its antifungal properties.
The document summarizes a study that assessed mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding exclusive breastfeeding of infants admitted to PIMS, Islamabad. The study found that most mothers knew the advantages of breastfeeding and its importance for infant health. However, their practices were mainly influenced by cultural traditions passed down from elders in their families. While knowledge of breastfeeding's benefits was generally good, some mothers lacked understanding of key concepts like the difference between breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding or the importance of colostrum. The study identified gaps and misconceptions around exclusive breastfeeding practices that could be addressed through improved education and support for mothers.
Great research data on children, wellbeing and parentingEcoInspired
Great research data on why an eco friendly approach is critical for children's wellbeing. This slide share is designed to be used or shared with parents, health and education professionals. Based on the extensive comprehensive research from 'Eco Parenting – Growing Greener Children' book by Jane Hanckel, the information is designed to provide best outcomes for children and their families. For more information please contact Jane Hanckel www.inspirededucation.com.au
This document discusses women's environmental health risks and the efforts of Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC to educate patients and health professionals about reducing toxic exposures. It notes that women traditionally managed household environments which impact family health. It outlines Magee's initiatives like eliminating mercury, educating new parents on toxins, and hosting conferences on this topic. Magee partners with organizations like the Center for Environmental Oncology to promote primary prevention through environmental education.
This document summarizes a conference on maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices. The conference was organized to address gaps in understanding how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth, birth outcomes, and infant feeding practices. It covered 3 topics: 1) the effect of maternal nutrition and the placenta on fetal development and birth outcomes, 2) feeding preterm infants, and 3) feeding full-term infants. For topic 1, presentations showed the placenta's role in nutrient transport affects fetal growth and discussed the importance of nutrients like folate and calcium. Research priorities identified included studying nutrient interactions and their effects on different populations. Topic 2 noted a lack of evidence on best practices for preterm infant nutrition. Topic 3 discussed ensuring evidence on human milk
Dr. San probiotic lozenges contain the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus SD11, which can optimize the oral microbiome and significantly reduce tooth decay. The lozenges are an innovative oral health product meant to improve dental health in a non-invasive way. Clinical trials showed L. rhamnosus SD11 reduces levels of cavity-causing bacteria in subjects' mouths after consumption. The company believes these probiotic lozenges can significantly impact oral health and the dental industry.
- Women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and abnormal vaginal flora are at higher risk of preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus species have been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent BV and preterm birth by restoring the normal vaginal microbiome.
- Children born preterm face increased risks of mortality and health and developmental problems. Supplementation of probiotics to pregnant mothers has been associated with reduced risks of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and atopic diseases in infants.
- Studies indicate probiotic intake during pregnancy, especially late pregnancy, can help reduce the incidence of preterm birth and pregnancy complications like preeclampsia.
The document provides information about the 3rd Global Engage Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum and Probiotics Congress to be held on 1-2 March 2017 in Hong Kong. The conference will explore developments in microbiome research and its applications in health and disease. It will include expert speakers from around the world presenting on topics such as the gut microbiome, skin and oral microbiomes, prebiotics, probiotics, and commercializing microbiome research. The schedule provides details on keynote speeches and panel discussions covering areas like gut-microbe interactions, the role of the microbiome in obesity and metabolic disease, and developing probiotic therapies.
Great research data on children, wellbeing and parentingEcoInspired
The document presents research on how parenting and lifestyle habits can impact children's wellness. It discusses how exposure to chemicals like phthalates and BPA are linked to issues like ADHD and lower IQ. Spending time in nature, breastfeeding, limiting screen time, and having a loving parent are highlighted as positive factors for children's development. The resource aims to help parents understand this research and provide better outcomes for kids.
The document discusses the safety of powdered infant formula and the risks posed by Enterobacter sakazakii, a bacteria that has been found in powdered infant formula and linked to meningitis and other diseases in infants. While powdered infant formula is not widely used in India, around 10% of breastfed infants under 6 months receive it. There is a need for more information on the potential public health impact of E. sakazakii in developing countries where infant formula is commonly used.
Dealing With Fears Of Chemical Pollution Of BreastmilkBiblioteca Virtual
This document discusses fears about chemical pollution in breastmilk, specifically related to dioxins. It summarizes several studies that have found:
1) The majority (90-95%) of human exposure to dioxins comes from food, while only 5-10% comes from air.
2) Effects from dioxin exposure were more strongly associated with transplacental (in utero) exposure rather than breastmilk exposure.
3) Ongoing studies support the recommendation that breastfeeding should continue to be promoted due to its overall health benefits for infants, and concerns about dioxin exposure should not unduly influence a mother's decision to breastfeed.
Today more than ever, nutrition appears to be a testing ground where differences and inequalities between North and South of the world measure against each other, in particular with regards to childhood. n developed countries, if on the one hand obesity and overweight are dramatically increasing among young people, on the other adults has been affecting more and more by cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (type 2), pathologies on which (bad) nutrition habits, usually acquired during childhood and adolescence, have a strong effect. In developing countries, the scenario confirms the existence of a discouraging and apparently never ending emergence: millions of children are underweight because of chronic nutrition’s deficiency and malnutrition is one of the first childish deseases.
Mediating Effects of Intention On The Factors Affecting Organic Food Products...CSCJournals
This study aimed to measure the effect of intention as a mediator in the relationship between internal factors and external factors on consumption. The factors were a) internal factors: knowledge, awareness, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, and b) external factors: subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and media and advertisement. From the review of literature, there were limited studies done on the mediating effect of intention on the relationship between (internal factor and external factors) and organic food product consumption among CGY in Malaysia. A total of 410 respondents completed the online questionnaires that evaluated the factors. Structural Equation Modelling was used as the main practical approach for data analysis. The results showed that intention was a full or a complete mediator between the six exogenous constructs; knowledge, health consciousness, product attributes, environmental concern, perceived behaviour, and media and advertisement, while it only acted as a partial mediator between subjective norm and consumption. However, the intention was not a full or a complete mediator between awareness and consumption. Eventually, the implications for theory improvement and practices were discussed.
The global probiotics market is expected to reach $52.34 billion by 2020, with Asia Pacific being the largest and fastest growing market. India's probiotic market is small currently but projected to grow at a CAGR of 25% during 2014-2019. Dairy foods represent the largest segment of the functional food market, accounting for 65% of sales. Dairy provides an ideal vehicle for delivering probiotics due to its ability to protect probiotic bacteria through refrigeration and buffering stomach acid. However, the food matrix, manufacturing processes, and storage conditions can impact the viability, stability, and functionality of probiotic bacteria. Ensuring adequate viable cell counts of probiotics throughout a product's shelf life remains a key challenge
Ethics in food and public health safety in bangladeshTafhim Bin Nasir
This document contains a presentation by 6 students on ethics in food and public health safety in Bangladesh. It discusses the importance of ethics, challenges in maintaining ethics in food production and processing in Bangladesh, risks of unsafe food, and an analysis of government agencies and their efforts. Specifically, it notes that while some laws and agencies exist, most food in Bangladesh is unsafe for consumption due to corruption and adulteration at many stages of the food chain, posing major public health risks.
Role baby friendly hospital initiative on KAP of nursing mothersAnjum Hashmi MPH
The document summarizes a study on the role of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) on the knowledge and practices of nursing mothers regarding infant feeding. The study compared mothers who delivered at a Baby Friendly Hospital (BFH) versus a non-BFH. It found that some feeding practices were better in the BFH group, such as a lower rate of pre-lacteal feeding and longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding. However, the non-BFH group had a higher rate of initiating breastfeeding within the first hour. The BFHI was found to have a beneficial impact on certain infant feeding practices and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.
The role of civil society is vital for protecting children from vested corporate interests. For this knowledge about popular interventions and their pros and cons is vital.
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Similar to Communicating Human Biomonitoring Results To Ensure Policy Coherence With Public Health Recommendations Analyzing Breastmilk Whilst Protecting, Promoting And Supporting Breastfeeding (20)
Este documento fornece informações sobre a anatomia e fisiologia da glândula mamária. Resume que a mama é composta de tecido glandular, gordura e tecido conjuntivo, e descreve o desenvolvimento da mama desde a embriogênese até a puberdade. Também aborda a anatomia da mama adulta e a fisiologia da produção de leite, incluindo os hormônios envolvidos.
The 2008 IBLCE examination saw the largest candidate population in its history with 3,323 candidates taking the exam across 37 countries and territories. The exam was administered in 13 languages and saw continued growth in candidates from outside the United States, Canada, and Australia. Analysis of exam results found a pass rate of 93.56% with a mean score of 77.87% and standard deviation of 8.21%.
This document provides an overview of the Third Edition (Revised) of the Wellstart International Lactation Management Self-Study Modules, Level I. It was developed by Wellstart International, a nonprofit organization focused on educating healthcare providers about optimal infant and young child feeding. The Third Edition was reviewed by 30 volunteer experts from around the world and updated to ensure the information is current and internationally relevant. It is intended to be available at low or no cost globally to support breastfeeding education.
AvaliaçãO Do Impacto De Um Programa De Puericultura Na PromoçãO Da Amamentaçã...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou o impacto de um programa de puericultura na promoção da amamentação exclusiva em uma coorte de 112 crianças no Sul do Brasil.
2) A prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no primeiro mês foi de 95%, caindo progressivamente para 81%, 64%, 53%, 39% e 35% nos meses seguintes.
3) A mediana da duração da amamentação exclusiva foi de 4 meses, maior do que as taxas nacionais brasileiras, indicando a eficácia do programa.
AnáLise Da Efetividade De Um Programa De Incentivo Ao Aleitamento Materno Exc...Biblioteca Virtual
O documento analisa a efetividade de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma comunidade carente de São Paulo. Os principais resultados são: 100% das mulheres eram desempregadas, 51,8% aderiram ao programa mas 48,2% abandonaram por motivos desconhecidos, e no momento da alta apenas 17,3% relataram aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses.
The 2008 IBLCE examination saw the largest candidate population in its history with 3,323 candidates taking the exam across 37 countries and territories. The exam was administered in 13 languages and saw continued growth in candidates from outside the United States, Canada, and Australia. Analysis of exam results found a pass rate of 93.56% with a mean score of 77.87% and standard deviation of 8.21%.
The document summarizes monitoring results from the Baby Feeding Law Group (BFLG) project on marketing practices of baby formula companies in the UK. It finds that Danone, maker of Aptamil and Cow & Gate formulas, continues advertising claims promoting follow-on formulas and undermining breastfeeding, despite rulings against such claims from the Advertising Standards Authority. The report provides examples of non-compliant magazine and television ads, and calls on Trading Standards offices to take action against illegal marketing practices.
The document summarizes statistics from the 2008 IBLCE lactation consultant examination. It reported that:
- 3,323 candidates took the exam across 37 countries, representing the largest candidate population in the exam's history.
- Less than half of candidates were from the US, with over 30% from other countries, indicating the credential has become a global standard.
- The exam was administered in 13 languages across 5 continents, and was taken online or on paper.
- 771 candidates took the exam for recertification purposes after 5 years of practice.
PromoçãO, ProtecçãO E Apoio. Apoio RepresentaçõEs Sociais Em Aleitamento MaternoBiblioteca Virtual
Este documento resume uma dissertação de mestrado sobre representações sociais em aleitamento materno. O trabalho analisou as percepções de profissionais de saúde e puérperas de dois hospitais sobre o aleitamento materno, comparando um hospital credenciado pela Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança e outro não credenciado. Entre os principais achados, destacam-se a culpabilização da mulher no desmame, os efeitos das rotinas médicas no aleitamento e diferenças nas percepções entre os profissionais dos dois hosp
O Ensino De Aleitamento Materno Na GraduaçãO Em Medicina Um Estudo De CasoBiblioteca Virtual
Este documento descreve uma dissertação de mestrado sobre o ensino de aleitamento materno na graduação em medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. O estudo avaliou o nível de formação teórica e prática dos alunos, sua confiança em lidar com o tema e em transmitir informações às futuras mães. Os resultados sugerem que é necessária uma reavaliação do ensino teórico com foco prático para preparar melhor os médicos.
No Seio Da FamíLia AmamentaçãO E PromoçãO Da SaúDe No Programa De SaúDe Da ...Biblioteca Virtual
Este documento apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a implementação da promoção da saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família em cinco municípios brasileiros. A pesquisa avaliou os conhecimentos e atividades de profissionais de saúde em relação à promoção do aleitamento materno, e entrevistou mães sobre sua experiência com o programa. Os resultados mostraram que os programas capacitaram bem suas equipes, que demonstraram conhecimentos acima da média sobre aleitamento materno. No entanto, as at
This document is the third edition of Wellstart International's self-study modules on lactation management at level 1. It contains pre-tests and post-tests, 3 modules that cover the basics of breastfeeding and common problems, and annexes with additional resources. The modules are designed to teach health care providers about promoting and supporting breastfeeding.
AnáLise Da Efetividade De Um Programa De Incentivo Ao Aleitamento Materno Exc...Biblioteca Virtual
O documento analisa a efetividade de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em uma comunidade carente de São Paulo. Os principais resultados foram: 100% das mulheres eram desempregadas, 51,8% aderiram ao programa mas 48,2% abandonaram por motivos desconhecidos, e no momento da alta apenas 17,3% relataram aleitamento exclusivo até os seis meses.
AvaliaçãO Do Impacto De Um Programa De Puericultura Na PromoçãO Da Amamentaçã...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O estudo avaliou o impacto de um programa de puericultura na promoção da amamentação exclusiva em uma coorte de 112 crianças acompanhadas desde o nascimento.
2) A prevalência de amamentação exclusiva no primeiro mês foi de 95%, caindo progressivamente para 81%, 64%, 53%, 39% e 35% nos meses seguintes.
3) A mediana da duração da amamentação exclusiva foi de 4 meses, maior do que as taxas nacionais brasileiras, indicando a eficácia do programa.
Iblce Regional Office In Europe Candidate Information GuideBiblioteca Virtual
This document provides information for candidates applying to take the International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) certification exam. It outlines the eligibility requirements including the necessary educational background, clinical experience providing breastfeeding counseling, and professional lactation education. Candidates must meet the eligibility criteria for one of several pathways that differ in their required hours of clinical experience depending on a candidate's educational background and profession. The document reviews the application process and provides sample exam questions to help candidates prepare for the rigorous international certification exam.
A ImportâNcia Da AmamentaçãO Para A SaúDe Da Mulher Que AmamentaBiblioteca Virtual
O documento discute os benefícios da amamentação para a saúde da mulher, incluindo proteção contra câncer de mama e ovário, recuperação pós-parto mais rápida, e prevenção de osteoporose. A amamentação também ajuda no controle de natalidade através da produção de hormônios que inibem a ovulação.
AmamentaçãO E Uso De AntiinflamatóRios NãO EsteróIdes Pela Nutriz InformaçõEs...Biblioteca Virtual
1) O documento analisa as informações contidas nas bulas de medicamentos antiinflamatórios não esteróides em comparação com as evidências científicas sobre seu uso durante a amamentação.
2) Foi encontrada referência à segurança de uso durante a amamentação em apenas 14 de 27 medicamentos, e 9 de 10 medicamentos considerados seguros aconselhavam evitar o uso ou suspender a amamentação.
3) As bulas são discordantes das evidências científicas sobre a compatibilidade desses medicamentos com a amamentação, sendo necess
Este documento descreve a anatomia e fisiologia da amamentação. Resume a estrutura da mama, incluindo lobos, alvéolos e ductos, e explica os processos de mamogénese, mastogénese e lactogénese, que envolvem o desenvolvimento da mama durante a puberdade, gravidez e após o parto.
Contribution Of Environmental Factors To The Risk Of Male InfertilityBiblioteca Virtual
This study investigated the relationship between environmental exposures and male infertility in 225 men seeking infertility treatment in Argentina. The men were grouped based on reported exposures to pesticides, solvents, heat, or a mixture. Semen analysis and hormone levels were compared between exposure groups. Results showed that exposure to pesticides was associated with lower sperm counts and higher estrogen levels, while solvent exposure was linked to lower LH levels, with effects being more pronounced in men with primary infertility. The study suggests environmental factors contribute to male infertility severity and may worsen genetic or medical risk factors.
This document provides information on contraindications and conditions where breastfeeding may or may not be advised. It lists situations where breastfeeding is not recommended, such as if the baby has galactosemia or the mother has active untreated tuberculosis. It also outlines conditions where the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks, such as if the mother is a hepatitis B carrier or smokes, as long as she takes certain precautions. The document is intended as a factsheet for GPs and pharmacists on breastfeeding recommendations.
Communicating Human Biomonitoring Results To Ensure Policy Coherence With Public Health Recommendations Analyzing Breastmilk Whilst Protecting, Promoting And Supporting Breastfeeding
2. Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 1):S6 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S1/S6
Introduction they are present in our bodies before conception and may
This article discusses how analysing breastmilk for the have an effect on male or female reproductive cells; the
presence of environmental chemicals bears the risk of chemicals are present in the womb thus affecting the
undermining the confidence of mothers, parents and direct environment of the fragile developing foetus. These
health professionals in breastfeeding and/or long term substances can harm conception by affecting fertility or by
breastfeeding. In 2006, during the debate on REACH leg- having teratogenic effects on reproductive cells. This issue
islation, a report was presented in the European parlia- is now discussed in numerous scientific articles. Studies
ment entitled "Toxic inheritance – more than 300 have shown that semen quality and semen counts deteri-
pollutants in breastmilk" [1]. This publication issued by orate [5-7]. Male-mediated developmental toxicity is a
the NGOs "BUND" Germany and "Friends of the Earth concept becoming more widely known to researchers in
Europe" was based on a translation of a German publica- this field [8-10]. The paternal impact on reproductive dis-
tion from 2005 which compiled data of biomonitoring orders and childhood cancers as a result of occupational
for a number of substances in breastmilk from around the exposure has been documented for e.g. pesticides or wood
world. The focus was to alert parliamentarians to the pres- preservatives [11-13]. But this impact of residues remains
ence of chemicals in humans, with special focus on vul- less discussed amongst the wider public, whereas residues
nerable babies to guarantee more media attention. The found in breastmilk are discussed or used for media head-
presence of chemical residues in breastmilk is a shocking lines to grab attention. The attention given to breastmilk
reality, yet breastfeeding is the natural way and optimal to may be triggered by the fact that breastmilk, containing
feed infants and young children. Paediatricians and policy pollutants, is violating a basic social concept of 'purity' of
makers agree that the protection, promotion and support this food and this unique relationship of a mother and
of breastfeeding are public health priorities. Today we baby.
know that breastfed children are healthier than infants
receiving only some breast milk or none at all [2]. There- Repeated biomonitoring of breastmilk or other body flu-
fore this article will present the biomonitoring results of ids provides the evidence base for strengthening legisla-
breastmilk in a wider context linked to the ethical issue of tion to phase out or reduce chemicals such as PCB and
communication to ensure consistency with public health DDT. Effective legislation has had beneficial results: the
policy. levels of these chemicals measured as concentrations in
our bodies are lower today than 10 or 20 years ago [4,14].
Breastmilk as a biomonitoring fluid Comparing biomonitoring results between countries with
Breastmilk is often used in human biomonitoring to and without legislation for reduced use of chemicals
detect persistent residues of man-made chemicals accu- shows great differences.
mulated in human bodies along the food chain. It is used
as an indicator and as a monitoring instrument of fat sol- Breastfeeding as a unique food, containing live
uble and persistent substances [3]. Breastmilk is often protective factors
seen as an easy tool for biomonitoring because it is non "Breastfeeding is the natural way to feed infants and
invasive, though this ignores the fact that it may not be young children. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six
easy for the mother to deliver the needed amount, as months of life ensures optimal growth, development and
pumping or expressing breastmilk can be problematic for health. After that, breastfeeding, with appropriate comple-
some women. Information on chemicals in breastmilk mentary foods continues to contribute to the infant's and
may affect the mother and her social network in a way that young child's nutrition development and health", as cited
undermines their confidence in the continuation of in the document: "Protection, promotion and support of
breastfeeding. Our association is regularly questioned by breastfeeding in Europe: a Blueprint for action."[15]. This
anxious parents or by health professionals after headlines explains why breastmilk needs to be protected from envi-
on residues in breastmilk have been issued. ronmental pollution and why paediatricians and policy
makers agree that protection, promotion and support of
Today we can detect a wide range of foreign substances in breastfeeding are a public health priority [2,16]. Breast-
breastmilk. The results presented are the mirror of chemi- milk contains an ample set of potent beneficial substances
cal substances accumulated over the lifespan in the bodies such as: Special long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,
of both men and women. The biomonitoring of breast- lysozymes, secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lipase, prostagland-
milk reveals residues of pesticides like DDT, Lindane, ins, macrophages, cytokines, epidermal growth factor,
HCH and their breakdown products as well as chemicals relaxin, interferon, antioxidants, leucocytes, adiponectin
like PCB, Bisphenol A, phthalates, synthetic perfumes and leptin to name only a few [17-19]. These substances
(musks), flame retardants, sunscreen, perchlorate and are active in neural maturation, in building up the
chemical by-products like dioxins [1,4]. The fact that these immune system, in gastrointestinal maturation, in
substances are to be found in breast milk indicates that immune defence and in setting and regulating body func-
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3. Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 1):S6 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S1/S6
tions and metabolic processes. Some substances have tive impact on cognitive and neurological development is
antiviral, antiparasitic and antibacterial activity. It has measurable for exposure in uterus. Findings from these
been shown that infants fed on breastmilk substitutes cohort studies, which included biomonitoring and moni-
such as infant formula are less healthy than breastfed toring of breastfed status and duration of breastfeeding,
infants. Many studies have proved that there is a dose may be unexpected for those looking only at the measure-
dependent effect; the more and longer an infant is breast- ments and the figures of the residues in breastmilk and
fed, the more beneficial is the effect on growth and ignoring the bioactive factors contained in breastmilk.
healthy development. When infants are breastfed their Breastmilk enhances immunologic development and gut
immune system is better developed, the brain and neuro- maturation, it has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
logical system can mature in an optimal way and the gut properties [20].
system develops better. Breastfed infants suffer less from
respiratory diseases, diarrhoea, otitis media and urinary Boersma and Lanting showed that at six years of age cog-
tract infections. They have optimal visual and intellectual nitive development is affected by prenatal exposure to
development and a reduced risk of Diabetes type 1 and 2, PCBs and dioxins [21]. Breastfed children however, when
allergic diseases, obesity, Crohn's disease, malignant lym- compared to formula fed children, had an advantage in
phomas and cardiovascular disease in adulthood [2]. It terms of quality of movements, fluency and cognitive
can be concluded that breastfeeding strengthens the development tests at 18 and 42 months of age and at six
infant's developing immune system and decreases the years, despite a higher PCB exposure from breast milk.
incidence or severity of infectious diseases. Breastfeeding The conclusions of Boersma and Lanting were: "These
is also associated with a slightly enhanced performance data give evidence that prenatal exposure to PCBs do have
on tests of cognitive development. Studies of cognitive subtle negative effects on neurological and cognitive
development in relation to breastfeeding have all been development of the child up to school-age (....). Our stud-
performed in western environments with present levels of ies showed evidence that breast feeding counteracts the
pollution. Based on the strong scientific evidence of the adverse developmental effects of PCBs and dioxins" [21].
benefits of breastfeeding the American Academy of Pedi-
atrics [2], WHO, UNICEF [16] and other organisations of The results are supported by a study of Ribas-Fitó et al.,
health professionals recommend exclusive breastfeeding who studied a birth cohort of 92 mother-infant pairs
for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding highly exposed to organochlorine compounds. The
up to two years and beyond. The American Paediatric researchers published their findings in 2003 in Pediatrics
Association recommends in their latest policy document and their conclusion stated: "Prenatal exposure to
that: "Breastfeeding should be continued for at least the p,p'DDE was associated with a delay in mental and psy-
first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired chomotor development at 13 months. Long-term breast-
by mother and child. There is no upper limit to the dura- feeding was found to be beneficial to neurodevelopment,
tion of breastfeeding and no evidence of psychologic or potentially counterbalancing the impact of exposure to
developmental harm from breastfeeding into the third these chemicals through breast-milk" [22].
year of life or longer"[2]. The WHO recommendation for
optimal infant and young child feeding is: "The expert In a review Feeley and Brouwer concluded that: "Little if
consultation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six any adverse health effects have been associated with
months, with introduction of complementary foods and breast-feeding. In fact, the beneficial effect from breast-
continued breastfeeding thereafter for up to two years of feeding on neurological measures has been observed"
age or beyond" [16]. The recommendation was adopted [23].
by all WHO member governments in 2002 at the World
Health Assembly in the Global Strategy on Infant and The positive results of breastfeeding are also found in an
Young Child Feeding [16]. This is a global public health exploratory study by Vreugdenhil et al. who suggest that
recommendation and should be implemented at national prenatal exposure to environmental levels of PCBs and
level. related compounds delays mechanisms in the central
nervous system that evaluate and process relevant stimuli,
The evidence base: Study results of perinatally exposed whereas breastfeeding accelerates these mechanisms [24].
cohorts
Prenatal exposure to chemicals during pregnancy, when In recent studies the issue of cognitive development and
the vulnerability of the foetus is highest, may harm or breastfeeding has been further addressed. In a study from
impair the neurological and cognitive development of the Pediatrics published in 2006 by Charnley and Kimbrough
unborn child and may have a negative impact on the the researchers state that: "Breast-fed infants have higher
immune system. Numerous cohort studies on infants exposures than formula-fed infants, but studies consist-
born and living in exposed regions conclude that a nega- ently find that breast-fed infants perform better on devel-
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4. Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 1):S6 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S1/S6
opmental neurologic tests than their formula-fed indicator of the body burden of all human beings and that
counterparts, supporting the well-recognized benefits of the focus is not only directed towards "contaminated
breast feeding" [25]. The benefits of breastfeeding despite breastmilk". The results should be an exhortation to polit-
exposure to higher levels of chemicals were also found in ical action for strong legislation on the production,
another recent study published in Pediatrics by Eskenazi release, and use of these chemicals detected in breastmilk.
et al, who concluded that: "Prenatal exposure to DDT, and The results should not be used to undermine confidence
to a lesser extent DDE, was associated with neurodevelop- in breastmilk as the optimal food for infants and young
mental delays during early childhood, although breast- children. The existence of chemical residues in breastmilk
feeding was found to be beneficial even among women is not a reason for limiting breastfeeding. On the contrary
with high levels of exposure" [26]. those findings are one of the reasons to breastfeed because
breastmilk contains substances that help the child
These findings all show what happens with breastfed develop a stronger immune system and optimal neural
infants born into our present polluted environment. and brain maturation. Thus breastfeeding can help limit
However, because of the lack of a control group living in the damage caused by foetal exposure to these chemicals.
an unexposed environment, it is not possible to assess the
total positive health and development impact of breast- Examples of good communication messages
feeding. For persons involved in human biomonitoring of breast-
milk it is paramount to protect breastmilk and breastfeed-
Communication of results ing as the best possible nutrition for growth and healthy
In the media breastmilk, when used as a biomonitoring development of infants and young children [27,28]. This
tool for analysing the human body burden, is often por- can be done by elucidating a comprehensive picture of
trayed as being contaminated with persistent organic pol- exposure, as explained above. To include lactation special-
lutants [1]. Sensational messages about contaminants in ists e.g. lactation consultants and NGOs working on pro-
breastmilk undermine the value of breastfeeding and the tection and support of breastfeeding in planning and
confidence of parents and health care professionals in communication efforts could also be a valuable tool.
breastfeeding and long term breastfeeding. Perceptions Agencies and NGOs active in biomonitoring of breastmilk
created by communication of the findings of residues are becoming aware of this situation and of the need for a
detected in breastmilk place the focus on breastmilk, change in their communication methods [29].
thereby indirectly blaming the breastfeeding mother.
Attention is drawn away from the pollutants which create In May 2005, WHO and UNEP entered into a Memorandum
this situation and from the industries that produce, use or of Agreement for the coordination of human milk surveys for
release the chemicals and thereby create environmental the purpose of the Stockholm Convention.
pollution. Attention is deflected from the fact that these
persistent chemicals accumulate in the food chain and "At the same time, evidence for the health advantages of breast-
have adverse effects that are more or less documented on feeding and scientific evidence to support breastfeeding has con-
all species high up on the food chain, including human tinued to increase.
beings. Nevertheless NGOs have legitimate normative
and political reasons to expose this, in trying to galvanise • WHO can now say with full confidence that breastfeeding
public pressure for political action to prevent, reduce and reduces child mortality and has health benefits that extend into
eliminate the sources of contaminating chemicals. In cur- adulthood.
rent messages communicating the detection of residues in
breastmilk, the whole situational context is overlooked: On a population basis, exclusive breastfeeding for six months is
"polluted breastmilk" is the main focus and avoidance of the recommended feeding mode for the vast majority of infants,
breastfeeding is seen as a possible option. It is forgotten followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate comple-
that breastmilk is an indicator of the bioaccumulation of mentary foods for up to two years or beyond."
persistent chemical substances in both men and women.
The questioning of female body fluids, with "white" and In 2005, the World Health Organisation (WHO) issued
"pure" milk portrayed as being polluted and "impure", the 4th WHO coordinated survey of human milk for per-
leads emotions into ancient fears. Insensitive communica- sistent organic pollutants with the following message: "In
tion of biomonitoring results focussing only on the pres- all cases human milk will be promoted as the naturally
ence of substances that should not be in breastmilk and superior food for infants (...) This survey being consistent
their measured values undermines the confidence of with the promotion of human milk as the optimal food
mothers, fathers, and health professionals in breastfeed- for infants could provide the ideal basis for possible
ing. It is very important that communication on residues source-directed measures to ultimately reduce levels of
detected in breastmilk during biomonitoring is seen as an POPs in human milk" [3]. In the revised protocol of 2007
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5. Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 1):S6 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S1/S6
WHO, now in cooperation with UNEP (United Nations European perspectives. The full contents of the supplement are available
Environment Programme) goes beyond this by extending online at http://www.ehjournal.net/supplements/7/S1.
the messages about breastfeeding [3,30,31]; "WHO can
now say with full confidence that breastfeeding reduces References
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