Our eyes are one of the most vital organs, yet they are often taken for granted until problems arise. This session/article, "Common Eye Problems and How to Prevent Them," aims to raise awareness about the most frequently encountered eye conditions such as refractive errors, dry eye syndrome, cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis.

1. Common Eye Problems
and How to Prevent Them

2. Introduction
Our eyes are one of the most vital organs, yet they are often taken for granted until problems arise. This
session/article, "Common Eye Problems and How to Prevent Them," aims to raise awareness about the most
frequently encountered eye conditions such as refractive errors, dry eye syndrome, cataracts, glaucoma, and
conjunctivitis.
We'll explore their causes, symptoms, and the simple lifestyle changes and preventive measures you can take to
maintain healthy vision. Whether you're struggling with screen-related eye strain or concerned about age-related
eye issues, this guide offers practical tips and expert-backed advice to help you protect your eyesight for years to
come.

3. Common Eye Problem: Refractive Errors
Refractive errors are the most common type of vision problem, occurring when the shape of the eye prevents light
from focusing directly on the retina. This leads to blurred vision at various distances. The main types include:
● Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
● Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects clearly
● Astigmatism: Distorted or blurred vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea
● Presbyopia: Age-related difficulty in seeing close-up objects

4. Causes:
● Genetic factors
● Aging (especially presbyopia)
● Eye shape abnormalities
Symptoms:
● Blurry vision
● Eye strain or headaches
● Squinting
● Difficulty seeing at night

5. Prevention & Management:
● Regular eye exams
● Corrective lenses (glasses or contact lenses)
● LASIK or other vision correction surgeries (for eligible cases)
● Limiting screen time and practicing eye relaxation techniques
Early detection and proper correction can significantly improve quality of life and prevent complications like eye
fatigue or accidents due to poor vision.

6. Common Eye Problem: Dry Eye Syndrome
Dry Eye Syndrome occurs when your eyes don’t produce enough tears, or the quality of your tears is
poor, leading to insufficient lubrication and moisture on the surface of the eye. It’s a common condition
that can cause discomfort and affect vision.
Causes:
● Prolonged screen time (reduced blinking)
● Aging (especially in people over 50)
● Environmental factors (wind, dry air, smoke)
● Certain medications (antihistamines, antidepressants)
● Medical conditions (diabetes, thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases)
● Use of contact lenses

7. Symptoms:
● Burning or stinging sensation
● Redness and irritation
● Blurred vision
● Sensitivity to light
● Feeling like something is in the eye
● Watery eyes (a response to dryness)

8. Prevention & Management:
● Follow the 20-20-20 rule during screen use (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20
seconds)
● Use artificial tears or lubricating eye drops
● Stay hydrated and maintain good nutrition (omega-3 fatty acids help)
● Use a humidifier in dry environments
● Wear sunglasses outdoors to reduce tear evaporation
● Blink more consciously, especially during screen time
Dry eye syndrome is manageable with lifestyle changes, proper eye care, and medical advice if symptoms persist.

9. Common Eye Problem: Cataracts
Cataracts occur when the natural lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to blurred or dim vision. This
condition develops gradually and is most commonly associated with aging, though it can also result from
injury, certain medications, or other health conditions.
Causes:
● Aging (most common cause)
● Prolonged exposure to UV radiation
● Eye injuries or surgery
● Long-term use of steroids
● Diabetes and other health issues
● Smoking and excessive alcohol use

10. Symptoms:
● Blurry, cloudy, or dim vision
● Increased sensitivity to light and glare
● Poor night vision
● Fading or yellowing of colors
● Seeing halos around lights
● Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions

11. Prevention & Management:
● Wear UV-protective sunglasses outdoors
● Eat a diet rich in antioxidants (leafy greens, fruits, fish)
● Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake
● Manage chronic health conditions like diabetes
● Have regular eye exams to detect early signs
● In advanced cases, cataract surgery (lens replacement) is safe and highly effective
Cataracts are a leading cause of vision loss, but with timely diagnosis and treatment, they can be effectively
managed or even cured through surgery.

12. Common Eye Problem: Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is essential for good vision. This
damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye and can lead to permanent vision loss if not
detected and treated early. Glaucoma is known as the "silent thief of sight" because it usually develops without
noticeable symptoms in the early stages.
Causes:
● Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
● Family history of glaucoma
● Age (more common after age 40)
● Medical conditions like diabetes or hypertension
● Long-term use of corticosteroid medications

13. Types of Glaucoma:
● Open-angle glaucoma (most common, slow progression)
● Angle-closure glaucoma (rare, sudden onset, medical emergency)
● Normal-tension glaucoma (optic nerve damage despite normal eye pressure)
Symptoms (often in advanced stages):
● Loss of peripheral (side) vision
● Blurred vision
● Eye pain or pressure (in acute cases)
● Halos around lights
● Nausea or vomiting (with acute angle-closure glaucoma)

14. Prevention & Management:
● Regular comprehensive eye exams, especially after age 40
● Prescription eye drops to reduce eye pressure
● Oral medications or laser therapy in some cases
● Surgery (for advanced or unresponsive cases)
● Lifestyle tips: avoid smoking, manage blood pressure, maintain a healthy diet
Early detection is key. While vision loss from glaucoma can’t be reversed, early treatment can slow or prevent
further damage, protecting your eyesight for the long term.

15. Common Eye Problem: Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that damages the optic nerve, usually due to increased pressure inside the
eye (intraocular pressure). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Often developing
gradually and without early symptoms, glaucoma can silently affect your vision until significant loss has occurred—
earning it the nickname "the silent thief of sight.
Causes:
● Buildup of fluid (aqueous humor) in the eye
● Poor drainage of fluid from the eye
● Genetic factors (family history)
● Age (especially over 40)
● Medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension
● Long-term steroid use

16. Types of Glaucoma:
● Open-Angle Glaucoma: Most common form; progresses slowly and painlessly
● Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Less common but sudden and severe; medical emergency
● Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Damage occurs despite normal eye pressure
Symptoms:
● Often no symptoms in early stages
● Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision
● Tunnel vision in advanced stages
● Eye pain, headache, blurred vision, or halos (in acute cases)

17. Prevention & Management:
● Regular eye exams (especially if over 40 or at risk)
● Prescription eye drops to lower eye pressure
● Oral medications or laser therapy
● Surgery in advanced or resistant cases
● Manage systemic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure
Early diagnosis is critical. While glaucoma damage cannot be reversed, timely treatment can prevent or slow
further vision loss and help preserve your eyesight.

18. Common Eye Problem: Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva — the thin, clear
tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. It causes the eye to appear red or
pink, hence the name. Conjunctivitis is highly contagious in most cases but typically not serious if treated properly.
Causes:
● Viral infections (most common)
● Bacterial infections
● Allergic reactions (e.g., pollen, dust, pet dander)
● Irritants like smoke, chlorine, or contact lenses

19. Symptoms:
● Red or pink discoloration in one or both eyes
● Itching, burning, or gritty feeling
● Watery or thick discharge (can cause crusting, especially overnight)
● Swollen eyelids
● Increased sensitivity to light
● Tearing or eye discomfort

20. Prevention & Management:
● Practice good hygiene: Wash hands frequently and avoid touching the eyes
● Avoid sharing towels, makeup, or contact lenses
● Use antibiotic eye drops (for bacterial conjunctivitis, as prescribed)
● Cool compresses for relief from irritation or allergy-related symptoms
● Avoid allergens or irritating substances
● Keep children with pink eye home from school/daycare until cleared by a doctor (if infectious)
While most cases resolve on their own or with minimal treatment, seeing an eye specialist is important to
determine the cause and avoid complications.

21. Screen-Related Eye Strain (Digital Eye Strain)
Screen-Related Eye Strain, also known as Digital Eye Strain or Computer Vision Syndrome, occurs due to
prolonged use of digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and tablets. Staring at screens for extended
periods can cause discomfort and temporary vision problems because of reduced blinking and poor ergonomics.
Causes:
● Long hours of screen time without breaks
● Poor lighting or glare on screens
● Improper viewing distance or screen position
● Reduced blinking leading to dry eyes

22. Symptoms:
● Eye fatigue or tiredness
● Dry, itchy, or watery eyes
● Blurred or double vision
● Headaches
● Neck and shoulder pain
● Difficulty focusing

23. Prevention & Management:
● Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds
● Use proper lighting and reduce screen glare
● Maintain correct posture and screen distance
● Blink frequently to keep eyes moist
● Use artificial tears if needed
● Adjust screen settings (brightness, contrast) for comfort
By adopting these simple habits, you can reduce digital eye strain and protect your vision while enjoying the
benefits of technology.

24. General Eye Care Tips
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, especially leafy greens and carrots.
Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from harmful UV rays.
Take regular breaks when using screens (try the 20-20-20 rule).
Stay hydrated by drinking enough water throughout the day.
Avoid rubbing your eyes to prevent irritation or infection.
Get regular eye check-ups, even if your vision feels fine.

25. Conclusion
Taking care of your eyes is essential for maintaining good vision and overall quality of life. Many common eye
problems like refractive errors, dry eye syndrome, cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis can be prevented or
managed effectively with early detection, proper care, and healthy habits. Regular eye exams, protecting your
eyes from harmful factors, and adopting simple lifestyle changes can go a long way in preserving your eyesight.
Remember, your eyes are priceless—invest in their health today to enjoy clear vision tomorrow.
Medical Trust Hospital is the best eye hospital in Kochi, offering expert care, advanced treatments, and
compassionate service to help you maintain healthy vision. Trust your eyes with the specialists who truly care.